13

APPENDIX-A
(See regulation 8)
PHARM.D. SYLLABUS

First Year
1.1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THEORY)

Theory : 3 Hrs. /Week

1. Scope and Objectives: This course is designed to impart a fundamental knowledge

on the structure and functions of the human body. It also helps in understanding both
homeostasis mechanisms and homeostatic imbalances of various body systems. Since
a medicament, which is produced by pharmacist, is used to correct the deviations in
human body, it enhances the understanding of how the drugs act on the various body
systems in correcting the disease state of the organs.

2. Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to:

a. describe the structure (gross and histology) and functions of various organs of the
human body;
b. describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances of various
systems;
c. identify the various tissues and organs of the different systems of the human body;
d. perform the hematological tests and also record blood pressure, heart rate, pulse
and Respiratory volumes;
e. appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system; and
f. appreciate the interlinked mechanisms in the maintenance of normal functioning
(homeostasis) of human body

3. Course materials:
Text books
a. Tortora Gerard J. and Nicholas, P. Principles of anatomy and physiology
Publisher Harpercollins college New York.
b. Wilson, K.J.W. Ross and Wilson’s foundations of anatomy and physiology.
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg.
Reference books
a. Guyton arthur, C. Physiology of human body. Publisher: Holtsaunders.
b. Chatterjee,C.C. Human physiology. Volume 1&11. Publisher: medical allied
agency, Calcutta.
c. Peter L. Williams, Roger Warwick, Mary Dyson and Lawrence, H.
d. Gray’s anatomy. Publisher:Churchill Livingstone, London.
 14

4. Lecture wise program :

Topics
1 Scope of anatomy and physiology, basic terminologies used in this subject
(Description of the body as such planes and terminologies)
2 Structure of cell – its components and their functions.
3 Elementary tissues of the human body: epithelial, connective, Muscular and
nervous tissues-their sub-types and characteristics
4 a) Osseous system - structure, composition and functions of the
Skeleton. (done in practical classes - 6hrs)
b) Classification of joints, Types of movements of joints and disorders of joints
(Definitions only)
5 Haemopoetic System
a) Composition and functions of blood
b) Haemopoesis and disorders of blood components (definition of disorder)
c) Blood groups
d) Clotting factors and mechanism
e) Platelets and disorders of coagulation
6 Lymph
a) Lymph and lymphatic system, composition, formation and circulation.
b) Spleen: structure and functions, Disorders
c) Disorders of lymphatic system (definition only)
7 Cardiovascular system
a) Anatomy and functions of heart
b) Blood vessels and circulation (Pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulation)
c) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
d) Cardiac cycle and heart sounds
e) Blood pressure – its maintenance and regulation
f) Definition of the following disorders
Hypertension, Hypotension, Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Angina,
Myocardial infarction, Congestive heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmias
8 Respiratory system
a) Anatomy of respiratory organs and functions
b) Mechanism / physiology of respiration and regulation of respiration
c) Transport of respiratory gases
d) Respiratory volumes and capacities, and Definition of: Hypoxia, Asphyxia,
Dybarism, Oxygen therapy and resuscitation.
9 Digestive system
a) Anatomy and physiology of GIT
b) Anatomy and functions of accessory glands of GIT
c) Digestion and absorption
d) Disorders of GIT (definitions only)
 15

10 Nervous system
a) Definition and classification of nervous system
b) Anatomy, physiology and functional areas of cerebrum
c) Anatomy and physiology of cerebellum
d) Anatomy and physiology of mid brain
e) Thalamus, hypothalamus and Basal Ganglia
f) Spinal card: Structure & reflexes – mono-poly-planter
g) Cranial nerves – names and functions
h) ANS – Anatomy & functions of sympathetic & parasympathetic N.S.
11 Urinary system
a) Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
b) Formation of urine
c) Renin Angiotensin system – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance
d) Clearance tests and micturition

