Reduction Formula

Ananyo Sen
Roll No. : 302
Year : UG - II
Batch : 2022-25

Department of Mathematics

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur

25 November, 2023
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Outline
1 Introduction
Introduction
Rule of Application
An Example
2 Different Types of Reduction Formula
Reduction Formula based on Single Trigonometric Function
Reduction Formula based on two Trigonometric Functions with different or same exponential value
Reduction Formula of type cos m x.sinnx
1
Reduction Formula of type (a+bcosx) n
1
Reduction Formula of type (x 2 +c)n
Reduction Formula based on Algebraic and Trigonometric Function
Reduction Formula based on Simple Algebraic Function with three exponential value
3 Conclusion
Application of Reduction Formula
Reference
Note of Thanks
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Introduction

Reduction Formula are those which may be used repeatedly to express the integral of a function in terms of the integral of that
function with reduced degree of power.

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Applying Reduction Formula

How to Apply : Integration by Part

Points to Note : Suitable u and v
Conditions to be Noted : Certain conditions for the exponential value

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Example of a Reduction Formula

R
Reduction Formula for x n e ax dx, n being a positive integer
R
Let In = x n e ax dx

u = x n , v = e ax
ax ax ax
= x n . ea − nx n−1 . ea dx = x n . ea − n
R R
a
x n−1 .e ax dx

x n .e ax
= a
− na In−1

x n .e ax
Thus In = a
− na In−1

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Reduction Formula based on Single Trigonometric Function

Trigonometric Function like sinn x , cos n x, etc. where n being a positive integer, greater than 1 are taken in consideration
Example
R n
Reduction R nFormula for
R n−1 sin xdx n being a positive integer, greater than 1
Here In = sin xdx = sin x.sinxdx
u = sinn−1 x and v = sinx R and applying Integration By Parts
In = sinn−1 x.(−cosx) − (nR− 1)sinn−2 .cosx.(−cosx)dx
= −sinn−1 x.cosx + (n − 1) sinn−2 (1 − sinn x)dx[∵ cos n x = 1 − sinn x]
= −sinn−1 x.cosx + (n − 1)In−2 − (n − 1)In
n−1
Final Solution, In = − sin nx.cosx + n−1 I
n n−2

Note
Similarly we can find the integration value of cos n x , tann x , cot n x , cosec n x , sec n x by using the Reduction Formula

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Reduction Formula based on two Trigonometric Functions with different or same exponential value

Trigonometric Functions like sinm x.cos n x where m,n are positive integers, greater than 1 are taken into consideration. Here m, n may
or may not be equal.
Example
R
Reduction RFormula for sinmR x.cos n xdx m,n being positive integers,greater than 1
Here Im,n = sinm x.cos n xdx = cos n−1 x(sinn x.cosx)dx
u = cos n−1 x and v = sinRm x.cosx and applying Integration By Parts
m+1 m+1
Im,n = cos n−1 x. sinm+1 x − (n − 1)cos n−2 x.sinx. sinm+1 x dx
n−1 x.sinm+1 x
= cos m+1 n−1
R
− m+1 cos n−2 x.sinm x.sin2 xdx
n−1 m+1
= cos m+1 x.sin x n−1
R
− m+1 cos n−2 x.sinm x.(1 − cos 2 x)dx
n−1 x.sinm+1 x
= cos m+1 n−1
+ m+1 Im,n−2 − m+1 n−1
Im,n
n−1 m+1
Final Solution, Im,n = cos m+n x.sin x n−1
+ m+n Im,n−2

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Reduction Formula of type cos m x.sinnx

Trigonometric Functions like cos m x.sinnx , sinm x.cosnx, cos m x.cosnx, etc. where m,n are positive integers are taken into
consideration.
Example
R
Reduction RFormula for cos m x.sinnxdx m,n being positive integers
Here Im,n = cos m x.sinnxdx
u = cos m x and v = sinnx R and applying Integration By Parts
m −sinnx m m−1
Im,n = cos x n R− n cos x.sinx.cosnx
m
= − cos x.sinnx
n
− m
n
cos m−1
x.(sinnx.cosx − sin(n − 1)x)[∵ sinx.cosnx = sinnx.cosx − sin(n − 1)x]
cos m x.sinnx m m
=− n
− n Im,n + n Im−1,n−1
m x.sinnx
Final Solution , Im,n = − cos m+n m
+ m+n Im−1,n−1

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 1
Reduction Formula of type (a+bcosx)n
1 1
Functions like ,
(a+bcosx)n (a+bsinx)n
where n is positive integer, greater than 1 and a2 ̸= b 2 are considered in this case.

