II PUC Statistics

Unit VI (a)
Statistical Inference
Section - A
One mark questions:
1. Define parameter.
Statistical constant of the population is called parameter.

2. Define statistic.
Statistic is the function of the sample values.

3. What is parameter space?

The set of all the admissible values of the parameter is called parameter space.

4. What is sample space?

The set of all samples of same size that can be drawn from a population is called
sample space.

5. Define sampling distribution of a statistic.

The distribution of the values of a statistic for different samples of same size is
called sampling distribution.

6. Define standard error.

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is called its
standard error.

7. Write the formula of S.E. X . 

( ̅)
√


8. Write the formula of S.E. X1  X 2 . 
(̅ ̅ ) √

9. Write the formula of S.E. (p).

( ) √

10. Write the formula of S.E.(p1 - p2), when P1 P2.

( ) √

11. Write the formula of S.E.(p1 - p2), when P1= P2.

( ) √ ( )

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12. A lot contains 2% defective items. 40 items chosen from it. Another lot contains
1% defective items. 60 items chosen from it. Find E (p1-p2).
Given P1 = 0.02, n1 = 40, P2 = 0.01 and n2 = 60
E (p1-p2) = P1 – P2 = 0.02 – 0.01 = 0.01

13. Write a use of standard error.

Obtain the confidence intervals of an estimate.

14. What is statistical inference?

Statistical inference is the theory of making the decisions about the population
parameters using sampling and concept of probability.

15. Mention a branch of statistical inference.

Estimation and Testing of hypothesis.

16. What is meant by estimation?

Method of obtaining the most likely value of the population parameter using
statistic is called estimation.

17. Define an estimator.

Any statistic which is used to estimate an unknown parameter is called an
estimator.

18. Define an estimate.

Estimate is the likely value of the unknown parameter.

19. Define point estimation.

If a single value is proposed as an estimate of the unknown parameter, then it is
point estimation.

20. Define interval estimation.

If an interval is proposed as an estimate of the unknown parameter, then it is
interval estimation.

21. Define confidence interval.

An interval (T1, T2) which is proposed to contain the unknown parameter is
called confidence interval.

22. What are confidence limits?

The boundary values of confidence interval are confidence limits.

23. What is confidence coefficient?

The probability that a confidence interval contains the unknown parameter is
called confidence coefficient.

24. Define statistical hypothesis.

A statistical hypothesis is a statement regarding the parameters of the
population.
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II PUC Statistics
25. Give an example for statistical hypothesis.
H: µ = 50, σ2 = 4

26. Define null hypothesis.

Null hypothesis is the hypothesis which is being tested for a possible rejection,
under the assumption that it is true.

27. Give an example for null hypothesis.

H0 : µ = µ0

28. Define alternative hypothesis.

Alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which is accepted when null hypothesis
is rejected.

29. Give an example for alternative hypothesis.

H0: µ < µ0

30. What is type I error?

The error that occurs by rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually true is
called type I error.

31. What is type II error?

The error that occurs by accepting null hypothesis when it is actually not true is
called type II error.

32. Define size of a test.

The probability of rejecting H0, when it is true is called size of the test. It is

33. What is level of significance?

Maximum size of the test is level of significance.

34. Define power of a test.

The probability of rejecting H0, when it is not true is called power of a test. It is
denoted by (1 – β).

35. What is critical region?

The values of statistic which lead to rejection of H0, gives a region called critical
region.

36. What is critical value?

Critical value is the value of test statistic which separates the critical region and
acceptance region.

37. What is two tailed test?

Two tailed test is a test of statistical hypothesis, where rejection region is located
at both the tails of the probability curve of the null distribution of the test
statistic.
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II PUC Statistics
38. What is one tailed test?
One tailed test is a test of statistical hypothesis, where rejection region is located
at only one tail of the probability curve of the null distribution of the test
statistic.

39. Define null distribution.

The statistical distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is
called null distribution.

40. Define test statistic.

A statistic based on whose distribution the testing of hypothesis is conducted is
called test statistic.

Section - B
Two mark questions:
41. Define parameter and statistic.
Statistical constant of the population is called parameter.
Statistic is the function of the sample values.

42. Given  2 = 9 cm2 and n = 36, calculate standard error of sample mean.
( ̅)
√ √

43. Sizes of two samples are 50 and 100. Population standard deviations are 20 and
 
10. Compute S.E. X1  X 2 .

(̅ ̅ ) √ √ √

44. If P = 0.02 and n = 64, then find S.E(p).

( ) √ √

45. If P = 0.1 and n = 100, then find S.E(p).

( ) √ √

46. A lot contains 2% defective items. 40 items chosen from it. Another lot contains
1% defective items. 60 items chosen from it. Find S.E.(p1 - p2).

