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Lect 04 OS Basics

The document discusses various types of operating systems, including multi-processor systems with different memory models and distributed systems. It also covers hardware protection mechanisms such as dual-mode operation, timer usage for resource management, and memory protection through legal address ranges. Key concepts include user and kernel modes, as well as the importance of privileged instructions for I/O and memory access.

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14 views9 pages

Lect 04 OS Basics

The document discusses various types of operating systems, including multi-processor systems with different memory models and distributed systems. It also covers hardware protection mechanisms such as dual-mode operation, timer usage for resource management, and memory protection through legal address ranges. Key concepts include user and kernel modes, as well as the importance of privileged instructions for I/O and memory access.

Uploaded by

f20212684
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEMS CS F372

BIJU K RAVEENDRAN & TEAM

LECT #04: OS BASICS


Types of Operating Systems
• Systems with graceful degradation [with hardware
failures] and systems with fault tolerance
• Increased throughput, reliability, [Economical]
• Multi-processor [Tightly coupled system]
– Asymmetric
• Each processor is assigned a specific task [Co-processors]
– Symmetric [SMP]
• Local registers and cache for each processor but connected
with a common shared memory

Monday, January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 2


Types of Operating Systems
• Multi-processor
– Memory Model
• UMA (Uniform Memory Access)
• NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access)
• NORMA (No Remote Memory Access)
• Distributed Systems [Loosely coupled system]
– Example: Client – Server systems and Peer to Peer system
– Server systems can be Compute servers or File servers
– Enables parallelism but speedup is not the goal
– Adv: Resources Sharing, Computation speed up – load sharing,
Reliability, Communications
Monday, January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 3
Hardware Protection
• Dual-Mode Operation
– Sharing system resources: OS ensures that an
incorrect program cannot cause other programs to
execute incorrectly
– Hardware support to differentiate between two
modes of operations
• 1. User Mode – execution done on behalf of a user
• 2. Monitor Mode [supervisor mode or system mode] –
execution done on behalf of OS

January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 4


Hardware Protection
• Dual-Mode Operation
– Mode bit: 1 bit in hardware to indicate the current mode
• Mode bit = 0 [Monitor mode]
• Mode bit = 1 [User mode]
– Switch to Monitor mode when
• Interrupt/fault occurs
• Privileged instructions
• Work to be done by the Kernel
– System call changes mode to kernel, return from call
resets it to user
• CPU now a days support multi-mode operations
– Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) mode for guest VMs
January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 5
Hardware Protection
• [CPU protection]: Timer to prevent infinite loop / process
hogging resources
– Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time
period
– Keep a counter
• Decremented with the help of physical clock
• Generates an interrupt when counter become 0
• Setting counter [Loading Timer] [by OS] is privileged
instruction
– Timer commonly used to implement time sharing
– Timer is also used to compute the current time
– Control transfers to Kernel to regain control or terminate
program that exceeds allotted time
January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 6
Hardware Protection

User mode
(mode bit=1)

Kernel mode
(mode bit=0)

January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 7


Hardware Protection
• I/O protection
– All I/O instructions are privileged instructions
– Must ensure that a user program could never gain control
of the computer in monitor mode
• Memory Protection
– Memory protection required for interrupt vector and
interrupt service routines
– Two registers determine the range of legal addresses a
program may access
• Base register – holds smallest legal memory address
• Limit register – contains the size of the range
– Memory outside the defined range is protected
January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 8
Hardware Protection

January 13, 2025 Biju K Raveendran @ BITS Pilani Goa 9

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