Fundamentals of Internet of Things

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
(NBA Accredited)

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

(22OE0EC01)

III B Tech II Semester [Branch: CSC]

Y. JEEVAN
Assistant Professor

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(A UGC Autonomous Institution & Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Ibrahimpatnam, R.R.District – 501 506 (T.S)

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UNIT-II
Machine-to-Machine Communications:

Difference between IoT and M2M,

Interoperability in IoT, Introduction to
Arduino Programming, Integration of
Sensors and Actuators with Arduino

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2.1 Introduction to Machine-to-machine communication

Machine-to-machine communication, or M2M, is exactly as it sounds: two machines
“communicating,” or exchanging data, without human interfacing or interaction.
This includes serial connection, powerline connection (PLC), or wireless communications
in the industrial Internet of Things (IoT).
Switching over to wireless has made M2M communication much easier and enabled
more applications to be connected. In general, when someone says M2M communication,
they often are referring to cellular communication for embedded devices.
Examples of M2M communication in this case would be vending machines sending out
inventory information or ATM machines getting authorization to dispense cash. As businesses
have realized the value of M2M, it has taken on a new name: The Internet of Things (IoT).
IoT and M2M have similar promises: to fundamentally change the way the world operates.
Just like IoT, M2M allows virtually any sensor to communicate, which opens up the
possibility of systems monitoring themselves and automatically responding to changes in the
environment, with a much reduced need for human involvement.
M2M and IoT are almost synonymous—the exception is IoT (the newer term) typically
refers to wireless communications, whereas M2M can refer to any two machines—wired or
wireless— communicating with one another.
Traditionally, M2M focused on “industrial telematics,” which is a fancy way of explaining
data transfer for some commercial benefit. But many original uses of M2M still stand today,
like smart meters. Wireless M2M has been dominated by cellular since it came out in the mid-
2000’s with 2G cell networks. Because of this, the cellular market has tried to brand M2M as
an inherently cellular thing by offering M2M data plans. But cellular M2M is only one
subsection of the market, and it shou ldn’t be thought of as a cellular-only area.
How M2M Works
As previously stated, machine-to-machine communication makes the Internet of Things
possible. According to Forbes, M2M is among the fastest-growing types of connected
device technologies in the market right now, largely because M2M technologies can connect
millions of devices within a single network. The range of connected devices includes
anything from vending machines to medical equipment to vehicles to buildings. Virtually
anything that houses sensor or control technology can be connected to some sort of wireless
network.
This sounds complex, but the driving thought behind the idea is quite simple. Essentially,
M2M networks are very similar to LAN or WAN networks, but are exclusively used to
allow machines, sensors, and controls, to communicate. These devices feed information they
collect back to other devices in the network. This process allows a human (or an intelligent
control unit) to assess what is going on across the whole network and issue appropriate
instructions to member devices.
M2M Applications
The possibilities in the realm of M2M can be seen in four major use cases, 1.
MANUFACTURING
Every manufacturing environment—whether it’s food processing or general product
manufacturing—relies on technology to ensure costs are managed properly and processes are

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executed efficiently. Automating manufacturing processes within such a fast-paced