( ) √ √ √

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47. For the following data, Find S.E.(p1 - p2).
Sample sizes 100 100
Population proportions 0.2 0.1

( ) √ √ √

48. Write two uses of standard error.

Decide the efficiency and consistency of the statistic as an estimator.
Standardise the distribution of test statistic in testing of hypothesis.

49. Mention two branches of statistical inference.

i) Estimation ii) Testing of hypothesis.

50. Mention two types of estimation.

i) Point estimation
ii) Interval estimation.

51. What are point and interval estimations?

Point Estimation: If a single value is proposed as an estimate of the unknown
parameter, then it is point estimation.
Interval estimation: If an interval is proposed as an estimate of the unknown
parameter, then it is interval estimation.

52. What is statistical hypothesis? Give an example.

A statistical hypothesis is a statement regarding the parameters of the
population.
H: µ = 50, σ2 = 4

53. What is null hypothesis? Give an example.

Null hypothesis is the hypothesis which is being tested for a possible rejection,
under the assumption that it is true.
H0 : µ = µ0

54. What is alternative hypothesis? Give an example.

Alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which is accepted when null hypothesis
is rejected.
H0: µ < µ0

55. Define type I and type II errors.

The error that occurs by rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually true is
called type I error.
The error that occurs by accepting null hypothesis when it is actually not true is
called type II error.

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II PUC Statistics
56. Define size of a test and power of a test.
The probability of rejecting H0, when it is true is called size of the test. It is

The probability of rejecting H0, when it is not true is called power of a test. It is
denoted by (1 – β).

57. What are one tailed and two tailed tests?

One tailed test is a test of statistical hypothesis, where rejection region is located
at only one tail of the probability curve of the null distribution of the test
statistic.
Two tailed test is a test of statistical hypothesis, where rejection region is located
at both the tails of the probability curve of the null distribution of the test
statistic.

Unit VI (b)
Large Sample Tests
Section - A
One mark questions:
58. Write an alternative hypothesis for null hypothesis:    0 .
H1: µ ≠ µ0
Section - B
Two mark questions:
59. Given X = 203 gm,  = 200 gm,  = 10 gm and n = 64, calculate test statistic Z.
̅
⁄ ⁄
√ √

   
60. If X1  X 2 = 2.6 and S.E. X1  X 2 = 1.3, find test statistic Z.
̅ ̅
(̅ ̅ )

Unit VI (c)
t- Tests
Section - A
One mark questions:
61. Write an application of t-test.
To test the difference between the means of the two populations using paired
observations.

Section - B
Two mark questions:
62. Write two applications of t-test.
To test the significance of the mean of a population using small sample.
To test the difference between the means of the two populations using two
samples.

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63. Write down the t-test statistic and degrees of freedom in case of test for mean.
̅
( )
⁄
√

64. Given, X = 53 gm,  = 50 gm, s = 5 gm and n = 17, calculate test statistic t.

̅
⁄ ⁄
√ √

65. Write down the t-test statistic and degrees of freedom in case of test for equality
of means of two independent samples.
̅ ̅
( )
√ ( )

66. Write down the test statistic and degrees of freedom of paired t-test.
̅
( )
⁄
√
67. In paired t-test, if n = 5, d = 3 and sd = 2, then what would be the value of test
statistic t?
̅
⁄ ⁄
√ √

Unit VI (d)
Chi-square Tests
Section - A
One mark questions:
68. Mention an application of  2 - test.
To test whether population has a given variance.

69. Write the degrees of freedom in testing of population variance.

(n – 1) d.f

70. For the  2 - test, what is the condition for expected frequency?
The total frequency N should be reasonably large.

71. When is the pooling of the frequencies done in testing of goodness of fit?
The theoretical frequencies Ei should be 5 or more.

72. Mention the degrees of freedom in testing of goodness of fit.

(n – c) d.f

73. What is the value of degrees of freedom in testing of independence of attributes?

1 d.f

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Section - B
Two mark questions:
74. Mention two applications of  2 - test.
To test “goodness of fit” of a theoretical distribution to an observed distribution.
To test independence of attributes in a 2×2 contingency table.

75. Write the  2 - test statistic with degrees of freedom in testing of population
variance.

( )

76. Write the  2 - test statistic with degrees of freedom in testing of goodness of fit.
( )
∑ ( )

77. Mention two conditions for applying  2 - test of goodness of fit.

The total frequency N should be reasonably large.
The theoretical frequencies Ei should be 5 or more.

78. In a  2 - test for goodness of fit, if there are 6 observations in which one
parameter is estimated, then find the value of degrees of freedom of test
statistic.
(n – c) d.f
(6 – 1 – 1) = 4 d.f

79. Write the  2 - test statistic and degrees of freedom in testing of independence of
attributes.
( )
( )( )( ) )

80. What are the conditions for applying  2 - test of independence of attribute?
The total frequency N should be large (≥50)
The observation should be random.

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