1.

Software
 Software refers to a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a
computer how to perform specific tasks.
 Application software-programs designed to performs specific task.
o word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (e.g., Microsoft
Excel), web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome), or video games.
 System software- controls and manage activities within the computer.
o Operating System (OS)-controls all activities-eg, windows, android, iOS,
macOS, or Linux
o Role/function of the operating system
 Starting the computer
 Providing a user interface/(GUI)
 Managing applications
 Manage hardware
 Controls single users and multiple users
 The Task Manager in the Windows operating system
 Control security-logins/passwords

o Utility software-software designed to help manage, maintain, and optimize the

performance of a computer system.
 Utility programs perform specific tasks that support the computer's
operations, enhance its efficiency, or provide additional
functionality. maintenance of the computer
 Examples are Disk cleanup, compression software, defragmenter,
uninstaller, antivirus, etc

Examples of utility programs include:

 Antivirus software (protects against malware and viruses)

 Disk cleanup tools (remove unnecessary files to free up storage)
 Backup software (safeguards data by creating copies)
 File compression tools (reduce file sizes for storage or transfer)
 Disk defragmenters (optimize storage by rearranging fragmented/scattered files)
 Drivers- software that allows OS to communicate with devices

Examples of drivers:
1. Printer Driver: Allows a computer to send print jobs to a printer, ensuring proper
formatting and communication between the device and the operating system.
o Example: HP LaserJet Printer Driver that helps the computer communicate
with an HP printer.
2. Graphics Driver (GPU Driver): Enables the operating system to interface with the
graphics card, allowing proper display of images, videos, and games on the
monitor.
o Example: NVIDIA GeForce Driver for NVIDIA graphics cards.
3. Network Driver: Allows a computer to connect to and communicate with a network
through Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapters.
o Example: Intel Wi-Fi Driver that allows a computer to connect to wireless
networks.
4. Audio Driver: Enables the operating system to control and use the computer's sound
card, allowing audio playback and recording.
o Example: Realtek Audio Driver for managing sound devices on a computer.
Differences between Web-based and installed applications

 Web based- software used via internet-eg office 365,

 Installed- kept on local device/computer

Web based/online software Installed software

Accessible from any device with an only accessible on the specific device
internet connection it’s installed on
Updates done automatically Updates done manually
Easily scalable Limited scalable
Needs internet connectivity It doesn’t depend on internet
connectivity
Does not use local storage space Use local storage space

o Interpret system requirements

 System requirements-: the hardware and software needed to make an
application work.

 Minimum system requirements-the lowest possible specifications for

the application to work at all.

 Recommended system requirements-the specifications that will make

the application work at its full potential.

o Common software problems and upgrades

 Bugs-software errors
 Patch: small fixes released to fix bugs. They may address issues like
security holes or functionality bugs.
 Updates- broader changes that may include patches, and also
improvements in features, new functionalities, or updates to ensure
compatibility with newer hardware or software.
o Where can one obtain patches and updates
 Download updates manually from the software provider's website or
via an application’s built-in update feature.
 On storage devices

Service pack-patches over certain period of time.

o Versions- A version refers to a specific release of software, which may

include changes in functionality/new features, bug fixes, or other
improvements. Software versions are usually identified by version numbers
(e.g., version 1.0, 2.1, or 3.5).

o Read- A read-only file is a file that can be viewed but not modified or
deleted by a user.

 Upgrade- An upgrade is the process of replacing an older version of software

or hardware with a newer, more advanced version.
  Upgrades typically provide enhanced features, improved
performance, and better security.
 Software Upgrade: This often involves purchasing a newer version of
the software or updating to a newer version through a system update.
Upgrades might include the addition of new tools, better compatibility,
or enhanced performance.
 Hardware Upgrade: Involves replacing or adding new hardware
components to improve the overall performance or capacity of a
computer system (e.g., upgrading RAM or a hard drive)

 Subscription-Saas (Software as a Service) software like office 365,

google workspace
 where software is delivered over the internet as a service, rather
than as a one-time purchase. In this model, users subscribe to
the software on a recurring basis (e.g., monthly or annually) to
access and use it, often via a cloud platfor
o Creative commons- nonprofit organization that provides free licenses and legal
tools to creators, enabling them to share their work more easily and openly.