environment is expected to improve processes even more. In the manufacturing world, this
could involve highly automated equipment maintenance and safety procedures.
For example, M2M tools allow business owners to be alerted on their smartphones when an
important piece of equipment needs servicing, so they can address issues as quickly as they
arise. Sophisticated networks of sensors connected to the Internet could even order
replacement parts automatically.
2. HOME APPLIANCES
IoT already affects home appliance connectivity through platforms like Nest. However, M2M
is expected to take home-based IoT to the next level. Manufacturers like LG and Samsung
are already slowly unveiling smart home appliances to help ensure a higher quality of life for
occupants.
For example, an M2M-capable washing machine could send alerts to the owners’ smart
devices once it finishes washing or drying, and a smart refrigerator could automatically order
groceries from Amazon once its inventory is depleted. There are many more examples of
home automation that can potentially improve quality of life for residents, including systems
that allow members of the household to remotely control HVAC systems using their mobile
devices. In situations where a homeowner decides to leave work early, he or she could contact
the home heating system before leaving work to make sure the temperature at home will be
comfortable upon arrival.
3. HEALTHCARE DEVICE MANAGEMENT
One of the biggest opportunities for M2M technology is in the realm of health care. With
M2M technology, hospitals can automate processes to ensure the highest levels of treatment.
Using devices that can react faster than a human healthcare professional in an emergency
situation make this possible. For instance, when a patient’s vital signs drop below normal, an
M2M-connected life support device could automatically administer oxygen and additional
care until a healthcare professional arrives on the scene. M2M also allows patients to be
monitored in their own homes instead of in hospitals or care centers.
For example, devices that track a frail or elderly person’s normal movement can detect when
he or she has had a fall and alert a healthcare worker to the situation.
4. SMART UTILITY MANAGEMENT
In the new age of energy efficiency, automation will quickly become the new normal. As
energy companies look for new ways to automate the metering process, M2M comes to the
rescue, helping energy companies automatically gather energy consumption data, so they can
accurately bill customers. Smart meters can track how much energy a household or business
uses and automatically alert the energy company, which supplants sending out an
employee to read the meter or requiring the customer to provide a reading. This is even more
important as utilities move toward more dynamic pricing models, charging consumers more
for energy usage during peak times. A few key analysts predict that soon, every object or
device will need to be able to connect to the cloud. This is a bold but seemingly accurate
statement. As more consumers, users, and business owners demand deeper connectivity,
technology will need to be continually equipped to meet the needs and challenges of
tomorrow. This will empower a wide range of highly automated processes, from equipment

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repairs and firmware upgrades to system diagnostics, data retrieval, and analysis.
Information will be delivered to users, engineers, data scientists, and key decision-makers
in real time, and it will eliminate the need for guesswork.
There are different M2M applications, environment monitoring, civil protection and public
safety, supply chain management, energy and utility distribution as in smart grid, smart grid
separately common. we have intelligent transportation systems, healthcare, automation of
buildings, military applications, agriculture, home networks all these are different applications
of M2M.
M2M features:
➢ Large number of nodes or devices
➢ Low cost
➢ Energy efficient
➢ Small traffic per device/machine
➢ M2M communication free from human intervention
General Architecture of M2M Systems:
➢ M2M device connects to the network domain via direct connectivity or M2M
gateway. In the first case, the M2M device connects to the network domain via the
access network, which performs the procedures such as registration, authentication,
authorization, management, and provisioning with the network domain. In the second
case, the M2M device connects to the M2M gateway using the M2M area network.
➢ M2M area network provides connectivity between M2M devices and M2M gateways.
➢ M2M gateway acts as a proxy between M2M devices and the network domain. As
an example, an M2M gateway can run an application that collects and treats various
information (e.g., contextual parameters) from sensors and meters.
➢ M2M communication network provides connection between the M2M
gateways/devices and theM2M servers. Usually it contains two parts: the access
network and the Internet.
➢ M2M server works as a middleware layer to pass data through various application
services.

Fig 2.1: General Architecture of M2M Systems

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2.2 Difference Between IoT and M2M:

M2M, or machine-to-machine, is a direct communication between devices using wired or

wireless communication channels. M2M refers to the interaction of two or more
devices/machines that are connected to each other. These devices capture data and share with
other connected devices, creating an intelligent network of things or systems. Devices could
be sensors, actuators, embedded systems or other connected elements.
M2M technology could be present in our homes, offices, shopping malls and other places.
Controlling electrical appliances like bulbs and fans using RF or Bluetooth from your
smartphone is a simple example of M2M applications at home. Here, the electrical
appliance and your smartphone are the two machines interacting with each other.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices embedded with sensors,
software and electronics, enabling these devices to communicate with each other and
exchange data over a computer network. The things in the IoT refer to hardware devices
uniquely identifiable through a network platform within the Internet infrastructure.