12 Endocrine system
a) Pituitary gland
b) Adrenal gland
c) Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
d) Pancreas and gonads
13 Reproductive system
a) Male and female reproductive system
b) Their hormones – Physiology of menstruation
c) Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
d) Sex determination (genetic basis)
e) Pregnancy and maintenance and parturition
f) Contraceptive devices
14 Sense organs
a) Eye
b) Ear
c) Skin
d) Tongue & Nose
15 Skeletal muscles
a) Histology
b) Physiology of Muscle contraction
c) Physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders (definitions)
16 Sports physiology
a) Muscles in exercise, Effect of athletic training on muscles and muscle
performance,
b) Respiration in exercise, CVS in exercise, Body heat in exercise, Body fluids
and salts in exercise,
c) Drugs and athletics
 16

1.1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

General Requirements: Dissection box, Laboratory Napkin, muslin cloth, record,

Observation book(100pages), Stationary items, Blood lancet.

Course materials:
Text books
Goyal, R. K, Natvar M.P, and Shah S.A, Practical anatomy, physiology and
biochemistry, latest edition, Publisher: B.S Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad.
Reference books
Ranade VG, Text book of practical physiology, Latest edition, Publisher: PVG, Pune
Anderson Experimental Physiology, Latest edition, Publisher: NA

List of Experiments:
1. Study of tissues of human body
(a) Epithelial tissue.
(b) Muscular tissue.
2. Study of tissues of human body
(a) Connective tissue.
(b) Nervous tissue.
3. Study of appliances used in hematological experiments.
4. Determination of W.B.C. count of blood.
5. Determination of R.B.C. count of blood.
6. Determination of differential count of blood.
7. Determination of
(a) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
(b) Hemoglobin content of Blood.
(c) Bleeding time & Clotting time.
8. Determination of
(a) Blood Pressure.
(b) Blood group.
9. Study of various systems with the help of charts, models & specimens
(a) Skeleton system part I-axial skeleton.
(b) Skeleton system part II- appendicular skeleton.
(c) Cardiovascular system.
(d) Respiratory system.
 17

(e) Digestive system.

(f) Urinary system.
(g) Nervous system.
(h) Special senses.
(i) Reproductive system.

10. Study of different family planning appliances.

11. To perform pregnancy diagnosis test.
12. Study of appliances used in experimental physiology.
13. To record simple muscle curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation.
14. To record simple summation curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation.
15. To record simple effect of temperature using gastroenemius sciatic nerve
preparation.
16. To record simple effect of load & after load using gastroenemius sciatic nerve
preparation.
17. To record simple fatigue curve using gastroenemius sciatic nerve preparation.

Scheme of Practical Examination:

Sessionals Annual
Identification 04 10
Synopsis 04 10
Major Experiment 07 20
Minor Experiment 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for
regularity, promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance).
 18

1.2 PHARMACEUTICS (THEORY)

Theory : 2 Hrs. /Week

1. Scope and objectives: This course is designed to impart a fundamental knowledge on

the art and science of formulating different dosage forms. It prepares the students for
most basics of the applied field of pharmacy.

2. Upon the completion of the course the student should be able to:
a. know the formulation aspects of different dosage forms;
b. do different pharmaceutical caluculation involved in formulation;
c. formulate different types of dosage forms; and
d. appreciate the importance of good formulation for effectiveness.

3. Course materials:
Text books
a. Cooper and Gunns Dispensing for pharmacy students.
b. A text book Professional Pharmacy by N.K.Jain and S.N.Sharma.
Reference books
a. Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage forms by Howard C. Ansel.
b. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
c. Register of General Pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
d. General Pharmacy by M.L.Schroff.

