Ex.

No:1 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

(WITHOUT CONSTRAINT)
Date:

SQL BASIC COMMANDS

AIM:
Creation of a database and writing SQL commands to retrieve information from the
database.

QUERIES:
//Create table
CREATE TABLE emp
(
empno INT,
empname VARCHAR(255),
DOB DATE,
salary INT,
designation VARCHAR(20)
);

// Insert values
INSERT INTO emp(empno,empname, DOB, designation) VALUES(100,'John', ‘21-
Apr-1996’, 50000,'Manager');
INSERT INTO emp(empno,empname, DOB, designation) VALUES(101,'Greg', ‘20-
July-1994’, 2500,'Clerk');
-2 rows inserted

// Display values
SELECT * FROM emp;

Page | 1
 EMPNO EMPNAME DOB SALARY DESIGNATION
100 John 21-Apr-1996 50000 Manager
101 Greg 20-July-1994 2500 Clerk

SELECT empname, salary FROM emp;

EMPNAME SALARY
John 50000
Greg 25000

// Modify values
UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + 1000;
SELECT * FROM emp;
EMPNO EMPNAME DOB SALARY DESIGNATION
100 John 21-Apr-1996 51000 Manager
101 Greg 20-July-1994 3500 Clerk
// Delete values
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = 100;
-1 row deleted.

SELECT * FROM emp;

EMPNO EMPNAME DOB SALARY DESIGNATION
101 Greg 20-July-1994 3500 Clerk

DDL STATEMENTS

• CREATE TABLE
• ALTER TABLE
• DROP TABLE

Page | 2
SYNTAX:

1. Create Table

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a relational table

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type [constraints],
column_name1 data_type [constraints],
column_name1 data_type [constraints],
……..
);

2. Alter Table

The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table

a. To Add a column

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype

b. To delete a column in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name

c. To change the data type of a column in a table

ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype

3. Drop Table

Used to delete the table permanently from the storage

DROP TABLE table_name

QUERIES:

1. CREATE THE TABLE

CREATE TABLE emp

(
empno INT,
Page | 3
 empname VARCHAR(25),
dob DATE,
salary INT,
designation VARCHAR(20)
);

- Table Created

// Describe the table emp

DESC emp;

Column Data Type Length PrecisionScale Primary Key Nullable Default

Comment
EMPNO INT 11 - - - - - -

EMPNAME VARCHAR 25 - - - - - -

DOB DATE 7 - - - - - -

SALARY INT 11 - - - - - -

DESIGNATION VARCHAR 20 - - - - - -

2. ALTER THE TABLE

a. ADD

// To alter the table emp by adding new attribute department

ALTER TABLE emp ADD department VARCHAR(50);

- Table Altered

DESC emp;

Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default
Comment
EMPNO INT 11 - - - - -
-
EMPNAME VARCHAR 25 - - - - -
-

Page | 4
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
SALARY INT 11 - - - - -
-
DESIGNATION VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR2 50 - - - - -
-

b. MODIFY

// To alter the table emp by modifying the size of the attribute department

ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY department VARCHAR2(100);

- Table Altered

DESC emp;

Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default
Comment
EMPNO INT 11 - - - - -
-
EMPNAME VARCHAR 25 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
SALARY INT 11 - - - - -
-
DESIGNATION VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 100 - - - - -
-

c. DROP

// To alter the table emp by deleting the attribute department

ALTER TABLE emp DROP(department);

- Table Altered

DESC emp;

Column Data Type Length PrecisionScale Primary Key Nullable Default

Comment
Page | 5
EMPNO INT 11 - - - - - -

EMPNAME VARCHAR 25 - - - - - -

DOB DATE 7 - - - - - -

SALARY INT 11 - - - - - -

DESIGNATION VARCHAR 20 - - - - - -

d. RENAME

// To alter the table name by using rename keyword

ALTER TABLE emp RENAME TO emp1 ;

- Table Altered

DESC emp1;

Column Data Type Length PrecisionScale Primary Key Nullable Default

Comment
EMPNO INT 11 - - - - -
-
EMPNAME VARCHAR 25 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
SALARY INT 22 - - - - -
-
DESIGNATION VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 100 - - - - -
-

3. DROP

//To delete the table from the database

DROP TABLE emp1;

- Table Dropped

DESC emp1;
Object to be described could not be found.
Page | 6
CONSTRAINT TYPES:

• NOT NULL
• UNIQUE
• PRIMARY KEY
• FOREIGN KEY
• CHECK
• DEFAULT

QUERIES:

1. CREATE THE TABLE

// To create a table student

CREATE TABLE student

(
studentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
sname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
department VARCHAR(5),
sem INT,
dob DATE,
email_id VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,
college VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'MEC'
);

// Describe the table student

DESC student;

Column Data Type Length Precision ScalePrimary KeyNullable Default

Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 - -
-
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - - -
-

Page | 7
SEM INT 22 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -

//To create a table exam

CREATE TABLE exam

(
examID INT ,
studentID INT REFERENCES student(studentID),
department VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL,
mark1 INT CHECK (mark1<=100 and mark1>=0),
mark2 INT CHECK (mark2<=100 and mark2>=0),
mark3 INT CHECK (mark3<=100 and mark3>=0),
mark4 INT CHECK (mark4<=100 and mark4>=0),
mark5 INT CHECK (mark5<=100 and mark5>=0),
total INT,
average INT,
grade VARCHAR(1)
);

//Describe the table exam

DESC exam;

Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default
Comment
EXAMID INT 22 - - - - - -
STUDENTID INT 22 - - - - - -
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - - - -
MARK1 INT 22 - - - - - -
MARK2 INT 22 - - - - - -
MARK3 INT 22 - - - - - -
MARK4 INT 22 - - - - - -
MARK5 INT 22 - - - - - -
TOTAL INT 22 - - - - - -
AVERAGE INT 22 - - - - - -
GRADE VARCHAR 1 - - - - - -

2. ALTER THE TABLE

Page | 8
A. ADD

//To alter the table student by adding new attribute address

ALTER TABLE student ADD address VARCHAR2(100);

- Table Altered

DESC student;
Column Data Type Length Precision ScalePrimary Key NullableDefault
Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 - - -
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - - - -
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - - -
-
SEM INT 22 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -
ADDRESS VARCHAR 100 - - - - -
-

B. MODIFY

//To alter the table student by modifying the size of the attribute address

ALTER TABLE student MODIFY address VARCHAR (150);

- Table Altered

DESC student;

Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default
Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 - -
-
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - -
- -
Page | 9
SEM INT 22 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -
ADDRESS VARCHAR 150 - - - - -
-

C. DROP

//To alter the table student by deleting the attribute address

ALTER TABLE student DROP(address);

- Table Altered

DESC student;

Column Data Type Length Precision Scale Primary Key Nullable Default
Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 -
- -
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - -
- -
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - -
- -
SEM INT 22 - - - -
- -
DOB DATE 7 - - - -
- -
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - -
- -
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -

D. RENAME

// To alter the table name by using rename keyword

ALTER TABLE student RENAME TO student1 ;

Page | 10
 - Table Altered

DESC student1;

Column Data Type Length Precision ScalePrimary KeyNullableDefault

Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 -
- -
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - -
- -
DEPARTMENT CHAR 5 - - - -
- -
SEM INT 22 - - - -
- -
DOB DATE 7 - - - -
- -
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - -
- -
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -

ALTER TABLE student1 RENAME TO student ;

- Table Altered

3. DROP

// To delete the table from the database

DROP TABLE exam;

- Table dropped

DESC exam;

Object to be described could not be found.

