(a) What is a monomer?

1.
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(1)

(b) Lactulose is a disaccharide formed from one molecule of galactose and one molecule of
fructose.

Other than both being disaccharides, give one similarity and one difference between the
structures of lactulose and lactose.

Similarity ___________________________________________________________

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Difference __________________________________________________________

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(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 1 of 21

(c) Following digestion and absorption of food, the undigested remains are processed to form
faeces in the parts of the intestine below the ileum.

The faeces of people with constipation are dry and hard. Constipation can be treated by
drinking lactulose. Lactulose is soluble, but is not digested or absorbed in the human
intestine.

Use your knowledge of water potential to suggest why lactulose can be used to help people
suffering from constipation.

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(2)

(d) Lactulose can also be used to treat people who have too high a concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+) in their blood.

The normal range for blood H+ concentration is 3.55 × 10–8 to 4.47 × 10–8 mol dm–3

A patient was found to have a blood H+ concentration of 2.82 × 10–7 mol dm–3

Calculate the minimum percentage decrease required to bring the patient’s blood H +
concentration into the normal range.

Answer = ____________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 2 of 21

 (a) Draw and label a single DNA nucleotide.
2.

(2)

(b) Give two features of DNA and explain how each one is important in the semi-conservative
replication of DNA.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 3 of 21

(c) Replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is different from that of nuclear DNA.

The replication of the second strand of mtDNA only starts after two-thirds of the first strand
of mtDNA has been copied.

A piece of mtDNA is 16 500 base pairs long and is replicated at a rate of 50 nucleotides per
second.

✓) the box that shows how long it would take to copy this mtDNA.
Tick (✓

A 330 seconds

B 440 seconds

C 550 seconds

D 660 seconds

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 4 of 21

 A student investigated the glucose concentration in five different drinks.
3. His results are shown below.

(a) Using the data, calculate how many grams of glucose would be in 220 cm3 of drink F.

Answer = ____________________________ g
(1)

(b) Calculate how much more glucose is in drink C than in drink F. Show your answer as a
percentage.

Answer = ____________________________ %
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Two glucose molecules join together to form a disaccharide.

4.
(i) Name the products of this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 5 of 21
 (ii) Name the type of reaction that joins the glucose molecules together.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Apple farmers want to harvest their fruit when it is ripe enough for eating but also when it can be
5. stored to sell later.

One method apple farmers use to decide when to harvest their fruit is to determine the starch
content. As apples ripen, starch in the apple is converted into soluble sugars that make them
taste sweet.

Scientists investigated the best time to harvest apples for storage before being sold.

To determine the starch content, they picked samples of apples. They cut each apple in half and
covered the cut surface with iodine solution. They left it for 1 minute and then compared it with
the diagram below to give it a starch index score between 1 and 10.

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 6 of 21

They collected samples of apples at 5 different days during the ripening period and tested them
for starch content. These results are shown in the table below.

When apples were collected / day

Mean starch index
during ripening period

117 3.7

124 4.4

131 6.3

138 7.7

145 8.2

The scientists stored samples of apples from each collection day for 180 days. They then
determined the percentage of apples that were rotten. These results are shown in the graph
below.

(a) The cut surface of the apple covered with iodine solution is left for 1 minute before being
compared to Figure 1.
Explain why each apple must be left for the same length of time.

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Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 7 of 21

 ___________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Describe and explain the change in appearance of the cut surface of the apple when
treated with iodine solution from underripe (starch index 1) to overripe (starch index 10).

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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

The diagram represents a triglyceride.

6.

(a) Name the molecules represented in the diagram by:

Box P _____________________________________________________________

Box Q _____________________________________________________________
(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 8 of 21

 (b) Name the type of bond between P and Q in the diagram.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Describe how you would test a liquid sample for the presence of lipid and how you would
recognise a positive result.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Scientists measured the mean amino acid concentration in white wines made from grapes grown
7. organically and white wines made from grapes that were not grown organically.

(a) Which test could the scientists have used to identify that there are amino acids in white
wine?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 9 of 21

(b) All amino acids have the same general structure. The image below shows the structure of
the amino acid isoleucine.

Draw a box around the part of the molecule that would be the same in all amino acids.

(1)

(c) Name the chemical element found in all amino acids that is not found in triglycerides.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The scientists used a statistical test to determine whether there was a significant difference
in the amino acid concentration in the two types of white wine. They obtained a value for P
of 0.04.

Name the statistical test the scientists used and give a reason for your answer.

Was the difference significant? Give a reason for your answer.