Example
dx
R 2 2
Reduction Formula for (a+bcosx) n n being a positive integer, greater than 1 and a ̸= b

dx sinx
R
Here In = (a+bcosx)n and assuming P =
(a+bcosx)n−1
cosx(a+bcosx)+(n−1)b(1−cos 2 x)
⇒ dP = (a+bcosx)n
dx
A+B(a+bcosx)+C (a+bcosx)2
= (a+bcosx)n
dx(say ) ——(1)
(A+aB+a2 C )+(bB+2abC )cosx+(b 2 C )cos 2 x
= (a+bcosx)n
dx
a2 −b 2
∴ A = −(n − 1) b , B = (2n − 3) ba , C = − (n−2)
b
Substituting the co-efficients A,B,C in 1 and integrating,
sinx a2 −b 2
P = (a+bcosx) n−1 = −(n − 1) b
In + (2n − 3) ba In−1 − n−2 I
b n−2
2 2 bsinx
Final Solution, (n − 1)(a − b )In = − (a+bcosx)n−1 + (2n − 3)aIn−1 − (n − 2)In−2

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 1
Reduction Formula of type (x 2 +c)n
1
Functions like , 1
(x 2 +a2 )n (x 2 +a3 )n
or any other constant in place of c, and n being a positive integer greater than 1 are taken in this case.

Example
R dx
Reduction Formula for (x 2 +a 2 )n n being a positive integer, greater than 1 and a is constant
R dx R 1
Here In = (x 2 +a2 )n = (1)( (x 2 +a 2 )n )dx
1
u = (x 2 +a2 )n and v = 1 and applying Integration By Parts
1
R n.2x x
R x 2 +a2 −a2
In = (x 2 +a 2 )n (x) + 2
(x +a )2 n+1 (x) = 2 2
(x +a ) n + 2n (x 2 +a2 )n+1
x 2
= (x 2 +a2 )n + 2n[In − a In+1 ]
x
Transposing and simplifying, 2na2 In+1 = (x 2 +a 2 )n + (2n − 1)In
2 x
Changing n to n − 1, 2(n − 1)a In = (x 2 +a2 )n−1 + (2n − 3)In−1

Note
1
In (x 2 +c)n
, generally, the constant c is considered as a2 , b 2 .
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Reduction Formula based on Algebraic and Trigonometric Function

Functions like x n sinx , x n cosx where n is a positive integer, greater than 1 are considered in this case.
Example
Rπ
Reduction Formula for 02 x n sinxdx n being positive integer, greater than 1
Rπ
Here In = 02 x n sinxdx
u = x n and v = πsinx and applying Integration By Parts π
Rπ Rπ
In = [x n (−cosx)]02 + 02 nx n−1 cosxdx = n([x n−1 sinx]02 − 02 (n − 1)x n−2 sinxdx)
= n(( π2 )n−1 − (n − 1)In−2 )
Final Solution, In + n(n − 1)In−2 = n( π2 )n−1

Note
This type of Reduction Formula is only done in FINITE INTEGRAL form.

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Reduction Formula based on Simple Algebraic Function with three exponential value

Functions for this category is only of specific type. This types of function are expressed as x m (a + bx n )p .

Note
Conditions for integration is based on the exponential value taken for reduction.

Example
R m
Reduction FormulaR m for x (a + bx n )p dx
n p
Here Im,n,p = x (a + bx ) dx
u = (a + bx n )p and v = x m and applying Integration By Parts
m+1 m+1 m+1 (a+bx n )p
Im,n,p = (a + bx n )p . xm+1 − p(a + bx n )p−1 .nbx n−1 xm+1 dx = x m+1 nbp
R R m+n
− m+1 x (a + bx n )p−1 dx(m ̸= −1)
m+1 n p m+1 n p
= x m+1 (a+bx ) np
x m (a + bx n − a)(a + bx n )p−1 dx = x m+1(a+bx ) np anp
R R R m
− m+1 − m+1 x m (a + bx n )p dx + m+1 x (a + bx n )p−1 dx
n p
x m+1(a+bx ) anp
Final Solution, Im,n,p = np+m+1
+ I
np+m+1 m,n,p−1
(np + m + 1 ̸= 0)

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Note
In this way, we can also show that
m−n+1 (a+bx n )p+1
Im,n,p = x nb(p+1) m−n+1
− nb(p+1) Im−n,n,p+1 (p ̸= −1)
m+1 (a+bx n )p+1
= −x n(p+1)a
− np+n+m+1 I
n(p+1)a m,n,p+1
(p ̸= −1)
x m−n+1 (a+bx n )p+1 (m−n+1)a
= (np+m+1)b
− (np+m+1)b Im−n,n,p (np + m + 1 ̸= 0)
x m+1 (a+bx n )p+1
= a(m+1)
− (np+m+n+1)b
a(m+1)
(m ̸= −1)
Im+n,n,p
by choosing different values of u and v.

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Why the Reduction Formula is used?

A Reduction Formula is often used in integration for working out integrals of higher order. It is lengthy and tedious to work
across higher degree expressions, and here the reduction formulas are given as simple expressions with a degree n, to solve these higher
degree expressions.

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Bibliography

An Introduction To Analysis Integral Calculus by R.K.Ghosh and K.C.Maity

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Thank You

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