Chapter 1

Introduction to Machinery Principles

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 History of Electric Machinery

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 History of Electric Machinery

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 History of Electric Machinery

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 History of Electric Machinery

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Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery principle

1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relationships

2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relat

• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)

• CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as the nega
• Linear and rotation motion
• Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
• Speed and angular speed

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relat

• relationships

• Acceleration and angular acceleration

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 Torque

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 Torque

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 Newton’s law of rotation

1. Force

2. Torque

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 Torque and Work

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 Power (rate of doing work)

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Conversion between watts and horsepower

1. Watts and horsepower

2. Conversion between two units

5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW

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 The magnetic field

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 Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s law
1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law
2. The core is a ferromagnetic material
‘H’-> Magnetic Field
Intensity produced by the
current Inet , which is a
measurement of the effort
that a current is putting to
establish magnetic field.

‘dl’-> the differential element

of length along the path of
integration

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 From the magnetic field to magnetic flux densit
1. When the magnetic field is applied on a ferromagnetic materi

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 Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux

1. Magnetic flux density

2. Magnetic flux

If B is of uniform density
And is perpendicular to the
differential area, dA

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 Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force

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 Magnetic circuit

1. Magnetic circuit

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 Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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 Reluctance in magnetic circuit

1. Series connection

2. Parallel connection

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The errors in magnetic circuit computation

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The errors in magnetic circuit computation

4. Air gap “fringing effect”

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 Example 1-1

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 Magnetic circuit

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-3

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Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic material -

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 Magnetic curve for a typical steel

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 A plot of relative permeability mr

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 Example 1-4

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 Example 1-5

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 Exercise 1-14

A two-legged magnetic core with an

air gap is shown in the Figure. The
depth of the core is 5 cm, the length of
the air gap in the core is 0.05 cm, and
the number of
turns on the coil is 1000. The
magnetization curve of the core
material is shown in the next slide.
Assume a 5 percent increase in
effective air-gap area to account for
fringing. How much current is required
to produce an air-gap flux density of
0.5 T?
What are the flux densities of the four
sides of the core at that current? What
is the total flux present in the air gap?
Solution to Exercise 1-14
Solution to Exercise 1-14
Energy loss in ferromagnetic core – hysteresis l

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 Hysteresis loop – residual flux

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The effect of magnetomotive force on the hyste

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 Magnetization curve

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 Hysteresis

• When an non-magnetised magnetic material is

N • When the external field is removed the originall
• An external magnetic field has to be appl
I

N
Hysteresis
 Hysteresis Curve-Explanation
n When a magnetic field is applied, the magnetic
molecules inside the material starts aligning and
follows the path 0ab.
n Reaching ‘b’, an increase in magnetic field can not
increase ‘B’ further, called Saturation.
n From b, if the H is decreased gradually, it follows a
different path and reaches c when the applied field H is
zero. [‘oc’ is the residual magnetism]
n An external magnetic field has to be applied in
the opposite direction called coercive force to
remove the residual magnetism.
n When the magnetic field is applied in the opposite
direction, the curve follows the path cde till it reaches
saturation at e.
n From e, when the magnitude of the applied field is
decreased, it follows the path ef.
When the external
The magnetization does not follow the same path when
field is removed the
n

the value of H is increased or decreased.

originally non- n The closed area in between the paths is called
magnetised material hysteresis.
retains some
permanent magnetism
 Choice of Magnetic Materials
B
Magnetic materials are chosen for applications
Permanent magnets need materials with a very
H Transformer cores need materials with a very n
Energy losses are proportional to width of curve

H
 Quantifying Hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Eddy Current Loss
• Another type of loss should be mentioned at this point, since it is also
• When the core of ferromagnetic material is subjected to rate of cha
• This voltage will create swirls of current in the core body similar to
of river.
• As the core material has resistance, I2R type losses called ‘Eddy cu
 Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a time-var
• If any alternating flux (i.e. having
a rate of change w.r.t time) passes Induced voltage magnitude and po
through turns of wire, a voltage
will be induced in the turns which
is proportional to the rate of
change of flux.
• If flux ‘Ф’ uniformly passes
through all the turns of the coil of
an’N’ turn coil, then N also used
to evaluate the voltage.
• Lenz’s law states that if the
induced voltage can drive a
current through a closed path, it
would produce a flux that opposes
the pattern of ‘change of flux’ i.e.
the very cause that generates the
voltage.
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 The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law

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 Flux and flux linkage

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 Example 1-6

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 Produce an induced force on a wire

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 Example 1-7

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 Example 1-7

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Relationship between electric-magnetic variabl

• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law

• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law

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 Induced voltage on a conductor

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 Example 1-8

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 Example 1-9

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The linear DC machine – a simple example

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Starting a linear DC machine

1. Current

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Summarize of a dc machine starting

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DC linear machine operates at no-load conditio

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 Linear dc motor

• While the load is applied

• The conversion power between mechanical and electrical

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 Summarize of a dc motor operation

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 Linear dc generator

• While the external force is applied on the moving direction

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 Summarize of a dc generator operation

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 Starting problem of dc linear machine

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 Example 1-10

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 Example 1-10

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Real, reactive and apparant power in AC circuit

• Power in DC circuit

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Real, reactive and apparant power in AC circuit

• AC source applies power to an impedance Z

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 Instantaneous power

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 Instantaneous power

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 Average power and reactive power

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 Reactive power Q and apparatus power S

1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from instantaneous powe

2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the product

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 Complex power representation

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 Complex power representation

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 Power direction

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 Power factor

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 Example 1-11

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 Three phase concepts

• The three phase concepts are also introduced in Appendix

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