Name of statistical test ________________________________________________

Reason for choice ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation of test result _______________________________________________

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 10 of 21

 (a) Glycogen and cellulose are both carbohydrates.
8. Describe two differences between the structure of a cellulose molecule and a glycogen
molecule.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(b) Starch is a carbohydrate often stored in plant cells.

Describe and explain two features of starch that make it a good storage molecule.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

(c) Tick (✔) the box that identifies the test which would be used to show the presence of
starch.

Acid hydrolysis test

Benedict’s test

Emulsion test

Iodine/potassium iodide test

(1)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 11 of 21

(d) The diagram shows a section through a plant tissue at a magnification of ×500.

Calculate the actual diameter of the starch grain between points A and B.

Answer = ____________________ μm
(2)

(e) What type of microscope was used to obtain the image shown in the diagram above?

Give one piece of evidence to support your answer.

Type of microscope _______________________________________________

Evidence ________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 12 of 21

 The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.
9.

(a) How many nucleotides are shown in the diagram above?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Name the type of bond labelled X in the diagram.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The enzymes DNA helicase and DNA polymerase are involved in DNA replication.

Describe the function of each of these enzymes.

DNA helicase _______________________________________________________

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DNA polymerase _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 13 of 21

 (d) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide derivative.

Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two differences.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

(a) Describe how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids to form a dipeptide.
10.
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(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 14 of 21

(b) The secondary structure of a polypeptide is produced by bonds between amino acids.

Describe how.

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(2)

(c) Two proteins have the same number and type of amino acids but different tertiary
structures.

Explain why.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 15 of 21

 (a) What is digestion?
11.
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(2)

One species of fungus digests cellulose using two types of enzyme, endocellulases and
exocellulases.

Endocellulases act in the middle of the cellulose molecule and exocellulases act at the ends of
the cellulose molecule.

(b) Endocellulases and exocellulases act at different places on cellulose molecules.

Suggest why.

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(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 16 of 21

A scientist prepared the following mixtures:

• 15 g cellulose with 0.2 mol dm –3 endocellulase

• 15 g cellulose with 0.2 mol dm –3 exocellulase
• 15 g cellulose with 0.2 mol dm –3 endocellulase and 0.2 mol dm−3 exocellulase.

The mixtures had identical total volumes. She determined the mass of cellulose remaining after
48 hours.

Her results are shown in the table.

Mass of cellulose remaining / g

Time / hours
Endocellulase +
Endocellulase Exocellulase
exocellulase

48 11.9 14.8 9.2

(c) Use information from the table to calculate the rate of digestion of cellulose when both
enzymes are present.

Give your answer in g min–1 and in standard form.

Show your working.

Answer = ____________________ g min–1

(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 17 of 21

(d) The scientist used the same concentration of endocellulase and exocellulase in the
mixtures. The rate of digestion of cellulose is greatest when both enzymes are present.

Suggest why.

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(2)

(e) The scientist could have expressed her results as the percentage loss in mass of cellulose.

In the space, write the equation for calculating the percentage loss in mass.

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 18 of 21

 (a) State and explain the property of water that can help to buffer changes in temperature.
12.
___________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Water is used to hydrolyse ATP.

Name the two products of ATP hydrolysis.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(1)

Hydrolysis of ATP is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase.

A student investigated the effect of ATP concentration on the activity of ATP hydrolase. She used
shortening of strips of muscle tissue caused by contraction as evidence that ATP was being
hydrolysed.

• She took four slides A, B, C and D, and added strips of muscle tissue of the same length to
each slide.
• She then added the same volume of ATP solutions of different concentrations to the four
slides and left each slide for five minutes.
• She then recorded the final length of each strip of muscle tissue.

Her results can be seen in the table.

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 19 of 21

 Concentration of
ATP solution added Final length of muscle
Slide
to slide / × 10–6 mol tissue after 5 minutes / mm
dm–3

A 2 36

B 4 31

C 6 29

D 8 26

(c) Other than those given, name two variables the student should have controlled.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Describe and explain the pattern shown by the data in the table.

Description __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 20 of 21

(e) The hydrolysis of 1 dm3 of a 1 mol dm–3 solution of ATP releases 30 500 J of energy.

60% of the energy released during the hydrolysis of 1 mol dm–3 of ATP is released as heat;
the rest is used for muscle contraction.

The student added 0.05 cm3 of ATP solution to slide D.

Calculate the energy available from ATP for contraction of the muscle on this slide.

Answer = ____________________ J
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 21 of 21