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Chapter 2 Eng

Chapter 2 discusses the concepts of traction and compression in beams, focusing on the effects of axial forces that either lengthen or shorten the beam. It introduces the method of sections for determining normal forces and outlines the sign conventions for these forces. Additionally, it covers tensile testing of materials, detailing the relationship between applied force and elongation, and distinguishing between elastic and permanent deformation zones.

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31 views3 pages

Chapter 2 Eng

Chapter 2 discusses the concepts of traction and compression in beams, focusing on the effects of axial forces that either lengthen or shorten the beam. It introduces the method of sections for determining normal forces and outlines the sign conventions for these forces. Additionally, it covers tensile testing of materials, detailing the relationship between applied force and elongation, and distinguishing between elastic and permanent deformation zones.

Uploaded by

zdmblida8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2: Traction-Compression

2.1. Introduction
A beam is said to work in simple extension (or simple compression) when it is
subjected to two directly opposing axial forces, which tend to lengthen (or
shorten) it.
Pure tension or compression is a load state such that in any cross section of a
part there is only one normal force N applied at the center

2.2. Method of sections and sign convention


To determine the cohesion efforts, the section method is applied. But it is first
necessary to define the sign conventions of each effort
2.2.1. Normal force sign convention
The normal force developing in a cross section will be considered positive:
If the resultant of the external forces located on the left (or right) of the section
is directed from the center G of the section towards the outside
Section imaginaire
A B
F F

Section imaginaire
A
F G N
B
N G F

2.3. Tensile stress - Normal stress


Each surface element dS supports a tensile force df parallel to the mean line, and
the relation linking the value of the normal stress to the normal force is :
Section imaginaire

A
F
G σ

With:
: uniformly distributed normal stress (tension or compression) in MPa.

N: normal force in Newton.


S: area of the cross section (S) in mm2.
2.4. Tensile test
A steel test piece is subjected to extension by a testing machine, which makes it
possible to determine the elongation of the test piece as a function of the force
applied to it.
With :
 : Relative elongation Δl/l (unitless).
σe or Re :Elastic limit
σr or Rr : Breaking strength
σm or Rm :Maximum stress
Analysis of the curve obtained
* Zone OA: this is the zone of elastic deformations. If the value of F is
reduced to zero, the specimen regains its initial length. In this zone, the
elongation is proportional to the extension force.
* Zone ABCD: this is the zone of permanent deformations. If the value of F
is reduced to zero, the specimen does not regain its initial length.
We will only be interested (for the moment) in the zone of elastic deformations.

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