RESULT:

Databases are created and retrieved information successfully.

Page | 11
 Ex.No:2
CREATION OF EMPLOYEE DATABASE WITH CONSTRAINTS
Date:

AIM:

Creation of Employee Database with Constraints by using Structured Query Language.

QUERIES:

1. CREATE THE TABLE

// To create a table employee

CREATE TABLE employee

(
empID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
department VARCHAR(5),
designation VARCHAR(50),
dob DATE,
email_id VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,
college VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'MEC'
);

// Describe the table student

DESC student;

Column Data Type Length Precision ScalePrimary KeyNullableDefault

Comment
EMPID INT 22 - - 1 - -
-
ENAME VARCHAR 30 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT VARCHAR 5 - - - -
- -

DESIGNATION VARCHAR 50 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-

Page | 12
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -

Create a table ‘Employee’ with the following details (Column level constraints)

Empno Number(5) Primary key

Empname Varchar2(20)
Designation Varchar2(10)
Date_of_join Date
Salary Number(9,2) NOT NULL
Depno Number(2) Foreign key(Reference ‘Department’ table)

QUERIES:
Create table Employee(Empno Number(5) Primary key, Empname Varchar2(20)
,Designation Varchar2(10), Date_of_join Date, Salary Number(9,2) constraint csk NOT
NULL, Depno Number(2) Reference Department (Deptno));

SQL>descs employee;
NAME Type
Empno Number(5)
Empname Varchar2(20)
Designation Varchar2(10)
Date_of_join Date
Salary Number(9,2) NOTNULL
Depno Number(2)

SQL>insert into employee values(102,’saravanan’,’leturer’,’11-feb-2019’,22);

1 row inserted

SQL> select* from employee;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY Dateofjoin
102 SARAVANAN LECTURER 15000 11-03-2019 22
103 PANNERSELVAM ASST. PROF 2000 12-05-2000 32
104 CHINNI HOD, PROF 45000 13.05.2010 43

2.Create another table called ‘Department’ with the following structure(Column level
constraints)
Depno Number(2) Primary key
Depname Varchar2(15)
Deplocation Varchar2(10)

Ans:
Page | 13
SQL>Create table department (deptno Number(2) Primary key , Depname Varchar2(15),
Deplocation Varchar2(10));

SQL>desc department;

Name Type
Depno Number(2) Primary key
Depname Varchar2(15)
Deplocation Varchar2(10)

SQL>insert into department values(40,’cse’ , ‘krishnasamy’);

1 row inserted

SQL>select* from department

DEPTNO DEPNAME Dlocation
40 cse krishnasamy

i. Display the number of employees in each department with the department numbers in
descending order
SQL>select deptno, count(empname)from department groupby department orderby desc;

ii. List the departments where there are employees functioning

SQL> Select deptname from department
iii. List the employees whose depno is not equal to ‘01’
SQL> Select ename from employee where not depno =01;

RESULT:

Thus the Employee database with constraints were performed and executed successfully.

Page | 14
 Ex.No:3 QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES USING DIFFERENT ‘WHERE
Date: CLAUSE CONDITIONS AND ALSO IMPLEMENT AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS

AIM:

Creation of a database and execute Aggregate Functions to retrieve information from the
database.

QUERIES:

➢ ORDER BY
➢ GROUP BY
➢ AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

//Consider the following table of student

CREATE TABLE student

(
studentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
sname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
department VARCHAR(5),
sem INT,
dob DATE,
email_id VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,
college VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'MEC'
);

▪ Table Created

// Describe the table student

DESC student;

Column Data Type Length Precision ScalePrimary KeyNullableDefault

Comment
STUDENTID INT 22 - - 1 - -
-

Page | 15
SNAME VARCHAR 30 - - - - -
-
DEPARTMENT CHAR 5 - - - - -
-
SEM INT 22 - - - - -
-
DOB DATE 7 - - - - -
-
EMAIL_ID VARCHAR 20 - - - - -
-
COLLEGE VARCHAR 20 - - - -
'MEC' -

SELECT * FROM student;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM DOB EMAIL_ID COLLEGE

101 RUPESH IT 5 04-DEC-1996 [email protected] MEC
102 BALA CSE 7 10-JAN-1995 [email protected] IIT
104 HEMESH IT 5 07-FEB-1996 [email protected] IIT
106 SAI VAISHNAVI CSE 5 06-OCT-1996 [email protected] SMVEC
108 RISHA IT 5 04-NOV-1996 [email protected] MEC

1. ORDER BY

// To display the department, sem and student name from the table student based on
department in ascending order.

SELECT department, sem, sname FROM student ORDER BY department;

DEPARTMENT SEM SNAME

CSE 5 SAI VAISHNAVI
CSE 7 BALA
IT 5 RISHA
IT 5 RUPESH
IT 5 HEMESH

// To display the department, sem and student name from the table student based on
department in descending order.

SELECT department, sem, sname FROM student ORDER BY department DESC, sem
DESC, sname DESC;

DEPARTMENT SEM SNAME

IT 5 RUPESH
Page | 16
 IT 5 RISHA
IT 5 HEMESH
CSE 7 BALA
CSE 5 SAI VAISHNAVI

2. GROUP BY

// To displays the total value group by department

SELECT department, SUM(total) AS SUM_DEPARTMENT FROM exam GROUP BY

department;

DEPARTMENT SUM_DEPARTMENT
CSE 430
IT 1346

3. AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

// 1. COUNT - displays total number of rows

SELECT COUNT(examid) AS STUDENTS_REGISTERED FROM exam;

STUDENTS_REGISTERED
4
// 2. MAX - displays the maximum value

SELECT MAX(average) AS RANK_1 FROM exam;

RANK_1
90.8

// 3. MIN - displays the minimum value

SELECT MIN(average) AS LAST_RANK FROM exam;

LAST_RANK
86

// 4. SUM - displays the total value

SELECT department, SUM(total) AS SUM_DEPARTMENT FROM exam GROUP BY

department;

DEPARTMENT SUM_DEPARTMENT
CSE 430
Page | 17
 IT 1346

// 5. AVG - displays the average value

SELECT department, AVG(total) AS AVERAGE FROM exam GROUP BY department;

DEPARTMENT AVERAGE
IT 448.66667
CSE 430

RESULT:

Databases are created and SQL queries are retrieved information successfully.

Page | 18
 Ex.No:4 QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES AND EXPLORE SUB QUERIES
Date: AND SIMPLE JOIN OPERATIONS

AIM:

Creation of a database and execute SQL Joins to retrieve information from the database.