4. Lecture wise programme:

Topics
1 a. Introduction to dosage forms - classification and definitions
b. Prescription: definition, parts and handling
c. Posology: Definition, Factors affecting dose selection. Calculation of children and
infant doses.
2 Historical back ground and development of profession of pharmacy and pharmaceutical
industry in brief.
3 Development of Indian Pharmacopoeia and introduction to other Pharmacopoeias such as
BP, USP, European Pharmacopoeia, Extra pharmacopoeia and Indian national formulary.
4 Weights and measures, Calculations involving percentage solutions, allegation, proof
spirit, isotonic solutions etc.
5 Powders and Granules: Classification advantages and disadvantages, Preparation of
simple, compound powders, Insufflations, Dusting powders, Eutectic and Explosive
powders, Tooth powder and effervescent powders and granules.
6 Monophasic Dosage forms: Theoretical aspects of formulation including adjuvant like
stabilizers, colorants, flavours with examples. Study of Monophasic liquids like gargles,
mouth washes, Throat paint, Ear drops, Nasal drops, Liniments and lotions, Enemas and
collodions.
 19

7 Biphasic dosage forms: Suspensions and emulsions, Definition, advantages and

disadvantages, classification, test for the type of emulsion, formulation, stability and
evaluation.
8 Suppositories and pessaries: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, types of base,
method of preparation, Displacement value and evaluation.
9 Galenicals: Definition, equipment for different extraction processes like infusion,
Decoction, Maceration and Percolation, methods of preparation of spirits, tinctures and
extracts.
10 Pharmaceutical calculations.
11 Surgical aids: Surgical dressings, absorbable gelatin sponge, sutures, ligatures and
medicated bandages.
12 Incompatibilities: Introduction, classification and methods to overcome the
incompatibilities.

1.2 PHARMACEUTICS (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

List of Experiments:
1. Syrups
a. Simple Syrup I.P
b. Syrup of Ephedrine Hcl NF
c. Syrup Vasaka IP
d. Syrup of ferrous Phosphate IP
e. Orange Syrup
2. Elixir
a. Piperizine citrate elixir BP
b. Cascara elixir BPC
c. Paracetamol elixir BPC
3. Linctus
a. Simple Linctus BPC
b. Pediatric simple Linctus BPC
4. Solutions
a. Solution of cresol with soap IP
b. Strong solution of ferric chloride BPC
c. Aqueous Iodine Solution IP
d. Strong solution of Iodine IP
e. Strong solution of ammonium acetate IP
 20

5. Liniments
a. Liniment of turpentine IP*
b. Liniment of camphor IP
6. Suspensions*
a. Calamine lotion
b. Magnesium Hydroxide mixture BP
7. Emulsions*
a. Cod liver oil emulsion
b. Liquid paraffin emulsion
8. Powders
a. Eutectic powder
b. Explosive powder
c. Dusting powder
d. Insufflations
9. Suppositories
a. Boric acid suppositories
b. Chloral suppositories
10. Incompatibilities
a. Mixtures with Physical
b. Chemical & Therapeutic incompatibilities
* colourless bottles required for dispensing  Paper envelope (white), butter paper and
white paper required for dispensing.

Scheme of Practical Examination:

Sessionals Annual
Synopsis 05 15
Major Experiment 10 25
Minor Experiment 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for
regularity, promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance).
 21

1.3 MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY (THEORY)

Theory : 3 Hrs. /Week

1. Scope of the Subject: Applied biochemistry deals with complete understanding of

the molecular level of the chemical process associated with living cells.Clinical
chemistry deals with the study of chemical aspects of human life in health and illness
and the application of chemical laboratory methods to diagnosis, control of treatment,
and prevention of diseases.

2. Objectives of the Subject (Know, do, appreciate) :

The objective of the present course is providing biochemical facts and the principles
to the students of pharmacy. Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to –
a. understand the catalytic activity of enzymes and importance of isoenzymes in
diagnosis of diseases;
b. know the metabolic process of biomolecules in health and illness (metabolic
disorders);
c. understand the genetic organization of mammalian genome; protein synthesis;
replication; mutation and repair mechanism;
d. know the biochemical principles of organ function tests of kidney, liver and
endocrine gland; and
e. do the qualitative analysis and determination of biomolecules in the body fluids.

Text books (Theory)

a. Harpers review of biochemistry - Martin
b. Text book of biochemistry – D.Satyanarayana
c. Text book of clinical chemistry- Alex kaplan &Laverve L.Szabo
Reference books (Theory)
a. Principles of biochemistry -- Lehninger
b. Text book of biochemistry -- Ramarao
c. Practical Biochemistry-David T.Plummer.
d. Practical Biochemistry-Pattabhiraman.