Risk of using flawed software- (software with bugs)

 software that contains bugs, security vulnerabilities, or design issues
is called flawed software
 Malware infection
 Software might not work correctly/may have limited access
 The software might become unusable.
 Updates might not always be available.
 Security issues
 Compatibility issues
 Corrupted data/loss of data
 Invalid results

Social Issues Applicable to Software:

1. Environmental Issues:
 E-Waste: This is where older devices become obsolete and are discarded in a landfill.
o Example: Disposing of old computers and mobile devices without
proper recycling can lead to harmful chemicals leaking into the
environment.
 Energy Consumption: Software running on devices and servers can contribute to
high energy consumption. Make use of energy efficient devices like SSD instead of
HDD, LED/LCD monitors to be used, etc
2. User-Centered Design in Software Applications:
User-centered design (UCD) emphasizes creating software that is intuitive, easy to use, and
meets the needs of users.
 Software That Enhances Accessibility, Efficiency, and Productivity

1. Accessibility Software
 A software that ensures that technology is inclusive and usable by individuals
with disabilities or specific needs.
 Examples of Accessibility software:
o Screen Readers: Read aloud on-screen text for visually impaired users
(e.g., JAWS, NVDA).
o Speech Recognition Software: Allows users to control devices or input
text using voice commands (e.g., Dragon NaturallySpeaking).
o Magnification Tools: Magnify portions of the screen for users with low
vision (e.g., ZoomText).
o Closed Captioning: Provides subtitles for audio content, assisting those
with hearing impairments.
o On-Screen Keyboards: Allows users with mobility challenges to input
text without a physical keyboard.
 Advantages of Accessibility software
o Empowers users with disabilities to engage with technology effectively.
o Promotes inclusivity and equity in digital environments.

2. Efficiency Software
 Software that saves time by automating repetitive tasks.
 Examples of Efficiency software:
o Task Automation Tools:
 Microsoft Power Automate: Automates workflows between
Microsoft and other apps to save time.
o Scheduling Software: Tools like Microsoft Outlook or Google
Calendar streamline meeting and event organization.
o File Compression Tools: Reduce file sizes for faster sharing and
storage efficiency (e.g., WinRAR, 7-Zip).
 o Clipboard Managers: Store and manage multiple copied items for quick
reuse (e.g., Ditto, ClipClip).
 Advantages of Efficiency software
o Reduces manual effort through automation.
o Saves time by streamlining repetitive tasks.

3. Productivity Software
 Software that enhances individual and team performance in work or
educational environments.
 Examples of Productive software:
o Office Suites: Microsoft Office, Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides)
for document creation, editing, and collaboration.
o Project Management Tools: Tools like Microsoft planner for task tracking
and team coordination.
o Time Management Apps: Tools like Microsoft To-Do, or Google Calendar
to prioritize tasks and track time usage.
o Note-Taking Software: Apps like Evernote, OneNote, or Notion for
organizing notes and ideas.
o Cloud Storage: Google Drive, Dropbox, or OneDrive to store and access
files from anywhere.
o E-Mail applications: like Outlook

 Advantages of Productivity software

o Encourages better organization and task prioritization.
o Enhances collaboration through shared tools and real-time updates.
  Factors that influence performance of computer
 Processor/CPU speed
 RAM size
 Number of applications running
 Caching
 Disk space and speed
 Malware infections

Add-ons- additional features that enhance the functionality of software.

Example of add-ons
 PrintFriendly
 Ad blocker
 Pop-up blocker, etc.

Essential/ Basic Components of a Computer/ devices for Entry level users

 CPU
 RAM
 STORAGE/HDD/SSD
 GPU