Some more differences like:

Communication Protocols:
➢ M2M and IoT can differ in how the communication between the machines ordevices
happens.
➢ M2M uses either proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols for
communication within the M2M area networks. IoT uses IP bases communication
protococls.
Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT:

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➢ The "Things" in IoT refers to physical objects that have unique identifiers and can
sense and communicate with their external environment (and user applications) or their
internal physical states.
➢ M2M systems, in contrast to IoT, typically have homogeneous machine types
within an M2M area network.

Hardware vs Software Emphasis:

While the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of
IoT is more on software.
Data Collection & Analysis:
➢ M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-premises storage
infrastructure.
➢ In contrast to M2M, the data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private
or hybrid cloud).
Applications:
➢ M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be accessed by on premises
applications such as diagnosis applications, service management applications, and
on- premises enterprise applications.
➢ IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud applications such as
analytics applications, enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and management
applications, etc
2.3 Interoperability in IoT
Interoperability is the ability of Internet of Things (IoT) systems and devices to communicate
and share information with each other. It's a key feature that allows IoT to reach its full
potential, including economic, social, and technological benefits.
Here are some benefits of interoperability in IoT:
Seamless communication

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Interoperability allows devices from different manufacturers or using different protocols to

work together efficiently.
Scalability
Interoperability ensures that new devices can be added to the network without disrupting
existing operations.
However, interoperability is a major challenge in IoT due to the lack of reference standards
and the vast heterogeneity of IoT systems. Some challenges include:
Diverse hardware and standards
IoT devices are produced by many manufacturers with different hardware configurations and
standards.
Security threats
IoT devices can be vulnerable to unauthorized access, security vulnerabilities, botnets, DDoS
attacks, malware, and ransomware.
To ensure that IoT devices are interoperable, secure, and reliable, stakeholders can:
➢ Establish rigorous testing protocols and certification processes.
➢ Use certification bodies such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
The Matter standard is a recent IoT interoperability standard that allows devices from
different manufacturers to connect and interact with each other.
2.4 Introduction to Arduino Programming
Arduino is an important device used in electronics engineering for creating mini-projects or
for integrating large projects. Arduino itself consists of various components that can be
programmed according to the project requirements using some assembly languages like
C/C++.
Arduino is the first choice of many professionals due to the ease with which it can be
programmed and how it allows interactive features for user experience. Arduino is
programmed to include both hardware and software components which account for its use
in different fields like designing, sensing, and testing.
Since Arduino is an open-source platform, it is used globally by users all across the globe.
What is Arduino?
The Arduino is one of the most popular and widely used Arduino boards. It's based on the
ATmega328P microcontroller and offers a good balance of features, performance, and
affordability, making it suitable for a wide range of projects, from simple to moderately
complex.
Most electronic devices involve circuit-making using hardware components. The purpose of
introducing Arduino was to make an easy-to-use device that can offer the feature of
programming along with circuit making. Therefore, Arduino is a programmable device that
is used mostly by artists, designers, engineers, hobbyists, and anyone who wants to explore
programming in electronics.
The Arduino uses its components to gather information from the surroundings and generate
a precise output accordingly. The information is gathered using some components like
sensors, and input pins, and an output is generated depending on the programming done.
This output can range from illuminating an LED to turning the motors on.

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Arduinos are great devices that can be used for creating interactive projects. They can either
be used alone to create basic projects or they can be integrated with Arduino, Raspberry Pis,
NodeMCU, or nearly anything else using some programming in their software to create some
advanced level of projects. It is good to know the specifications of different Arduino so that
you can select the right Arduino for your project.
Arduino Hardware