3. Lecture wise programme:

Topics
1 Introduction to biochemistry: Cell and its biochemical organization, transport
process across the cell membranes. Energy rich compounds; ATP, Cyclic AMP
and their biological significance.
2 Enzymes: Definition; Nomenclature; IUB classification; Factor affecting enzyme
activity; Enzyme action; enzyme inhibition. Isoenzymes and their therapeutic and
diagnostic applications; Coenzymes and their biochemical role and deficiency
diseases.
3 Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), HMP
shunt, Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis. Metabolic disorders of
carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage diseases);
Glucose, Galactose tolerance test and their significance; hormonal regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism.
 22

4 Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of saturated (-oxidation); Ketogenesis and

ketolysis; biosynthesis of fatty acids, lipids; metabolism of cholesterol; Hormonal
regulation of lipid metabolism. Defective metabolism of lipids (Atheroslerosis,
fatty liver, hypercholesterolmiea).
5 Biological oxidation: Coenzyme system involved in Biological oxidation.
Electron transport chain (its mechanism in energy capture; regulation and
inhibition); Uncouplers of ETC; Oxidative phosphorylation;
6 Protein and amino acid metabolism: protein turn over; nitrogen balance;
Catabolism of Amino acids (Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation).
Urea cycle and its metabolic disorders; production of bile pigments;
hyperbilirubinemia, porphoria, jaundice. Metabolic disorder of Amino acids.
7 Nucleic acid metabolism: Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides;
Protein synthesis; Genetic code; inhibition of protein synthesis; mutation and
repair mechanism; DNA replication (semiconservative /onion peel models) and
DNA repair mechanism.
8 Introduction to clinical chemistry: Cell; composition; malfunction; Roll of the
clinical chemistry laboratory.
9 The kidney function tests: Role of kidney; Laboratory tests for normal function
includes-
a) Urine analysis (macroscopic and physical examination, quantitative and
semiquantitative tests.)
b) Test for NPN constituents. (Creatinine /urea clearance, determination of blood
and urine creatinine, urea and uric acid)
c) Urine concentration test
d) Urinary tract calculi. (stones)
10 Liver function tests: Physiological role of liver, metabolic, storage, excretory,
protective, circulatory functions and function in blood coagulation.
a) Test for hepatic dysfunction-Bile pigments metabolism.
b) Test for hepatic function test- Serum bilirubin, urine bilirubin, and urine
urobilinogen.
c) Dye tests of excretory function.
d) Tests based upon abnormalities of serum proteins.
Selected enzyme tests.
11 Lipid profile tests: Lipoproteins, composition, functions. Determination of
serum lipids, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
triglycerides.
12 Immunochemical techniques for determination of hormone levels and protein
levels in serum for endocrine diseases and infectious diseases.
Radio immuno assay (RIA) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
13 Electrolytes: Body water, compartments, water balance, and electrolyte
distrubution. Determination of sodium, calcium potassium, chlorides,
bicarbonates in the body fluids.
 23

1.3 MEDICINAL BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

Title of the Experiment:

1 Qualitative analysis of normal constituents of urine.*
2 Qualitative analysis of abnormal constituents of urine.*
3 Quantitative estimation of urine sugar by Benedict’s reagent method.**
4 Quantitative estimation of urine chlorides by Volhard's method.**
5 Quantitative estimation of urine creatinine by Jaffe’s method.**
6 Quantitative estimation of urine calcium by precipitation method.**
7 Quantitative estimation of serum cholesterol by Libermann Burchard’s method.**
8 Preparation of Folin Wu filtrate from blood.*
9 Quantitative estimation of blood creatinine.**
10 Quantitative estimation of blood sugar Folin-Wu tube method.**
11 Estimation of SGOT in serum.**
12 Estimation of SGPT in serum.**
13 Estimation of Urea in Serum.**
14 Estimation of Proteins in Serum.**
15 Determination of serum bilirubin**
16 Determination of Glucose by means of Glucoseoxidase.**
17 Enzymatic hydrolysis of Glycogen/Starch by Amylases.**
18 Study of factors affecting Enzyme activity. (pH & Temp.)**
19 Preparation of standard buffer solutions and its pH measurements (any two)*
20 Experiment on lipid profile tests**
21 Determination of sodium,calcium and potassium in serum.**
** indicate major experiments & * indicate minor experiments

Assignments:
Format of the assignment
1. Minimum & Maximum number of pages.
2. It shall be computer draft copy.
3. Reference(s) shall be included at the end.
4. Name and signature of the student.
5. Assignment can be a combined presentation at the end of the academic year.
6. Time allocated for presentation may be 8+2 Min.

