Lecture-3

CO4: Compare various statistical methods of study data samples

CO5: Analyze and evaluation of different sets of data using hypothesis testing.

FITTING OF SECOND-DEGREE PARABOLA

Let Y a bX +c X
2

(1)

be the second-degree parabola and we have a set of n points (x i, yi), i = 1, 2, …,

n. Here the problem is to determine a, b and c so that the equation of second-

degree parabola given in equation (1) is the best fit equation of parabola. Let

with given n points (xi, yi), the second-degree parabola be

2
y i a b x i+ c x i (2)

Let Y i a b x i+ c x 2i be the estimated value of Y. Then according to the principle of

least squares, we have to determine a, b and c so that the sum of squares of

residuals is minimum, i.e.

n n
U =∑ ( y i−Y i ) =∑ ( y i−a−b x i−c x 2i )
2 2
(3)
i=1 i=1

is minimum. Using principle of maxima and minima, we take partial derivatives

of U with respect to a, b and c and equating to zero, i.e.

∂U ∂U ∂U
=0= = (4)
∂a ∂b ∂c

n
2 ∑ ( y i−a−b xi −c x 2i ) (−1 )=0
i=1

n
−2 ∑ ( y i−a−b xi −c x 2i ) =0
i=1

n n n

∑ yi =na+b ∑ x i +c ∑ x 2i (5)
i=1 i=1 i=1

n
∂U
=0−2 ∑ ( y i−a−b x i−c xi2) ( x i ) =0
∂b i=1

n n n n

∑ yi x i=a ∑ x i +b ∑ x 2i +c ∑ x3i (6)

i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

∂U
Similarly, ∂ c =0 provides

n
−2 ∑ ( y i−a−b xi −c x 2i )( x 2i ) =0
i=1

n n n n

∑ yi x 2i =a ∑ x 2i +b ∑ x 3i +c ∑ xi4 (7)
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

Equations (5), (6) and (7) are known as normal equations for estimating a, b and

c which can be written as

2
∑ y=na+b ∑ x +c ∑ x

2 3
∑ yx=a ∑ x+ b ∑ x + x ∑ x
 2 2 3 4
∑ y x =a ∑ x + b ∑ x + x ∑ x

Values of a, b and c are obtained by solving equations (5), (6) and (7).

With these values of a, b and c, the second-degree parabola Y a bX +c X 2

is the best fit.

Now we solve a problem of fitting a second-degree parabola.

Example 2: Fit a second-degree parabola for the following data:

x 0 1 2 3 4

y 1 3 4 5 6

Solution: Let Y a bX +c X 2 be the second-degree parabola and we have to

determine a, b and c. Normal equations for second degree parabola are
2
∑ y=na+b ∑ x +c ∑ x

∑ yx=a ∑ x+ b ∑ x + c ∑ x , and
2 3

2 2 3 4
∑ y x =a ∑ x + b ∑ x + c ∑ x

To solve above normal equations, we need ∑ y , ∑ x , ∑ yx , ∑ x2 y ,∑ x 2 , ∑ x3 ∧∑ x 4

which are obtained from following table:

2 2 3 4
x y xy x x y x x

0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 3 1 3 1 1
2 4 8 4 16 8 16
3 5 15 9 45 27 81
 4 6 24 16 96 64 256
∑ x=10 ∑ y=19 ∑ yx=50 2
∑ x =30
2
∑ x y =160
3
∑ x =100
4
∑ x =354

Substituting the values of ∑ y , ∑ x , ∑ yx , ∑ x2 y ,∑ x 2 , ∑ x3 ∧∑ x 4 in above normal

equations, we have

19=5a+10b+30c
(1)

50=10a+30b+100c
(2)

160=30a+100b+354c
(3)

Now, we solve equations (1), (2) and (3).

Multiplying equation (1) by 2, we get

38=10a+20b+60c
(4)

Subtracting equation (4) from equation (2)

50 = 10a + 30b + 100c

38 =10a + 20b + 60c

---------------------------

12 = 10b + 40c
(5)
Multiplying equation (24) by 3, we get

150 = 30a + 90b + 300c (6)

Subtracting equation (6) from equation (3), we get

160 = 30a + 100b + 354c

150 = 30a + 90b + 300c

---------------------------------

10 = 10b + 54c
(7)

Now we solve equation (27) and (29)

Subtracting equation (5) from equation (7), we get

10 = 10b + 54c

12 =10b + 40c

-------------------

−2 = 14 c

c = - 2/14

c = - 0.1429

Substituting the value of c in equation (7), we get

10 = 10 b + 54 (-0.1429)

10 = 10 b -7.7166

17.7166 = 10 b

b = 1.7717
Substituting the value of b and c in equation (1), we get

19 = 5a +10  (1.7717) + (-0.1429 30)

19 = 5a + 17.717 − 4.287

a =1.114

Thus, the second degree of parabola of best fit is

Y= 1.114 + 1.7717 X-0.1429 2 X

(8)

Now let us solve a problem.

Example 3: Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data:

X 2 4 6 8 10
Y 1 2 3 4 5

TEXT BOOKS
• T1 = H. K Dass, Higher Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand
Publishers,3rd revised edition.2014.
• T2 = B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna
Publishers,42th ed.2013, New Delhi.
• T3= N. P. Bali and Manish Goyal, A textbook of engineering
Mathematics, Laxmi Publications, Reprint 2008.

REFERENCE BOOKS
• R1=R. K. Jain and S. R. K. Lyenger, Advanced Engineering
Mathematics ,3rd Edition Narosa Publishing House ,2004,New Delhi.
• R2 =B. V. Ramana Advanced Engineering Mathematics, McGrawHill,
July2006, New Delhi.
• S.P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, S.Chand &Sons, 2017, NewDelhi,
ISBN9789351610281 Insiders’ Guide
Video Lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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