2.3 Hardware components of Arduino

Arduino hardware
➢ Microcontroller: The Microcontroller controls the execution of all the programs and
codes uploaded on Arduino. The microcontroller is equipped with components that
can perform different functions.
➢ USB port: This port is used to establish a connection between the computer and the
Arduino board.
➢ USB to Serial chip: The USB to Serial port is used for adding data from the computer
to the microcontroller. This is how the code is uploaded from the computer to the
Arduino board.
➢ Digital pins: These pins are used for turning the LEDs on and off by using digital
logic ('0' and '1').
➢ Analog pins: These pins are used for taking analog input.
➢ 5V / 3.3V pins: These pins are used for supplying power to devices.
➢ GND: This pin is used for setting a reference level.
Basic Operation

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Most of the Arduino can perform a single task using the help of a microcontroller. These
tasks can be performed in a cycle as defined by the variables. This basic task can be from
blinking an LED to rotating a motor. This is how the loop in the setup will be defined
➢ Set the sensor to read the input.
➢ Program the Arduino to turn on the light.
➢ Verify all the conditions.
➢ Depending on all the delays introduced, the program takes around microseconds to
execute.
Circuit Basics
Consider this basic LED circuit

2.4 LED Circuit Design

Consider the circuit shown above, the LED is connected to pins on the Arduino using some
resistors to limit the amount of current flowing through the LED. The reference level is set
using the ground pin.
During the high or the 'ON' state, the circuit connections will be complete, and current will
flow through the circuit components as programmed in the microcontroller. In this state, the
LED will glow. When the circuit is turned 'OFF', the pins are set to low and the LED becomes
dim due to no current flow.
Electronic Signals
Analog Signal: Analog signals are the ones that can have any value in a given range of
values. This range can vary from 0V to 5V. To take the input from the input pins, the analog
pins are used that can have a range of 0-255 with an 8-bit resolution. This is how we can
read a large input value in an Arduino board.
Digital Signal: Unlike analog signals, digital signals can only take a set of two values,
high('1') and low('0'). The advantage of these signals is that they can be used to turn the
Arduino on or off. Although they can take only two values, we can use these values to
generate a sequence known as the binary sequence which is a collection of zeroes and ones
which can be sent easily for communication.

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Let us see how digitalWrite() and analogWrite().

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); //turn on an LED
digitalWrite(LED, LOW); //turn off an LED
analogWrite(motor, 255); //set a motor to receive 255 bits

Sensors And Actuators

Sensors
The term 'sensor' is self-explanatory and indicates a device that can sense any physical
quantity and convert it to a form that can be measured like a signal. Sensors can be
categorized into different forms depending on the type of quantity they measure. For
example, the temperature sensor is a device that measures temperature.
The most common example of a sensor is an analog sensor that can be used for measuring a
continuous range of values generally from 0-5V. Another type of sensor are digital sensors
that sense inputs and then generate an output in digital bits. Certain libraries have been
designed to read this digital sequence generated by the sensor for measuring purposes.
This line of code is used for reading the value.
sensorValue = sensor.read();
Actuators
Contrary to sensors, actuators are used to change a physical state based on something they
sense. Actuators perform the task of using the signal to actuate something like causing
mechanical movement when an input is sensed or turning a light bulb on when voltage is
received.
Arduino API
Arduino API refers to "Arduino Programming Language" which is generally consists of
➢ Functions: Functions are blocks of code that are assigned to perform a specific task.
This can include functions that can be created to 'read' and 'write' the data from a pin.
➢ Variables: This includes Arduino datatypes and terms defined to be used later like
int, boolean, and array.
➢ Structure: All the components in the code form the whole structure. This can include
the sketch parts i.e. the loop(), setup(), the control statements like if, else, while, for,
and various comparators like as ==, !=, >.
➢ The Arduino API simplifies the task of writing the code due to the additional libraries
that control the hardware part of Arduino.
➢ Libraries:Libraries are useful for controlling the hardware and software part of
Arduino without the need to write the already written code. Libraries are contributed
by different developers and need to be imported into your module.
By including a library, you don't have to write complex code like reading a specific sensor,
controlling a motor, or adding wi-fi. By simply including the free open-source libraries, you
can access these functions.
The line of code used for adding a library:
#include <Library.h>
Let us see a list of commands that are used in almost every project.
setup() It is used to configure the program.