QUERIES:

JOIN TYPES

1. INNER JOIN
2. SELF JOIN

// Table Creation - cseitstudent

CREATE TABLE cseitstudent

(
studentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
sname VARCHAR(30),
department VARCHAR(5),
sem INT
);

-Table Created

// Table Creation - placement

CREATE TABLE placement

(
PlacementID INT PRIMARY KEY,
StudentID INT,
department VARCHAR(5),
Company VARCHAR(30),
salary INT
);

-Table Created

Page | 19
// Inserting values into cseitstudent table

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(101,'reema', 'IT',5);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(102,'reenu', 'IT',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(103,'sheela',

'CSE',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(104,'nirmal', 'IT',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(105,'eshwar',

'CSE',5);

- 5 row(s) inserted

// Inserting values into placement table

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(1, 104, 'IT', 'infosys', 25000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(2, 105, 'CSE', 'Wipro', 22000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(3, 204, 'MECH', 'HYUNDAI', 30000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(4, 102, 'IT', 'infosys', 25000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(5, 103, 'CSE', 'infosys', 25000);

- 5 row(s) inserted

// Display the values in the table as rows

SELECT * FROM cseitstudent;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM

101 reema IT 5
102 reenu IT 3
103 sheela CSE 3
104 nirmal IT 3
105 eshwar CSE 5

SELECT * FROM placement;

PLACEMENTID STUDENTID DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY

Page | 20
 1 104 IT infosys 25000
2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
3 204 MECH HYUNDAI 30000
4 102 IT Infosys 25000
5 103 CSE Infosys 25000

// INNER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM cseitstudent
INNER JOIN Placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.StudentID;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM PLACEMENTID STUDENTID DEPARTMENT COMPANY

SALARY
104 nirmal IT 3 1 104 IT infosys
25000
105 eshwar CSE 5 2 105 CSE Wipro
22000
102 reenu IT 3 4 102 IT infosys
25000
103 sheela CSE 3 5 103 CSE infosys
25000

SELECT cseitstudent.studentID, cseitstudent.sname,placement.company,

placement.salary
FROM cseitstudent
INNER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME COMPANY SALARY

104 nirmal infosys 25000
105 eshwar Wipro 22000
102 reenu infosys 25000
103 sheela infosys 25000

//SELF JOIN

Returns rows by comparing the values of the same table.

//TABLE CREATION

Page | 21
 CREATE TABLE employee
(
empid INT,
empname VARCHAR(25),
reportingid INT
);

- Table Created

//INSERTING VALUES IN THE TABLE

INSERT INTO employee VALUES(1, 'Principal', null);

INSERT INTO employee VALUES(2, 'HOD', 1);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(3, 'PO', 1);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(4, 'Staff', 2);
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(5, 'Non Teaching Staff', 2);
- 5 row(s) inserted

//DISPLAYS VALUES IN THE TABLE

SELECT * FROM employee;

EMPID EMPNAME REPORTINGID

1 Principal -
2 HOD 1
3 PO 1
4 Staff 2
5 Non Teaching Staff 2

SELECT e1.empid, e1.empname, e2.empname AS HeadName FROM employee e1,

employee e2 WHERE e1.reportingid=e2.empid;

EMPID EMPNAME HEADNAME

2 HOD Principal
3 PO Principal
4 Staff HOD
5 Non Teaching Staff HOD

// EXISTS

SELECT * FROM placement WHERE EXISTS (

SELECT * FROM placement WHERE salary>20000);

PLACEMENTID STUDENTID DEPAR COMPANY SALARY

Page | 22
1 104 IT infosys 25000
2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
3 204 MECH HYUNDAI 30000
4 102 IT infosys 25000
5 103 CSE infosys 25000

SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE EXISTS

(SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE salary>20000 );

EMPNO EMPNAME SALARY DESIGNATION

101 RAM 45000 Manager
102 LINGAM 35000 Asst. Manager
103 RUPESH 20000 Clerk
104 BALA 10000 Typist
105 PRAVEEN 15000 Cashier

// NOT EXISTS
SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE
NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE salary>20000 );
no data found

RESULT:

Databases are created and SQL queries are retrieved information successfully.

Page | 23
 Ex.No:5 QUERY THE DATABASE TABLES AND EXPLORE NATURAL ,
Date: EQUI AND OUTER JOIN OPERATIONS

AIM:

Creation of a database and execute SQL Joins to retrieve information from the database.

QUERIES:

JOIN TYPES

1. OUTER JOIN
a. LEFT OUTER JOIN
b. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
c. CROSS OUTER JOIN
2. EQUI JOIN
3. NON EQUI JOIN

// Table Creation - cseitstudent

CREATE TABLE cseitstudent

(
studentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
sname VARCHAR(30),
department VARCHAR(5),
sem INT
);

-Table Created

// Table Creation - placement

CREATE TABLE placement

(
PlacementID INT PRIMARY KEY,
StudentID INT,
Page | 24
 department VARCHAR(5),
Company VARCHAR(30),
salary INT
);

-Table Created

// Inserting values into cseitstudent table

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(101,'reema', 'IT',5);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(102,'reenu', 'IT',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(103,'sheela',

'CSE',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(104,'nirmal', 'IT',3);

INSERT INTO cseitstudent (studentID, sname, department, sem) VALUES(105,'eshwar',

'CSE',5);

- 5 row(s) inserted

// Inserting values into placement table

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(1, 104, 'IT', 'infosys', 25000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(2, 105, 'CSE', 'Wipro', 22000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(3, 204, 'MECH', 'HYUNDAI', 30000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(4, 102, 'IT', 'infosys', 25000);

INSERT INTO placement VALUES(5, 103, 'CSE', 'infosys', 25000);

- 5 row(s) inserted

// Display the values in the table as rows

SELECT * FROM cseitstudent;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM

101 reema IT 5
102 reenu IT 3
103 sheela CSE 3
Page | 25
 104 nirmal IT 3
105 eshwar CSE 5

SELECT * FROM placement;

PLACEMENTID STUDENTID DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY

1 104 IT infosys 25000

2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
3 204 MECH HYUNDAI 30000
4 102 IT Infosys 25000
5 103 CSE Infosys 25000

//LEFT OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM cseitstudent
LEFT OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM PLACEMENTID STUDENTID

DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY
104 nirmal IT 3 1 104 IT infosys
25000
105 eshwar CSE 5 2 105 CSE Wipro
22000
102 reenu IT 3 4 102 IT infosys
25000
103 sheela CSE 3 5 103 CSE infosys
25000
101 reema IT 5 - - - - -

SELECT cseitstudent.sname,placement.placementID, placement.company

FROM cseitstudent
LEFT OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

SNAME PLACEMENTID COMPANY

nirmal 1 infosys
eshwar 2 Wipro
reenu 4 infosys
Page | 26
 sheela 5 infosys
reema - -

//RIGHT OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM cseitstudent
RIGHT OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM PLACEMENTID STUDENTID

DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY
102 reenu IT 3 4 102
IT infosys 25000
103 sheela CSE 3 5 103
CSE infosys 25000
104 nirmal IT 3 1 104
IT Infosys 25000
105 eshwar CSE 5 2 105
CSE Wipro 22000
- - - - 3 204
MECH HYUNDAI 30000

SELECT cseitstudent.sname,placement.placementID, placement.company

FROM cseitstudent
RIGHT OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID = placement.studentID;

SNAME PLACEMENTID COMPANY

reenu 4 infosys
sheela 5 infosys
nirmal 1 infosys
eshwar 2 Wipro
3 HYUNDAI
//FULL OUTER JOIN

SELECT *
FROM cseitstudent
FULL OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM PLACEMENTID STUDENTID

DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY
104 nirmal IT 3 1 104 IT infosys 25000
Page | 27
105 eshwar CSE 5 2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
- - - 3 204 MECH HYUNDAI 30000
102 reenu IT 3 4 102 IT infosys 25000
103 sheela CSE 3 5 103 CSE infosys 25000
101 reema IT 5 - - - - -

SELECT cseitstudent.sname,placement.placementID, placement.company

FROM cseitstudent
FULL OUTER JOIN placement
ON cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