Scheme of Practical Examination:

Sessionals Annual
Synopsis 05 15
Major Experiment 10 25
Minor Experiment 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for
regularity, promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance).
 24

1.4 PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (THEORY)

Theory : 3 Hrs. /Week

1. Scope and objectives: This course is designed to impart a very good knowledge about
a. IUPAC/Common system of nomenclature of simple organic compounds
belonging to different classes of organic compounds;
b. Some important physical properties of organic compounds;
c. Free radical/ nucleophyllic [alkyl/ acyl/ aryl] /electrophyllic substitution, free
radical/ nucleophyllic / electrophyllic addition, elimination, oxidation and
reduction reactions with mechanism, orientation of the reaction, order of
reactivity, stability of compounds;
d. Some named organic reactions with mechanisms; and
e. Methods of preparation, test for purity, principle involved in the assay, important
medicinal uses of some important organic compounds.

2. Course materials:
Text books
a. T.R.Morrison and R. Boyd - Organic chemistry,
b. Bentley and Driver-Text book of Pharmaceutical chemistry
c. I.L.Finer- Organic chemistry, the fundamentals of chemistry
Reference books
a. Organic chemistry – J.M.Cram and D.J.Cram
b. Organic chemistry- Brown
c. Advanced organic chemistry- Jerry March, Wiley
d. Organic chemistry- Cram and Hammered, Pine Hendrickson

3. Lecture wise programme :

Topics
1 Structures and Physical properties:
a. Polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, M.P, Inter molecular forces, B.P,
Solubility, non ionic solutes and ionic solutes, protic and aprotic Solvents, ion
pairs,
b. Acids and bases, Lowry bronsted and Lewis theories
c. Isomerism
2 Nomenclature of organic compound belonging to the following classes Alkanes,
Alkenes, Dienes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides, Amines,
Phenols, Alkyl Halides, Carboxylic Acid, Esters, Acid Chlorides And
Cycloalkanes.
3 Free radicals chain reactions of alkane : Mechanism, relative reactivity and stability
4 Alicyclic compounds : Preparations of cyclo alkanes, Bayer strain theory and
orbital picture of angle strain.
5 Nuclophilic aliphatic substitution mechanism: Nucleophiles and leaving groups,
kinetics of second and first order reaction, mechanism and kinetics of SN 2
reactions. Stereochemistry and steric hindrance, role of solvents, phase transfer
catalysis, mechanism and kinetics of SN1 reactions, stereochemistry, carbocation
and their stability, rearrangement of carbocation, role of solvents in SN1 reaction,
Ion dipole bonds, SN2 versus SN1 solvolyses, nucleophilic assistance by the
solvents.
 25

