f- block elements

transiton elements)
Inne
into f-orbital, so
enters
lifferentiating electro
The -block e lements"
e
1 elements
Called
these
two Series,
Consits of the
f-blok
The
actinoids.
and
lonthanoids

(Rate earth elements:

LANTHA NOEDS :
Lanthanum La) =57
after
starts
Seri eS senies.
This Lathanoid
in the
elements
There are
44f-sevies.
also callld
and ends with Lu
stasts
with ce'
Series
This

Contains,
This Semies
Tb Terbium)
Ce (Cerium) DyspoSiwm)
(praseody mim)
CHoImim)
Nd
(Neodymiunm) Ho
( PTomethium) Er ( Erbim

Samariwm) thuliun
Sm C C
(Yttevbiwm)
(Europiwm) Yb
Eu Lu ( Lutetiwm.
(Gadolinim
 2

Tb Er TmYb Lu
Nd Pm Sm Eu Dy
La Ce
(Go)

Confrguation :
electronic |-I4
Cn-dd
e lectnic
Configuat on
The outer

Ce 58,
Cxe] 4f3 652
59,
652
Cx)4 ft
Nd= 60,
ke] 4f5 652
Pm 61,
6s

Sm 62
6s 2
Cxe] 4 t
Eu 63,
Lxe) 4f
Gd=64
65
65 1 Le] 4flo 65
66 692

Ho 6 Cxe] 4f 6s2
Er 68 4fl3 65 2
Cxe]
64
65
Yb= to
CAe) 4sl4 sd! s
Lu = .
 and Ionic radi: 3
Atomic

lanthanoid +here is a
move
along +he
we
As ra dius The decrease
as well as jonic
at nC
decvease in
but not So regula)
regula ions
in Si2e

and
o+her at
atoms. Eu
at
ase metallic hencing
Thete cifference
due to +he
This Contibute 3 es
Yb lanthanoids
o+heh
2 tmS
Eu
Exupt These
b ond
fematrcn
metalCc
met a l c bend fmatran leawing
in the
Contibutt 2 es
4fb
ital
e completely iled
half fled
behind

respeckuely

radius
Ionic
Yh
adiuS
Atomic N t

+3
+3
+3

Atemc n ber
Atemic number
 Contrction:
4
Lasthanoid
addi ttona! e lectron s eners
Lanthanotds, the
mutual shielding efect
Ch-)f- rbital. The
in to +he
|+He becauSe
Cn-) ekctons is vey
diffused. hus,
much
t-Suhshal| rs very
shape db Outer
electrons
inCreases. The
nuclea charge
effectue
nuceus. Censeguenty,
mre by +he
attracted
are decreases
from
adri
and Lanthanoid~
atomi c
the This is
Called

to
Lu(1).
La (s)
Contracion.
the
Contractron,
Due to lnthanoid similah.
close and
beceme vey Separat
elements diffcuut to
these be come s
it
Censeqence
As mitue.
fren 4d-sies
the Centraction,
lanthanoid SieS
Due t o stmilas
have almost Nb Ta
elements MO W
 oxidation States : 5

stute d al| +he

s tuble oxrdaton
Commno
The
+3
Janthanoids are
als o
and
+
The oxidato states Solticn lor) in
Some the
elementS,
exhibited by states ae ony
o adatio
Solid
Compo unds. These
steble
Cases shere
hose
Stadle achiwed .
Contiquattons ate
4 gl 4 +2
Eu

Ce
(4F°)

to +he
agent veverting
is a strong oxidising
Note Ce

+3 Stote
Comon

chaacteristiCs :
Soft metals
Gena shite
AL the lanthanoids ane silvery
ih a r .

tarnisb rapidy atomic humber,

ith tncreasing
an increases
hardress
The Steel hard.
Samarium being 1200 K,
to
betuween
melting points
Their 1623 K.
melts at
Sm" and are
but structue
metallic ase
typt od
’They have
 good heat and eectriG 6

Density f othes pwpertes change Smoothly esapt

fox Eu & Yh:
coloused both in
lanthanoid (ons ahe
trivalent
Mny solutionS.
Solid state and tn aueous
the
Colownless ions
Luts are
Ce
t3 +3
Fd
La
Coloused ionS
Lut th rest ae

than
f ° type Clat
o+her
The lanthanotd paamagnetic.
Lut3) are all
pl4 toe (YAt
and lanthanords
enthalies ot the
foniSattn
frst
abot l200 kfnol
the Seconcl
6o0 Komol, the
ase Cal Ciu
wstth those o
comparable
Lanthanoids
chemiCal
Lanthanoid

Ln
wih
aads
burhs

wth haloqens
Lnsg heted
wttth
Ln
243
K
with
HaD
+- H
LnN
LnCo
LnC
 Basic s trength o hydordes:
+he
lantthanotd da CreaSes
As the
Coralent character q
to Lu'
from and hence, +he basrc
bond in(reases
MoH fs most basic,
decreases. thus, CeloH>
strengt bastc .
is least
whi le
LuCou),
Ln Co #)
+6Hh_o
2 (Acetylene)
Note :

ACINOLDS:

aftes
Actnfwn CA
stants Series Tt is
Seies
acti notd
elements in the
Thte ase

Called 5f-series:
also

Contains
Soies Berkelium)

Th (Thoriun) califenium)
Protactnim) Ernstnium)
Pa
Curanium) Fer mium)
(Neptuniwm) Fm (
Mendele vium)
N Cplutnin) Md ( C Nobelium)
(A meviCium) No
Am
Lawrern Cium).
cunim Lr
Cm
 Pa NP Pu A BkcT Es Lr
Ac
a) Ca

Confighation ;
lectromic
0-4 Cn-d1ns
outer electroiC
Configuation is : .

The

CRn] 5f° 6cl2

Th =qo,

Pa =4L,
+52

Am =95,

Cm q6,

obseVable the
Lonic adi:
lanthanoids iS
trend decrease the
The
genral 4radual
rS a
as well.
Thehe This
Seres.
actnoids Mt8 acrosS
+he
tons
Cor Contactron.
Size d Actinotd
to as + he
referred
may be

Oxidatior stes :
+3
oxrdatton state.
s how genhal
actiods
The
 Np Am Cm Bk Es Fnmd| No Lr
Ac th Pa
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3| +3
+3 +3
+3
+3
+4

+5 +5 ++5
+5
+6| +6 +6
+6

characteustics :
Gerehal app e aranCe
(L4 Silvey
netds ase all
actino rd Stuctuhes.
The variety -
but display metals, especialy
reactue
acinoids are hig hy
The
divided.
when fnely +heny qiveS a
water on
boiling9 Combinattn
The actton
and
hydride, moderate tempehtes.
mizture t plae at
non-metals takes
mus
most are slghty
all metals, but
attackS

affected HNO
acton.
A1KKalies (bases) have no
mre Con pleX
actiotds ate

The mag nettc

lanthanoids.
+huse d actino¢ ds,
than eary
enthalpieg the
tonrsattn lanthanoids.
The eary
lower thn 4he
are
 pvo penties acttnotds +heir Compounds :

F, UF
U
Fs.
(gas)

So-46c
Ut 3 cI5
2 Ug
2
+ 3 1+2.
Ucle

radio active.
A| acinotds are

Note : are Called

elenents afte
Note: he

elements".
1 ransuraniwm

The end