SNAME PLACEMENTID COMPANY

nirmal 1 infosys
eshwar 2 Wipro
- 3 HYUNDAI
reenu 4 infosys
sheela 5 infosys
reema - -

//EQUI JOIN

SELECT * FROM cseitstudent, placement WHERE

cseitstudent.studentID=placement.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME DEPARTMENT SEM PLACEMENTID STUDENTID

DEPARTMENT COMPANY SALARY
104 nirmal IT 3 1 104 IT infosys 25000
105 eshwar CSE 5 2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
102 reenu IT 3 4 102 IT infosys 25000
103 sheela CSE 3 5 103 CSE infosys 25000

// NON EQUI JOIN

SELECT cseit.studentID, cseit.sname FROM cseitstudent cseit, placement placed

WHERE cseit.studentID>placed.studentID;

STUDENTID SNAME
105 eshwar
105 eshwar
105 eshwar
104 nirmal
104 nirmal
103 sheela
// EXISTS
Page | 28
 SELECT * FROM placement WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT * FROM placement WHERE salary>20000);

PLACEMENTID STUDENTID DEPAR COMPANY SALARY

1 104 IT infosys 25000
2 105 CSE Wipro 22000
3 204 MECH HYUNDAI 30000
4 102 IT infosys 25000
5 103 CSE infosys 25000

SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE EXISTS

(SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE salary>20000 );

EMPNO EMPNAME SALARY DESIGNATION

101 RAM 45000 Manager
102 LINGAM 35000 Asst. Manager
103 RUPESH 20000 Clerk
104 BALA 10000 Typist
105 PRAVEEN 15000 Cashier

// NOT EXISTS
SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE
NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM employee1 WHERE salary>20000 );
no data found

// NATURAL JOIN

Syntax :
We will perform the natural join query by using the following syntax.
SELECT *
FROM TABLE1
NATURAL JOIN TABLE2;

Step-1:Creating Database :
create database saran;
Step-2: Using the database :
To use this database as follows.

use saran;

Page | 29
Step-3: Reference tables into the database :
This is our tables in the geeks database as follows.
Table-1: department –
Create Table department
(
DEPT_NAME Varchar(20),
MANAGER_NAME Varchar(255)
);
Table-2: employee –
Create Table employee
(
EMP_ID int,
EMP_NAME Varchar(20),
DEPT_NAME Varchar(255)
);
Step-4: Inserting values :
Add value into the tables as follows.
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT(DEPT_NAME,MANAGER_NAME) VALUES ( "IT",
"ROHAN");
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT(DEPT_NAME,MANAGER_NAME) VALUES ( "SALES",
"RAHUL");
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT(DEPT_NAME,MANAGER_NAME) VALUES ( "HR",
"TANMAY");
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT(DEPT_NAME,MANAGER_NAME) VALUES ( "FINANCE",
"ASHISH");
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT(DEPT_NAME,MANAGER_NAME) VALUES
("MARKETING", "SAMAY");

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, DEPT_NAME) VALUES (1, "SUMIT",

"HR");
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, DEPT_NAME) VALUES (2, "JOEL",
"IT");
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, DEPT_NAME) VALUES (3, "BISWA",
"MARKETING");
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, DEPT_NAME) VALUES (4,
"VAIBHAV", "IT");
Page | 30
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, DEPT_NAME) VALUES (5, "SAGAR",
"SALES");
Step-5: Verifying inserted data :
This is our data inside the table as follows.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
Output :
EMP_ID EMP_NAME DEPT_NAME

1 SUMIT HR

2 JOEL IT

3 BISWA MARKETING

4 VAIBHAV IT

5 SAGAR SALES
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT;
Output :
DEPT_NAME MANAGER_NAME

IT ROHAN

SALES RAHUL

HR TANMAY

FINANCE ASHISH

MARKETING SAMAY

Step-6: Query to implement SQL Natural Join :

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
NATURAL JOIN DEPARTMENT;

Page | 31
Output :
EMP_ID EMP_NAME DEPT_NAME MANAGER_NAME

1 SUMIT HR TANMAY

2 JOEL IT ROHAN

3 BISWA MARKETING SAMAY

4 VAIBHAV IT ROHAN

5 SAGAR SALES RAHUL

RESULT:
Databases are created and SQL queries are retrieved information successfully.

Page | 32
 Ex.No:6
USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS AND STORED PROCEDURES IN SQL
Date:

AIM:

Creation user defined functions and stored procedures by using Structures Query
Language.

QUERY:
SQL UDFs

The following example creates a temporary SQL UDF named AddFourAndDivide and calls it
from within a SELECT statement:
CREATE TEMP FUNCTION AddFourAndDivide(x INT64, y INT64)
RETURNS FLOAT64
AS (
(x + 4) / y
);

SELECT
val, AddFourAndDivide(val, 2)
FROM
UNNEST([2,3,5,8]) AS val;

This example produces the following output:

+-----+-----+
| val | f0_ |
+-----+-----+
| 2 | 3.0 |
| 3 | 3.5 |
| 5 | 4.5 |
| 8 | 6.0 |
+-----+-----+

Page | 33
 CREATE FUNCTION mydataset.AddFourAndDivide(x INT64, y INT64)
RETURNS FLOAT64
AS (
(x + 4) / y
);

You must specify a dataset for the function (mydataset in this example). After you run
the CREATE FUNCTION statement, you can call the function from a query:
SELECT
val, mydataset.AddFourAndDivide(val, 2)
FROM
UNNEST([2,3,5,8,12]) AS val;

Templated SQL UDF parameters

A parameter with a type equal to ANY TYPE can match more than one argument type when the
function is called.
• If more than one parameter has type ANY TYPE, then BigQuery doesn't enforce any type
relationship between these arguments.
• The function return type cannot be ANY TYPE. It must be either omitted, which means to be
automatically determined based on sql_expression, or an explicit type.
• Passing the function arguments of types that are incompatible with the function definition will
result in an error at call time.
The following example shows a SQL UDF that uses a templated parameter.

CREATE TEMP FUNCTION addFourAndDivideAny(x ANY TYPE, y ANY TYPE)

AS (
(x + 4) / y
);

SELECT
addFourAndDivideAny(3, 4) AS integer_input,
addFourAndDivideAny(1.59, 3.14) AS floating_point_input;

Page | 34
This example produces the following output:
+----------------+-----------------------+
| integer_input | floating_point_input |
+----------------+-----------------------+
| 1.75 | 1.7802547770700636 |
+----------------+-----------------------+

The next example uses a templated parameter to return the last element of an array of any type:
CREATE TEMP FUNCTION lastArrayElement(arr ANY TYPE)
AS (
arr[ORDINAL(ARRAY_LENGTH(arr))]
);

SELECT
lastArrayElement(x) AS last_element
FROM (
SELECT [2,3,5,8,13] AS x
);

This example produces the following output:

+--------------+
| last_element |
+--------------+
| 13 |
+--------------+

RESULT:

Databases are created user defined function and procedure in SQL queries are retrieved
information successfully.

Page | 35
 Ex.No:7
Execute Complex transactions and realize DCL and TCL Commands
Date:

AIM:

To write SQL queries using DCL commands to manage the database.

DESCRIPTION:

The DCL language is used for controlling the access to the table and hence securing the Database.
DCL is used to provide certain privileges to a particular user. Privileges are rights to be allocated.
The privilege commands are namely,

• Grant

• Revoke

• Commit

• Savepoint

• Rollback

GRANT COMMAND: It is used to create users and grant access to the database. It requires
database administrator (DBA) privilege, except that a user can change their password. A user can
grant access to their database objects to other users.