6 Dehydro halogenation of alkyl halides: 1,2 elimination, kinetics, E2 and E1

mechanism, elimination via carbocation, evidence for E2 mechanism, absence of
rearrangement isotope effect, absence hydrogen exchange, the element effect,
orientation and reactivity, E2 versus E1, elimination versus substitution,
dehydration of alcohol, ease of dehydration, acid catalysis, reversibility,
orientation.
7 Electrophillic and free radicals addition: Reactions at carbon-carbon, double
bond, electrophile, hydrogenation, heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes,
markownikoff rule, addition of hydrogen halides, addition of hydrogen bromides,
peroxide effect, electrophillic addition, mechanism, rearrangement, absence of
hydrogen exchange, orientation and reactivity, addition of halogen, mechanism,
halohydin formation, mechanism of free radicals additon, mechanism of peroxide
initiated addition of hydrogen bromide, orientation of free addition, additions of
carbene to alkene, cyclo addition reactions.
8 Carbon-carbon double bond as substituents: Free radical halogenations of
alkenes, comparision of free radical substitution with free radical addition, free
radical substitution in alkenes, orientation and reactivity, allylic rearrangements.
9 Theory of resonance: Allyl radical as a resonance hybrid, stability, orbital
picture, resonance stabilisation of allyl radicals, hyper conjugation, allyl cation as
a resonance hybrid, nucleophyllic substitution in allylic substrate, SN1 reactivity,
allylic rearrangement, resonance stabilisation of allyl cation, hyper conjugation,
nucleophilic substitution in allylic substrate, SN2 nucleophilic substituion in
vinylic substrate, vinylic cation, stability of conjugated dienes, resonance in
alkenes, hyper conjugation, ease of formation of conjugated dienes, orientation of
elimination, electrophilic addition to conjugated dienes, 1,4- addition, 1,2-versus
1,4-addition, rate versus equilibrium, orientation and reactivity of free radical
addition to conjugated dienes.
10 Elecrophilic aromatic substitution: Effect of substituent groups, determination of
orientation, determination of relative reactivity, classification of substituent
group, mechanism of nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, friedel craft
alkylation, friedel craft acylation, reactivity and orientation, activating and
deactivating O,P,M directing groups, electron release via resonance, effect of
halogen on electrophilic aromatic substitution in alkyl benzene, side chain
halogination of alkyl benzene, resonance stabilization of benzyl radical.
11 Nucleophilic addition reaction: Mechanism, ionisation of carboxylic acids,
acidity constants, acidity of acids, structure of carboxylate ions, effect of
substituent on acidity, nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, conversion of acid
to acid chloride, esters, amide and anhydride. Role of caboxyl group, comparison
of alkyl nucleophilic substitution with acyl nucleophilic substitution.
 26

12 Mechanism of aldol condensation, claisen condensation, cannizzaro reaction,

crossed aldol condensation, crossed cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation,
perkin condensation. Knoevenagel, Reformatsky reaction, Wittig reaction,
Michael addition.
13 Hoffman rearrangement: Migration to electron deficient nitrogen, Sandmeyer’s
reaction, basicity of amines, diazotisation and coupling, acidity of phenols,
Williamson synthesis, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe reaction, Reimer tieman’s
reactions.
14 Nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Bimolecular displacement mechanisms,
orientation, comparison of aliphatic nucleophilic substitution with that of
aromatic.
15 Oxidation reduction reaction.
16 Study of the following official compounds- preparation, test for purity, assay and
medicinal uses of Chlorbutol, Dimercaprol, Glyceryl trinitrate, Urea, Ethylene
diamine dihyrate, Vanillin, Paraldehyde, Ethylene chloride, Lactic acid, Tartaric
acid, citric acid, salicylic acid, aspirin, methyl salicylate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl
benzoate, dimethyl pthalate, sodium lauryl sulphate, saccharin sodium,
mephensin.

1.4 PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

I. Introduction to the various laboratory techniques through demonstration

involving synthesis of the following compounds (at least 8 compounds to be
synthesised):
1. Acetanilde / aspirin (Acetylation)
2. Benzanilide / Phenyl benzoate (Benzoylation)
3. P-bromo acetanilide / 2,4,6 – tribromo aniline (Bromination)
4. Dibenzylidene acetone (Condensation)
5. 1-Phenylazo-2-napthol (Diazotisation and coupling)
6. Benzoic acid / salicylic acid (Hydrolysis of ester)
7. M-dinitro benzene (Nitration)
8. 9, 10 – Antharaquinone (Oxidation of anthracene) / preparation of benzoic acid
from toluene or benzaldehyde
9. M-phenylene diamine (Reduction of M-dinitrobenzene) / Aniline from
nitrobenzene
10. Benzophenone oxime
11. Nitration of salicylic acid
12. Preparation of picric acid
13. Preparation of O-chlorobenzoic acid from O-chlorotolune
14. Preparation of cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol
 27

II. Identification of organic compounds belonging to the following classes by :

Systematic qualitative organic analysis including preparation of derivatives
Phenols, amides, carbohydrates, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehyde and ketones,
Alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, anilides, nitrocompounds.