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void setup() {
//Programs like including libraries
}
loop() It includes the programs that will run when the board is in an "ON" state.
void loop() {
//main program here
}
delay() This is used to add a pause in the function for a certain millisecond as required. The
code snippet shows the use of the delay function.
void loop() {

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); //turn on an LED

delay(1000); //paused for 1 second(1000 milliseconds)
digitalWrite(LED, LOW); //the LED is turned off
}
millis() Not used very often but this function can allow you to run multiple functions
consecutively without putting anything to a halt. It uses intervals to store the time since the last
operation or function was running.
// Record the time of the first event
unsigned long firstEventTime = 0;

// Record the time of the second event

unsigned long secondEventTime = 0;

// Set the interval for the first event to occur

const long firstEventInterval = 5000;

// Set the interval for the second event to occur

const long secondEventInterval = 1000;

void setup() {
// Any necessary setup can be done here
}

void loop() {
// Record the current time since the program started
unsigned long currentTime = millis();
// Check if it's time for the first event
if (currentTime - firstEventTime >= firstEventInterval) {
// Update the time of the first event
firstEventTime = millis();
// Execute code for the first event every 5 seconds
}

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// Check if it's time for the second event

if (currentTime - secondEventTime >= secondEventInterval) {
// Update the time of the second event
secondEventTime = millis();
// Execute code for the second event every 1 second
}
}

Example Sketch
Sketch is the whole project you created in your IDE. Note that when you save your project,
it is saved with the extension of .ino.
sample sketch to turn on the LED.
int sensor in = A1; //analog pin at A1
int ledPin = 5; //digital pin at pin 5
int sensorValue;
//configurations the sketch
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); //initialize serial communication
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //define output pin
}

void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
Serial.print("Sensor value is: "); //print a message
Serial.println(sensorValue); //print the value to the serial monitor
//conditional statements
if(sensorValue < 100) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //turn on the LED on pin 5.
}
else{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}
Why choose Arduino? Advantages of Arduino.
➢ Arduino is the best choice for starting your programming journey in electronics. Its
easy-to-use interface allows users to build simple projects on their own.
➢ There is no need for experience or hands-on experience in electronics before starting
work on Arduino. Anyone with a genuine interest in Arduino can begin learning
through simple tutorials and some guidance. These tutorials are available free of cost
for creating some beginner-level and advanced projects.
➢ Arduinos offer a wide range of options. You can use Arduino alone to create some
projects or you can add some extra features by integrating it with other devices like
Raspberry Pie.

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➢ Arduino is an open-source tool that can be accessed from different locations and
platforms. Due to the inexpensive nature of Arduinos, they can be used on different
microcontrollers like Atmel's ATMEGA 16U2 microcontrollers.
➢ Depending on the need of your project, you can avail of any Arduino that satisfies
the needs. These Arduino are available in different designs that offer different size
ranges, power, and specifications.
What Can You Do With an Arduino? Applications:
➢ Arduinos are used in 3D printing where they perform the task of selecting how the
printing will be performed.
➢ Arduinos are used for creating basic designs by makers, designers, hackers, and
creators across the globe to create some great projects. Some of the projects are Laser
Turret Midi Controller, Retro Gaming With an OLED Display, and Traffic Light
Controller.
➢ Arduinos are used by college students to understand programmable electronics and
to explore their interest in programming.
➢ Arduinos are used in the field of robotics for programming robots and adding basic
features like sensing and responding to environmental conditions.
➢ Arduino is used in IoT(Internet of Things) since it can collect information using
sensors. The collected data is then processed and transmitted for developing various
smart devices.
Structure of Arduino
Different Arduino are designed to serve different purposes but some basic components are
needed in every Arduino. Note that Arduino Uno is the most used board and is the most
common choice for different users.
Internal structure of the Arduino Uno model.
➢ Processor: 16 Mhz ATmega16U2
➢ Flash memory: 32KB
➢ Ram: 2KB
➢ Voltage Needed: 5V
➢ Input Voltage: 7-12V
➢ Analog input pins: 6
➢ Number of digital I/O: 14 with 6 of them being PWM pins
➢ Components of Arduino
Basic components of Arduino:
Breadboard:
Breadboards are used to provide a base for setting up the connecting components together.
If you look at a breadboard, is a plastic block made up of holes that are left for making
connections using wires. The internal of the breadboard consists of different connections that
are hidden. They are generally used for smaller circuits
LEDs(Light Emitting Diode):
LEDs are small devices that illuminate when a small voltage is supplied to them. These
LEDs come in a variety of colors ranging from red to green. These LEDs can be used for
testing minimum voltages since they don't burn for a long period.