REVOKE COMMAND: Using this command , the DBA can revoke the granted database
privileges from the user.

COMMIT : It is used to permanently save any transaction into database.

SAVEPOINT: It is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that point
whenever necessary

ROLLBACK: It restores the database to last commited state. It is also use with savepoint command
to jump to a savepoint in a transaction.

COMMANDS

Page | 36
Consider the following tables namely “DEPARTMENTS” and “EMPLOYEES” Their schemas
are as follows ,

Departments ( dept _no , dept_ name , dept_location ); Employees ( emp_id , emp_name ,

emp_salary );

SQL> Grant all on employees to abcde; Grant succeeded.

SQL> Grant select , update , insert on departments to abcde with grant option; Grant succeeded.

SQL> Revoke all on employees from abcde; Revoke succeeded.

SQL> Revoke select , update , insert on departments from abcde; Revoke succeeded.

COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT:

SQL> select * from class; NAME ID

anu 1

brindha 2

chinthiya 3

divya 4

ezhil 5

fairoz 7

SQL> insert into class values('gayathri',9); 1 row created.

Page | 37
SQL> commit; Commit complete.

SQL> update class set name='hema' where id='9'; 1 row updated.

SQL> savepoint A; Savepoint created.

SQL> insert into class values('indu',11); 1 row created.

SQL> savepoint B; Savepoint created.

SQL> insert into class values('janani',13); 1 row created.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID

Anu 1

brindha 2

chinthiya 3

divya 4

ezhil 5

fairoz 7

hema 9

indu 11

janani 13

Page | 38
9 rows selected.

SQL> rollback to B; Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID

anu 1

brindha 2

chinthiya 3

divya 4

ezhil 5

fairoz 7

hema 9

indu 11

8 rows selected.

SQL> rollback to A; Rollback complete.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID

anu 1

brindha 2

chinthiya 3

divya 4

Page | 39
ezhil 5

fairoz 7

hema 9

RESULT:

Thus the creation of database with various constraints and the SQL queries to retrieve
information from the database using DCL statements has been implemented and the output was
verified successfully.

Page | 40
 Ex.No:8 SQL TRIGGERS FOR INSERT, DELETE, AND UPDATE
Date: OPERATIONS IN DATABASE TABLE

AIM:

To Create a SQL triggers for insert, delete and update operations in database table

TRIGGER

SYNTAX:

CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name

{BEFORE | AFTER} {INSERT | UPDATE| DELETE }
ON table_name FOR EACH ROW
trigger_body;

EXAMPLE-1:

mysql>select * from emp;

empno empname offcode

100 kalai 111
101 rama 222
102 began 333

mysql>create table emp_audit(id int auto_increment primary key,

empno int,empname varchar(20),cdate datetime,action varchar(20));

TRIGGER CREATION :

mysql>create trigger before_emp_update

before update on emp
for each row
insert into emp_audit
set action = 'update',
empno = old.empno,
empname = old.empname,
cdate = now();

UPDATE EMP TABLE:

mysql> update emp set empname = 'gokul' where empno = 100;

Page | 41
SELECT-EMP_AUDIT

mysql> select * from emp_audit;

id empno empname cdate action

1 100 gokul 2019-12-12 13-02-17 update

SELECT –EMP:

mysql> select * from emp1;

empno empname offcode

100 gokul 111
101 rama 222
102 began 333

RESULT:

Thus, the Trigger was executed successfully.

Page | 42
 Ex.No:9 CREATE VIEW AND INDEX FOR DATABASE TABLES WITH
Date: LARGE NUMBER OF RECORDS

Aim:

To Create the View and index by using Structures Query Language.

Syntax :

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name WHERE condition

DEFINITION:

A view, is a logical table based on one or more tables or views. A view contains no data
itself. The tables upon which a view is based are called base tables.

SYNTAX:

CREATE VIEW view_name

AS

<Query Expression>

QUERY:

create table student(sid int, sname varchar(50), dept varchar(5));

OUTPUT:

table STUDENT created.

QUERY:

insert into student values(1,'bala','IT');

insert into student values(2,'rupesh','IT');

insert into student values(3,'arthi','cse');

OUTPUT:

Page | 43
 1 rows inserted.

1 rows inserted.

1 rows inserted.

QUERY:

create view studview as select * from student where dept='IT'

OUTPUT:

view STUDVIEW created.

QUERY:

select * from studview;

OUTPUT:

SID SNAME DEPT

1 bala IT

2 rupesh IT

QUERY:

insert into studview values(7,'anand','IT');

OUTPUT:

1 rows inserted.

QUERY:

select * from studview;

OUTPUT:

SID SNAME DEPT

1 bala IT

2 rupesh IT

Page | 44
 7 anand IT

QUERY:

update studview set sid=5 where sid=2;

OUTPUT:

1 rows updated.

QUERY:

select * from studview;

OUTPUT:

SID SNAME DEPT

1 bala IT

5 rupesh IT

7 anand IT

QUERY:

delete from studview where sid = 5;

OUTPUT:

1 rows deleted

QUERY:

select * from studview;

OUTPUT:

SID SNAME DEPT

1 bala IT

7 art IT

QUERY:

drop view studview;

Page | 45
OUTPUT:

view STUDVIEW dropped.

DEFINITION:

An index is a performance-tuning method of allowing faster retrieval of records. An

index creates an entry for each value that appears in the indexed columns.

SYNTAX:

Create index:

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table_name(attribute);

Drop Index:

DROP INDEX index_name;

QUERY:

create index idx_stud on student(sid);

OUTPUT:

index IDX_STUD created.

QUERY:

drop index idx_stud;

OUTPUT:

index IDX_STUD dropped.

Result:

Thus, the SQL queries using views were successfully executed and
verified.

Page | 46
 Ex.No:10 CREATE AN XML DATABASE AND VALIDATE IT USING XML
Date: SCHEMA.

Aim:

To Create an xml database and validate it using XML Schema.

Query:

Register an XML Schema

First we need to register the schema using

the DBMS_XMLSCHEMA.REGISTERSCHEMA procedure. This has a number of overloads,
allowing you to specify the XML schema using
a VARCHAR2, BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, XMLTYPE or URIType types. The parameter list is
quite important. By default the REGISTERSCHEMA procedure will create database types and
object tables, allowing documents to be shredded into object tables. For complex XSD documents
you might get thousands of objects created in your database schema. For a basic document
validation this is unnecessary and messy, so check you are using the correct settings.

DECLARE
l_schema CLOB;
BEGIN

l_schema := '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">

<!-- definition of simple elements -->

<xs:element name="orderperson" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="address" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="city" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="country" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="title" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="note" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="quantity" type="xs:positiveInteger"/>
<xs:element name="price" type="xs:decimal"/>

<!-- definition of attributes -->

<xs:attribute name="orderid" type="xs:string"/>

<!-- definition of complex elements -->

<xs:element name="shipto">
Page | 47
 <xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element ref="name"/>
<xs:element ref="address"/>
<xs:element ref="city"/>
<xs:element ref="country"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="item">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element ref="title"/>
<xs:element ref="note" minOccurs="0"/>
<xs:element ref="quantity"/>
<xs:element ref="price"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="shiporder">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element ref="orderperson"/>
<xs:element ref="shipto"/>
<xs:element ref="item" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xs:sequence>
<xs:attribute ref="orderid" use="required"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

</xs:schema>';

DBMS_XMLSCHEMA.registerSchema(schemaurl => 'my_schema.xsd',

schemadoc => l_schema,
local => TRUE,
gentypes => FALSE,
gentables => FALSE,
enablehierarchy => DBMS_XMLSCHEMA.enable_hierarchy_none);

END;
/
We can check the schema details using the USER_XML_SCHEMAS view.