III. Introduction to the use of stereo models:

Methane, Ethane, Ethylene, Acetylene, Cis alkene, Trans alkene, inversion of
configuration.

Scheme of Practical Examination:

Sessionals Annual
Synopsis 05 15
Major Experiment 10 25
Minor Experiment 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for
regularity, promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance).
 28

1.5 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (THEORY)

Theory : 2 Hrs. /Week

1. Scope and objectives: This course mainly deals with fundamentals of Analytical
chemistry and also the study of inorganic pharmaceuticals regarding their monographs
and also the course deals with basic knowledge of analysis of various
pharmaceuticals.

2. Upon completion of the course student shall be able to:

a. under stand the principles and procedures of analysis of drugs and also regarding
the application of inorganic pharmaceuticals;
b. know the analysis of the inorganic pharmaceuticals their applications; and
c. appreciate the importance of inorganic pharmaceuticals in preventing and curing
the disease.

3. Course materials:
Text books
a. A text book Inorganic medicinal chemistry by Surendra N. Pandeya
b. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stanlake’s Practical Pharmaceutical chemistry Vol-I &
Vol-II
c. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry III-Edition P.Gundu Rao
Reference books
a. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Anand & Chetwal
b. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry by Dr.B.G.Nagavi
c. Analytical chemistry principles by John H. Kennedy
d. I.P.1985 and 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of health

4. Lecture wise programme:

Topics
1 Errors
2 Volumetric analysis
3 Acid-base titrations
4 Redox titrations
5 Non aqueous titrations
6 Precipitation titrations
7 Complexometric titrations
8 Theory of indicators
9 Gravimetry
10 Limit tests
11 Medicinal gases
12 Acidifiers
13 Antacids
14 Cathartics
15 Electrolyte replenishers
 29

16 Essential Trace elements

17 Antimicrobials
18 Pharmaceutical aids
19 Dental Products
20 Miscellaneous compounds
21 Radio Pharmaceuticals

1.5 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

1. Limit test (6 exercises)

a. Limit test for chlorides
b. Limit test for sulphates
c. Limit test for iron
d. Limit test for heavy metals
e. Limit test for arsenic
f. Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates

2. Assays (10 exercises)

a. Ammonium chloride- Acid-base titration
b. Ferrous sulphate- Cerimetry
c. Copper sulpahte- Iodometry
d. Calcilugluconate- Complexometry
e. Hydrogen peroxide – Permanganometry
f. Sodium benzoate – Nonaqueous titration
g. Sodium chloride – Modified volhard’s method
h. Assay of KI – KIO3 titration
i. Gravimetric estimation of barium as barium sulphate
j. Sodium antimony gluconate or antimony potassium tartarate

3. Estimation of mixture (Any two exercises)

a. Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate
b. Boric acid and Borax
c. Oxalic acid and sodium oxalate

4. Test for identity (Any three exercises)

a. Sodium bicorbonate
b. Barium sulphate
c. Ferrous sulphate
d. Potassium chloride
 30

5. Test for purity (Any two exercises)

a. Swelling power in Bentonite
b. Acid neutralising capacity in aluminium hydroxide gel
c. Ammonium salts in potash alum
d. Adsorption power heavy Kaolin
e. Presence of Iodates in KI

6. Preparations (Any two exercises)

a. Boric acids
b. Potash alum
c. Calcium lactate
d. Magnesium suphate

Scheme of Practical Examination :

Sessionals Annual
Synopsis 05 15
Major Experiment 10 25
Minor Experiment1&2 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for regularity,
promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance).
 31

1.6 REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS/BIOLOGY (THEORY)

Theory : 3 Hrs. /Week

REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS :
1. Scope and objectives: This is an introductory course in mathematics. This subjects
deals with the introduction to matrices, determinants, trigonometry, analytical
geometry, differential calculus, integral calculus, differential equations, laplace
transform.

2. Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to : –

a. Know Trignometry, Analytical geometry, Matrices, Determinant, Integration,
Differential equation, Laplace transform and their applications;
b. solve the problems of different types by applying theory; and
c. appreciate the important applications of mathematics in pharmacy.

3. Course materials:
Text books
a. Differential calculus By Shantinarayan
b. Text book of Mathematics for second year pre-university by Prof.B.M.Sreenivas
Reference books
a. Integral calculus By Shanthinarayan
b. Engineering mathematics By B.S.Grewal
c. Trigonometry Part-I By S.L.Loney

4. Lecture wise programme :

Topics
1 Algebra : Determinants, Matrices
2 Trigonometry : Sides and angles of a triangle, solution of triangles
3 Analytical Geometry :Points, Straight line, circle, parabola
4 Differential calculus: Limit of a function, Differential calculus,
Differentiation of a sum, Product, Quotient Composite, Parametric,
exponential, trigonometric and Logarithmic function. Successive
differentiation, Leibnitz’s theorem, Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem
on homogeneous functions of two variables
5 Integral Calculus: Definite integrals, integration by substitution and by
parts, Properties of definite integrals.
6 Differential equations: Definition, order, degree, variable separable,
homogeneous, Linear, heterogeneous, linear, differential equation with
constant coefficient, simultaneous linear equation of second order.
7 Laplace transform: Definition, Laplace transform of elementary
functions, Properties of linearity and shifting.
 32

BIOLOGY :
1. Scope and objectives: This is an introductory course in Biology, which gives detailed
study of natural sources such as plant and animal origin. This subject has been
introduces to the pharmacy course in order to make the student aware of various
naturally occurring drugs and its history, sources, classification, distribution and the
characters of the plants and animals. This subject gives basic foundation to
Pharmacognosy.

2. Course materials:
Text books
a. Text book of Biology by S.B.Gokhale
b. A Text book of Biology by Dr.Thulajappa and Dr. Seetaram.
Reference books
a. A Text book of Biology by B.V.Sreenivasa Naidu
b. A Text book of Biology by Naidu and Murthy
c. Botany for Degree students By A.C.Dutta.
d. Outlines of Zoology by M.Ekambaranatha ayyer and T.N.Ananthakrishnan.
e. A manual for pharmaceutical biology practical by S.B.Gokhale and C.K.Kokate.

3. Lecture wise programme :

Topic
PART – A
01 Introduction
02 General organization of plants and its inclusions
03 Plant tissues
04 Plant kingdom and its classification
05 Morphology of plants
06 Root, Stem, Leaf and Its modifications
07 Inflorescence and Pollination of flowers
08 Morphology of fruits and seeds
09 Plant physiology
10 Taxonomy of Leguminosae, umbelliferae, Solanaceae, Lilliaceae,
Zinziberaceae, Rubiaceae
11 Study of Fungi, Yeast, Penicillin and Bacteria

PART-B
01 Study of Animal cell
02 Study animal tissues
03 Detailed study of frog
04 Study of Pisces, Raptiles, Aves
05 Genearal organization of mammals
06 Study of poisonous animals
 33

1.6 BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

Practical : 3 Hrs./Week

Title:
1. Introduction of biology experiments
2. Study of cell wall constituents and cell inclusions
3. Study of Stem modifications
4. Study of Root modifications
5. Study of Leaf modifications
6. Identification of Fruits and seeds
7. Preparation of Permanent slides
8. T.S. of Senna, Cassia, Ephedra, Podophyllum.
9. Simple plant physiological experiments
10. Identification of animals
11. Detailed study of Frog
12. Computer based tutorials

Scheme of Practical Examination :

Sessionals Annual
Identification 04 10
Synopsis 04 10
Major Experiment 07 20
Minor Experiment 03 15
Viva 02 15
Max Marks 20 70
Duration 03hrs 04hrs
Note : Total sessional marks is 30 (20 for practical sessional plus 10 marks for
regularity, promptness, viva-voce and record maintenance.