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Photo Resistor:
Many Arduinos contain a photoresistor that is used for measuring changes in light using
Arduino.
Tactile Switch:
This switch resembles a button that is used to open or close a circuit like any other switch.
When the button is turned on, the voltage of Arduino increases from 0V to +5V. This voltage
change acts as a trigger for the Arduino and an Arduino detects this change momentarily
since the switch is then turned off when the button is released.
Microcontroller:
An Arduino consists of a microcontroller that controls the whole functioning of the Arduino
by generating an apt output corresponding to the input code. Depending on the type of
Arduino board you are using, you can select a microcontroller that fits well.
Resistors:
Resistors are used to resist the flowing electricity. Resistors are often bought to set a limit to
the current flowing in the circuit thereby protecting the components of the circuit from
getting burnt due to excessive current.
Jumper Wires:
Jumper wires are thin wires covered with a plastic covering for insulation. These wires are
used for connecting different components in the breadboard.
Setting Up Your Arduino
This is an essential step since it allows your computer to communicate with Arduino. Make
sure you have a tested and working Arduino board before connecting it to your computer.
Any duplicate Arduino will need some modifications in the installation process. Let us see
how to connect the Arduino to the computer for the execution of the code.
Installing the Arduino Software Package
To install the Arduino software, you need to visit the official website and download the latest
version that is valid for your computer.
Steps to be followed for installing Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
Windows Setup
➢ Plug in your board to the computer and you will see a driver installation setup box
on the screen. You can grant access to connect the Arduino to the computer and case
it fails
➢ Go to the Start Menu and select Control Panel.
➢ Go to System and Security > System. After this open up the device manager.
➢ If you carefully observe the ports, there will be an open port associated with
the connected Arduino named Arduino UNO (COMxx).
➢ Right-click on the name (Arduino UNO (COMxx) in this case) and select
Update Driver Software.
➢ Search for Driver software by selecting Browse my computer.
➢ Search for the Uno's driver file, which will be named ArduinoUNO.inf,
located in the Drivers folder of the Arduino Software download.
Running the Arduino Software

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Since our software has been installed, it is our time to check whether the setup is correct and
that our Arduino is working well. To do this, we will use the "Blink" sample application
Once the Arduino application has been installed on your device, open the software for the
associated Arduino. Then follow these steps:
➢ Connect your Arduino board to your computer using some connecting cable.
➢ The software icon will appear at the location where you have installed the Arduino
application. Double-click it to open the interface.
➢ Follow the order File > Examples > Basics > Blink
➢ When you open the application, the screen will show the code written for your
Arduino. Now you have to get this code on the Arduino
➢ To upload code on Arduino select Tools-> Board and then choose the required
Arduino model like Arduino Uno.
➢ After this, you need to specify the serial port from which the board will take data. Go
to Tools-> Serial Port and then select the port. Windows users can select port COM3
or similar, and Mac or Linux users can select /dev/tty.usbmodem.
➢ Carefully look at the left portion of the screen and you will see the Upload button,
click on it.
➢ After a brief period you will observe receiving(RX) and transmitting(RX) LEDs on
the Arduino illuminating with a "Done uploading" message on the screen.
➢ If this doesn't appear, there must be some error so follow the steps carefully again.

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