Page | 48
SELECT schema_url FROM user_xml_schemas;

SCHEMA_URL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
my_schema.xsd

SQL>
With the schema registered, we can now validate XML documents against it.

The DELETESCHEMA procedure can be used to un-register the schema.

The DELETE_OPTION parameter allows you to drop any dependent objects.

BEGIN
DBMS_XMLSCHEMA.deleteschema(
schemaurl => 'my_schema.xsd',
delete_option => DBMS_XMLSCHEMA.delete_cascade_force);
END;
/
Validate XML Document (SCHEMAVALIDATE)

In the following PL/SQL example, we create an XMLTYPE from some XML in a CLOB, then
call the SCHEMAVALIDATE member procedure to test the XML against the XML schema.

DECLARE
l_xml CLOB;
l_xmltype XMLTYPE;
BEGIN

l_xml := '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<shiporder orderid="889923">
<orderperson>John Smith</orderperson>
<shipto>
<name>Ola Nordmann</name>
<address>Langgt 23</address>
<city>4000 Stavanger</city>
<country>Norway</country>
</shipto>
<item>
<title>Empire Burlesque</title>
<note>Special Edition</note>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.90</price>
Page | 49
 </item>
<item>
<title>Hide your heart</title>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>9.90</price>
</item>
</shiporder>';

l_xmltype := XMLTYPE(l_xml, 'my_schema.xsd');

l_xmltype.schemavalidate;

END;
/

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>
To see an example of a validation failure, rename the "name" tag to "name1". This is not part of
the XML schema, so it will fail the validation.

DECLARE
l_xml CLOB;
l_xmltype XMLTYPE;
BEGIN

l_xml := '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<shiporder orderid="889923">
<orderperson>John Smith</orderperson>
<shipto>
<name1>Ola Nordmann</name1>
<address>Langgt 23</address>
<city>4000 Stavanger</city>
<country>Norway</country>
</shipto>
<item>
<title>Empire Burlesque</title>
<note>Special Edition</note>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.90</price>
</item>
<item>
<title>Hide your heart</title>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>9.90</price>
Page | 50
 </item>
</shiporder>';

l_xmltype := XMLTYPE(l_xml, 'my_schema.xsd');

l_xmltype.schemavalidate;

END;
/

DECLARE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-30937: No schema definition for 'name1' (namespace '##local') in parent
'/shiporder/shipto'
ORA-06512: at "SYS.XMLTYPE", line 354
ORA-06512: at line 29

SQL>
Validate XML Document (XMLISVALID)

An alternative is to use the XMLISVALID function.

Create a table to hold the XML we used in the previous tests.

CREATE TABLE t1 (
id NUMBER,
xml XMLTYPE
);

INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<shiporder orderid="889923">
<orderperson>John Smith</orderperson>
<shipto>
<name>Ola Nordmann</name>
<address>Langgt 23</address>
<city>4000 Stavanger</city>
<country>Norway</country>
</shipto>
<item>
<title>Empire Burlesque</title>
<note>Special Edition</note>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.90</price>
Page | 51
 </item>
<item>
<title>Hide your heart</title>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>9.90</price>
</item>
</shiporder>');

INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2, '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<shiporder orderid="889923">
<orderperson>John Smith</orderperson>
<shipto>
<name1>Ola Nordmann</name1>
<address>Langgt 23</address>
<city>4000 Stavanger</city>
<country>Norway</country>
</shipto>
<item>
<title>Empire Burlesque</title>
<note>Special Edition</note>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>10.90</price>
</item>
<item>
<title>Hide your heart</title>
<quantity>1</quantity>
<price>9.90</price>
</item>
</shiporder>');

COMMIT;
Now we can use the XMLISVALID function in SQL to test against the registered XML Schema.
It returns a "1" if the XML is valid, and "0" if it isn't.

SELECT id,
XMLISVALID(xml, 'my_schema.xsd') AS is_valid
FROM t1;

ID IS_VALID
---------- ----------
1 1
2 0

Page | 52
SQL>

Result:

Thus, the XML database created and validated successfully.

Page | 53
 Ex.No:11 CREATE DOCUMENT, COLUMN AND GRAPH BASED DATA
Date: USING NOSQL DATABASE TOOLS

Aim:

To write NoSQL queries using Column Graph based data commands to manage the database.

Query:

The examples on this page use the inventory collection. Populate the inventory collection
with the following documents:

{ "item": "journal", "qty": 25, "size": { "h": 14, "w": 21, "uom": "cm" }, "status": "A" },

{ "item": "notebook", "qty": 50, "size": { "h": 8.5, "w": 11, "uom": "in" }, "status": "A" },

{ "item": "paper", "qty": 100, "size": { "h": 8.5, "w": 11, "uom": "in" }, "status": "D" },

{ "item": "planner", "qty": 75, "size": { "h": 22.85, "w": 30, "uom": "cm" }, "status": "D" },

{ "item": "postcard", "qty": 45, "size": { "h": 10, "w": 15.25, "uom": "cm" }, "status": "A" }

Compass

For instructions on inserting documents in MongoDB Compass, see Insert Documents.

Select All Documents in a Collection

To select all documents in the collection, pass an empty document as the query filter
parameter to the query bar. The query filter parameter determines the select criteria:

Page | 54
This operation uses a filter predicate of {}, which corresponds to the following SQL statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory

For more information on the MongoDB Compass query bar, see Query Bar.

Specify Equality Condition

Page | 55
To specify equality conditions, use <field>:<value> expressions in the query filter document:

{ <field1>: <value1>, ... }

Compass

The following example selects from the inventory collection all documents where
the status equals "D":

Copy the following filter into the Compass query bar and click Find:

{ status: "D" }

Compass

This operation uses a filter predicate of { status: "D" }, which corresponds to the following SQL
statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE status = "D"

Page | 56
Specify Conditions Using Query Operators

A query filter document can use the query operators to specify conditions in the following form:

{ <field1>: { <operator1>: <value1> }, ... }

Compass

The following example retrieves all documents from the inventory collection where status equals
either "A" or "D":

Copy the following filter into the Compass query bar and click Find:

{ status: { $in: [ "A", "D" ] } }

Compass

Page | 57
NOTE

Although you can express this query using the $or operator, use the $in operator rather than
the $or operator when performing equality checks on the same field.

The operation uses a filter predicate of { status: { $in: [ "A", "D" ] } }, which corresponds to the
following SQL statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE status in ("A", "D")

Page | 58
Refer to the Query and Projection Operators document for the complete list of MongoDB query
operators.

Specify AND Conditions

A compound query can specify conditions for more than one field in the collection's documents.
Implicitly, a logical AND conjunction connects the clauses of a compound query so that the query
selects the documents in the collection that match all the conditions.

