Internet Of Things (IOT)

Session 5
IoT Protocols:
Application Layer

HTTP CoAP Web Sockets MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP

Transport Layer

TCP UTP

Network Layer

IPV4 IPV6 6LoWPAN

Link Layer

802.3 - Ethernet 802.16 - WiMax 3G/4G/LTE - Cellular 802.11 – Wi-Fi 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
IoT Protocols:
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) :
Helps in accessing data over web. Is
unidirectional where client send the request
and server send the response back.
CoAP (Constraint Application Protocol):
CoAP is a simple protocol with low overhead, specifically designed for constrained devices (such as microcontrollers)
and constrained networks and is defined in RFC 7252.
This protocol is used in machine-to-machine(M2M) applications such as smart energy and building automation.
The nodes often have 8-bit microcontroller with small amount of RAM and ROM.
The main features of CoAP protocols are:
RFC is known as a ‘Request for Comment ‘.
➢ Web protocol used in M2M with constrained requirements
Essentially, an RFC is a type of technical document
➢ Asynchronous message exchange issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
➢ Low overhead and very simple to parse that describes specifications, procedures, and
standards in given Internet technologies.
➢ URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and content-type support
➢ Proxy and caching capabilities Proxy if two type 1. Forward Proxy 2. Reverse Proxy
IoT Protocols:
URI:

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource or both on the
Internet.

A URI has two specializations known as URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and URN (Uniform Resource Name).
IoT Protocols:

WebSocket:
WebSocket is bidirectional, a full-duplex protocol that is used in the same scenario of client-server communication.
It is a stateful protocol, which means the connection between client and server will keep alive until it is terminated by
either party (client or server). After closing the connection by either of the client and server, the connection is
terminated from both ends.
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
MQTT is a machine to machine internet of things connectivity protocol. Its various factors are:
Lightweight and efficient
MQTT implementation on the IoT device requires minimal resources, so it can even be used on small microcontrollers. For
example, a minimal MQTT control message can be as little as two data bytes. MQTT message headers are also small so that you
can optimize network bandwidth.
Scalable
MQTT implementation requires a minimal amount of code that consumes very little power in operations. The protocol also has
built-in features to support communication with a large number of IoT devices. Hence, you can implement the MQTT protocol to
connect with millions of these devices.
IoT Protocols:
Reliable
Many IoT devices connect over unreliable cellular networks with low bandwidth and high latency. MQTT has
built-in features that reduce the time the IoT device takes to reconnect with the cloud. It also defines three
different quality-of-service levels to ensure reliability for IoT use cases— at most once (QoS-0), at least once
(QoS-1), and exactly once (QoS-2).
Secure
MQTT makes it easy for developers to encrypt messages and authenticate devices and users using modern authentication
protocols, such as OAuth, TLS1.3, Customer Managed Certificates, and more.
Well-supported
Several languages like Python have extensive support for MQTT protocol implementation. Hence, developers can quickly
implement it with minimal coding in any type of application.
Example:
pip install paho-mqtt #then, using Python you can import the MQTT client.
import paho.mqtt.client as paho
from paho import mqtt
client = paho.Client(client_id="", userdata=None, protocol=paho.MQTTv5)
IoT Protocols:
XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol):
XMPP is an excellent protocol for use within Internet of Things. It’s protocol for streaming XML elements over a network in order
to exchange messages and present information in close to real-time.
Let’s dive into each character of word XMPP:
X : It means eXtensible. XMPP is an open-source project which can be changed or extended according to the need.
M : XMPP is designed for sending messages in real time. It has very efficient push mechanism compared to other protocols.
P : It determines whether you are online/offline/busy. It indicates the state.
P : XMPP is a protocol, that is, a set of standards that allow systems to communicate with each other.
IoT Protocols:
XML file format: JSON file format:
JSON is JavaScript Object Notation.
XML is just information wrapped in tags.
{
<note> "name":"Jack",
<to>Tove</to> "age":30,
<from>Jani</from> "contactNumbers":[
{
<heading>Reminder</heading>
"type":"Home",
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
"number":"123 123-123" },
</note>
{ "type":"Office",
"number":"321 321-321"
}
],
"spouse":null,
"favoriteSports":[ "Football", "Cricket" ]
}
IoT Protocols:
DDS (Data Distribution Service):

Is an IoT protocol developed for M2M (Machine to Machine) Communication.

1. It enables data exchange via publish-subscribe methodology.
2. DDS makes use of brokerless architecture unlike MQTT and CoAP protocols.
3. It uses multicasting to bring high quality QoS to the applications.
4. DDS protocol can be deployed from low footprint devices to cloud.
IoT Protocols:
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):

1. AMQP is an open protocol for asynchronous message queuing.

2. AMQP is an open standard, binary application layer protocol designed for message-oriented middleware
3. The AMQP was contrived to enable a wide range of applications and systems to work together, regardless of their internal
designs, standardizing enterprise messaging on an industrial scale.

4. A publisher sends messages to a named exchange and a consumer pulls messages from a queue or the queue pushes
them to the consumer depending on the configuration.
IoT Protocols:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

• It is a transport layer protocol that facilitates the transmission

of packets from source to destination.
• It is a connection-oriented protocol that means it establishes
the connection prior to the communication that occurs
between the computing devices in a network.
• This protocol is used with an IP protocol, so together, they are
referred to as a TCP/IP.

UTP (Micro Transport Protocol):

• It works over UDP (User Datagram Protocol: is an unreliable protocol widely used in video streaming) and acts as an
alternative to TCP.
• It is used by the BitTorrent application, which is used to download files through P2P.
. It is also known as the uTorrent transport protocol
IoT Protocols:
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4):

• IPv4 address consists of two things that are the network

address and the host address.
• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers that have to be expressed
in Decimal Notation.
• Example, An IPv4 Address can be written as 128.11.3.31

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):

• IPv6 Address Format is a 128-bit IP Address, which is written

in a group of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated by colon (:).
IoT Protocols:
6LoWPAN ( IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Network)

• This protocol works on Wireless Personal Area Network i.e., WPAN.

• it is not so efficient as it only allows for the smaller devices with very limited processing ability to establish
communication using one of the Internet Protocols, i.e., IPv6.
• It has very low cost, short-range, low memory usage, and low bit rate.
• It comprises an Edge Router and Sensor Nodes. Even the smallest of the IoT devices can now be part of the network,
and the information can be transmitted to the outside world as well.

For example, LED Streetlights.

Mesh Network Contd:

A mesh network is defined as a type of local

area network (LAN) topology, where multiple
devices or nodes are connected in a non-
hierarchical manner, so that they can coexist,
cooperate, and provide comprehensive network
coverage to a wider area than what is possible
by a single router.

How Does a Mesh Network Work?

A mesh network can connect several smart home

devices without compromising the connection quality.
The primary node is connected to a wireless
network’s wide area network (WAN) port or modem.
The nodes connect through Wi-Fi settings, which
include the mesh network name.
During the initial setup of the network, all the nodes
must be connected to the same power source.
Even if one node fails, the entire network can continue
functioning.