The following example retrieves all documents in the inventory collection where
the status equals "A" and qty is less than ($lt) 30:

Copy the following filter into the Compass query bar and click Find:

{ status: "A", qty: { $lt: 30 } }

Compass

The operation uses a filter predicate of { status: "A", qty: { $lt: 30 } }, which corresponds to the
following SQL statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE status = "A" AND qty < 30

See comparison operators for other MongoDB comparison operators.

Page | 59
Specify OR Conditions

Using the $or operator, you can specify a compound query that joins each clause with a
logical OR conjunction so that the query selects the documents in the collection that match at least
one condition.

The following example retrieves all documents in the collection where

the status equals "A" or qty is less than ($lt) 30:

Copy the following filter into the Compass query bar and click Find:

{ $or: [ { status: "A" }, { qty: { $lt: 30 } } ] }

Compass

Page | 60
The operation uses a filter predicate of { $or: [ { status: 'A' }, { qty: { $lt: 30 } } ] }, which
corresponds to the following SQL statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE status = "A" OR qty < 30

Specify AND as well as OR Conditions

In the following example, the compound query document selects all documents in the collection
where the status equals "A" and either qty is less than ($lt) 30 or item starts with the
character p:

Copy the following filter into the Compass query bar and click Find:

{ status: "A", $or: [ { qty: { $lt: 30 } }, { item: /^p/ } ] }

Compass

The operation uses a filter predicate of:

Page | 61
 status: 'A',

$or: [

{ qty: { $lt: 30 } }, { item: { $regex: '^p' } }

which corresponds to the following SQL statement:

SELECT * FROM inventory WHERE status = "A" AND ( qty < 30 OR item LIKE "p%")

Result:

Thus, the graph-based data creation using NoSQL executed successfully

Page | 62
 Ex.No:12
DEVELOP A SIMPLE GUI BASED DATABASE APPLICATION
Date:

AIM:

To develop a simple GUI based database application for Personal Information System.

DESCRIPTION:

Personal Information System is a project which stores information about a particular

person. It allows to insert, delete, modify and clear the records. Records are updated in the database through
forms.

DATABASE:

CREATE TABLE personaldetail

(
pid INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR2(40),
father VARCHAR2(40),
DOB DATE,
gender VARCHAR2(6),
address VARCHAR2(200),
mark NUMBER(3,0),
mobile NUMBER(10,0),
email VARCHAR2(20)
)

FORMS:

Page | 63
➔ TO INSERT THE RECORD CLICK SAVE

Page | 64
➔ TO SEARCH ENTER THE PERSONAL NUMBER AND CLICK SEARCH

Page | 65
➔ TO DELETE ENTER THE PERSONAL NUMBER AND CLICK DELETE

Page | 66
➔ TO MODIFY ENTER THE PERSONAL NUMBER AND CLICK SEARCH THEN PERFORM
UPDATIONS AND CLICK MODIFY

Page | 67
Page | 68
➔ TO CLEAR THE BOX CLICK THE CLEAR BUTTON

Page | 69
➔ AFTER CLICKING THE CLEAR BUTTON

Page | 70
 ➔ TO EXIT PRESS THE EXIT BUTTON

CODING:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Oracle.DataAccess.Client;
namespace PersonelInformationSystem
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{

Page | 71
 InitializeComponent();
}
//CONNECTIVITY CODING
OracleConnection conn;
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string oradb = "Data Source=XE;User Id=art;Password=123;";
conn = new OracleConnection(oradb);
conn.Open();
}
//CLEAR FUNCTION
private void Clear()
{
txtPID.Text = "";
txtName.Text = "";
txtFather.Text = "";
txtDOB.Text = "";
rdoMale.Checked = false;
rdoFemale.Checked = false;
txtAddress.Text = "";
txtMark.Text = "";
txtMobile.Text = "";
txtEmail.Text = "";
}
//INSERTION CODING
// Do NOT change the order of the parameter and values
private void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string gender = " ";
if (rdoMale.Checked)
{
gender = "Male";
}
else if (rdoFemale.Checked)
{
gender = "Female";
}
DateTime dt = Convert.ToDateTime(txtDOB.Text);
string sql = "INSERT INTO sankar.personaldetail
(pid,name,father,dob,gender,address,mark,mobile,email) VALUES
(:pid,:name,:father,:dob,:gender,:address,:mark,:mobile,:email)";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sql, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("pid", txtPID.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("name", txtName.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("father", txtFather.Text);
Page | 72
 cmd.Parameters.Add("dob", dt);
cmd.Parameters.Add("gender", gender);
cmd.Parameters.Add("address", txtAddress.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("mark", txtMark.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("mobile", txtMobile.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("email", txtEmail.Text);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("inserted sucessfully");
Clear();
}
//UPDATION CODING
// Do NOT change the order of the parameter and values
private void btnEdit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string gen = " ";
if (rdoMale.Checked)
{
gen = rdoMale.Text;
}
else if (rdoFemale.Checked)
{
gen = rdoFemale.Text;
}
DateTime dt = Convert.ToDateTime(txtDOB.Text);

string sql = "UPDATE sankar.personaldetail SET

name=:name,father=:father,dob=:dob,gender=:gender,address=:address,mark=:mark,
mobile=:mobile,email=:email WHERE pid=:pid";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sql, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("name", txtName.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("father", txtFather.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("dob", dt);
cmd.Parameters.Add("gender", gen);
cmd.Parameters.Add("address", txtAddress.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("mark", txtMark.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("mobile", txtMobile.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("email", txtEmail.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("pid", txtPID.Text);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Updated successfully");
Clear();
}

//DELETION CODING
private void btnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
Page | 73
 {
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand("DELETE FROM sankar.personaldetail
WHERE
pid=:pid", conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("pid", txtPID.Text);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Message deleted succesfully");
Clear();
}
//CLEAR CODING
private void btnClear_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Clear();
}
//SEARCH CODING
private void btnSearch_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand("SELECT * FROM sankar.personaldetail
WHERE
pid=:pid1", conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("pid1", txtPID.Text);
OracleDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();

if (dr.Read())
{
txtPID.Text = dr["pid"].ToString();
txtName.Text = dr["name"].ToString();
txtFather.Text = dr["father"].ToString();
txtDOB.Text = dr["dob"].ToString();
if (dr["gender"].ToString() == "Male")
{ rdoMale.Checked = true; }
else
{ rdoFemale.Checked = true; }
txtAddress.Text = dr["address"].ToString();
txtMark.Text = dr["mark"].ToString();
txtMobile.Text = dr["mobile"].ToString();
txtEmail.Text = dr["email"].ToString();
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Record not found ");
}
}
//EXIT CODING
private void btnExit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
Page | 74
 {
Close(); } } }

RESULT:

Thus the Coding was executed successfully.

Page | 75
 Ex.No:13
Case Study (Inventory Management for a EMart Grocery Shop)
Date:

Aim:

Write the coding for Inventory Management System.

Description:

Inventory control system helps in monitoring the sales and various stocks available

DATABASE:

STOCK TABLE

-----------

CREATE TABLE stock

prodid INT PRIMARY KEY, prodname VARCHAR2(50), quantity INT, unitprice INT,
reorderlevel INT

);

SALES TABLE

------------

CREATE TABLE sales

prodid INT REFERENCES stock(prodid), salesqty INT, amount INT, salesdate DATE

);

Page | 76
FORMS:

Inventory control system form:

Page | 77
CODING FOR SALES FORM:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Oracle.DataAccess.Client;
namespace inventory1
{
public partial class sales : Form
{
public sales()
{

Page | 78
 InitializeComponent();
}
OracleConnection conn;
private void sales_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string oradb = "Data Source=172.18.1.6;User Id=cselab;Password=cselab;";
conn = new OracleConnection(oradb);
conn.Open();

string sel1 = "select prodid from cselab.stock";

OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sel1, conn);
OracleDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
cmboPid.Items.Add(dr["prodid"].ToString());
}
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
txtSalesdate.Text = dt.ToString();
}
private void btnSell_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Boolean result=validate();
if (result==true)
{
MessageBox.Show("Insufficient Stock");
return;
}
DateTime dt = DateTime.Now;
String ins="Insert into cselab.sales(prodid,salesqty,amount,salesdate) values
(:prodid,:salesqty,:amount,:salesdate)";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(ins, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodid", cmboPid.SelectedItem);
cmd.Parameters.Add("salesqty", txtSalesqty.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("amount", txtAmt.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("salesdate", dt);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Product sold successfully");
updatestock();
clear();

Page | 79
 }
public Boolean validate()
{
String sel1 = "select quantity,reorderlevel,prodname from cselab.stock where
prodid=:prodid";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sel1, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodid", cmboPid.SelectedItem);
OracleDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
int relevel = 0;
int qty = 0;
if (dr.Read())
{
qty = int.Parse(dr["quantity"].ToString());
relevel = int.Parse(dr["reorderlevel"].ToString());
}
int sqty = int.Parse(txtSalesqty.Text);
if (sqty > qty) // Insuficient stock
{
return true;
}
int afterSale = qty - sqty;
if (afterSale < relevel)
{
MessageBox.Show("Stock level is low. Please order the item " +
dr["prodname"].ToString());
}
return false;
}
private void txtSalesqty_Validated(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int amt = getAmount();
txtAmt.Text = amt.ToString();
}
private int getAmount()
{
string sel = "SELECT unitprice FROM cselab.stock WHERE prodid=:prodid";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(sel, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodid", cmboPid.SelectedItem);
OracleDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();

Page | 80
 int uprice = 0;
if (dr.Read())
{
uprice = int.Parse(dr["unitprice"].ToString());
}
int sqty = int.Parse((txtSalesqty.Text).ToString());
int amt = uprice * sqty;
return amt;
}
public void updatestock()
{
string upd = "update cselab.stock set quantity=quantity-:salesqty where prodid=:prodid";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(upd, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("salesqty", txtSalesqty.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodid", cmboPid.SelectedItem);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
void clear()
{
cmboPid.Text = "";
txtSalesqty.Text = "";
txtAmt.Text = "";
txtSalesdate.Text = "";
}

private void btnXit1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Close();
}
}
}

CODING FOR STOCK FORM:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;

Page | 81
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Oracle.DataAccess.Client;
namespace inventory1
{
public partial class stock : Form
{
public stock()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
OracleConnection conn;
Boolean IsExist;

private void stock_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
string oradb = "Data Source=172.18.1.6;User Id=cselab;Password=cselab;";
conn = new OracleConnection(oradb);
conn.Open();
}
void clear()
{
txtPid.Text = "";
txtPname.Text = "";
txtPrice.Text = "";
txtQty.Text = "";
txtReorder.Text = "";
}
private void textBox3_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{

}
private void btnStock1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (IsExist)
{
String upd = "update cselab.stock set quantity=quantity + :qty where prodid=:prodid";
OracleCommand cmd2 = new OracleCommand(upd, conn);
cmd2.Parameters.Add("qty", txtQty.Text);

Page | 82
 cmd2.Parameters.Add("prodid", txtPid.Text);
cmd2.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Quantity is updated");
clear();
}
else
{
String ins = "INSERT INTO cselab.stock(prodid, prodname, quantity, unitprice,
reorderlevel) values(:prodid, :prodname, :quantity, :unitprice, :reorderlevel)";
OracleCommand cmd = new OracleCommand(ins, conn);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodid", txtPid.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("prodname", txtPname.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("quantity", txtQty.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("unitprice", txtPrice.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("reorderlevel", txtReorder.Text);
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Entry is made in the stock");
clear(); ;
}
}
private void btnXit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Close();
}
private void txtPid_Validated(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
String sel = "Select prodid,prodname,unitprice,reorderlevel from cselab.stock where
prodid=:prodid";
OracleCommand cmd1 = new OracleCommand(sel, conn);
cmd1.Parameters.Add("prodid", txtPid.Text);
String pid = txtPid.Text;
OracleDataReader dr = cmd1.ExecuteReader();
IsExist = false;
if (dr.Read())
{
txtPname.Text = dr["prodname"].ToString();
txtPrice.Text = dr["unitprice"].ToString();
txtReorder.Text = dr["reorderlevel"].ToString();
txtPname.Enabled = false;

Page | 83
 txtPrice.Enabled = false;
txtReorder.Enabled = false;
IsExist = true;
}
}

}
}

RESULT:

Thus, the Coding was executed successfully.

Page | 84
 ADDITIONAL PROGRAM

Ex. No: 14.a Even or ODD

AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to find whether the given number is odd or even.

PROGRAM:
declare
n number:=&n;
begin
if mod(n,2)=0
then
dbms_output.put_line('number is even');
else
dbms_output.put_line('number is odd');
end if;
end;
/

Output
Enter value for n: 7
old 2: n number:=&n;
new 2: n number:=7;
number is odd

RESULT:
Thus the program to find whether the given number is odd or even by using PL/SQL has
been executed successfully.

Page | 85
Ex. No: 14.b Factorial of a Number

AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to find the factorial of a given number.

PROGRAM:
DECLARE
fact number :=1;
n number := &1;
BEGIN
while n > 0 loop
fact:=n*fact;
n:=n-1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(fact);
END;

Output
Consider 5 has given
120

RESULT:
Thus the program to find the factorial of a given number by using PL/SQL has been
executed successfully.

Page | 86
Ex. No: 14.c Leap Year or Not

AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to find whether the given year is leap year or not.

PROGRAM:
DECLARE
year NUMBER := 2012;
BEGIN
IF MOD(year, 4)=0
AND
MOD(year, 100)!=0
OR
MOD(year, 400)=0 THEN
dbms_output.Put_line(year || ' is leap year ');
ELSE
dbms_output.Put_line(year || ' is not leap year.');
END IF;
END;

Output
2012 is leap year

RESULT:
Thus, the program to find whether the given year is leap year or not by using PL/SQL
has been executed successfully.

Page | 87
Ex. No: 14.d Fibonacci Series

AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to generate Fibonacci series.

PROGRAM:
declare
a number := 0;
b number := 1;
temp number;
n number := 10;
i number;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('fibonacci series is :');
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
for i in 2..n
loop
temp:= a + b;
a := b;
b := temp;
dbms_output.put_line(temp);
end loop;
end;

Output
fibonacci series is : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

RESULT:
Thus the program to generate Fibonacci series by using PL/SQL has been executed
successfully.

Page | 88
Ex. No: 14.e Reverse a Number

AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to reverse a number.

PROGRAM:
DECLARE
num number;
reverse_num number:=0;
begin
num:=98765;
while num>0
loop
reverse_num:=(reverse_num*10) + mod(num,10);
num:=trunc(num/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(' Reversed number is : '|| reverse_num);

Output
Reversed number is: 56789

RESULT:
Thus, the program to reverse a number by using PL/SQL has been executed successfully.

Page | 89