Module-2

Test signal: Standard test signal-Step, Ramp, Impulse, Sinusoidal and Parabolic.

Time response and Frequency response (Concepts only).

Primary sensors and transducers: Resistive-Strain Gauges, Potentiometers, Capacitive - Changes in area
of plates, Inductive-LVDT, Opto-Electronic Transducers- Semiconductors, photo diodes.
Test signal: Standard test signal-Step, Ramp,
Impulse, Sinusoidal and Parabolic.
TEST SIGNALS
¢ Test signals are used as input signals to predict the performance of
the system
¢ Actual inputs can occur as a sudden shock, a constant velocity,
constant acceleration, etc
¢ Hence test signals resembling these actual inputs are used as
inputs to test system performance
STANDARD TEST SIGNALS
¢ STEP SIGNAL
¢ RAMP SIGNAL
¢ PARABOLIC SIGNAL
¢ IMPULSE SIGNAL
¢ SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
STEP SIGNAL
¢ A signal which has the
following properties is called a
unit step function:
U(t) (a = fbift=0

JL. u <0
~ (Gift
< > ¢ Resembles steady input
t
unit Step Signal
RAMP SIGNAL
¢ A signal which has the
following properties is called a
ramp function:
(tif t>0
=| reco
¢ Resembles a constant velocity
graph i.e, a displacement vs
Ramp Type Signal
time graph having a linear
curve
PARABOLIC SIGNAL
¢ A signal which has the
following properties is called a
parabolic function:
P(t)
(42 ;
7 fF t20
* p(t)= 4
0, if t <0
Parabolic Signal « Resemb les a constant
acceleration graph i.e,
displacement vs time graph
having a parabolic curve
IMPULSE SIGNAL
¢ If the signal magnitude is
available only for a very short
duration, it is called an impulse
Str) _ {o,ift=0
t
0 = {ir eao
0
impulse signal
SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

Sine Wave

Leahy:
TU
Amplitude

oy

@ Investopedia
SIGNAL TIME DOMAIN S-DOMAIN
REPRESENTATION REPRESENTATION
UNITSTEP |1 1/s
UNIT RAMP |t 1/s?
IMPULSE ‘| &(t) 1
UNIT (2/2 1/s3
PARABOLIC
 Time response and Frequency response (Concepts only).
¢ Time response refers to how a system behaves over time when subjected to a
particular input or stimulus. In various fields such as control theory, signal
processing, and physics, understanding the time response of a system is crucial
for predicting its behavior and performance.
¢ The basic concept involves observing how a system reacts to a given input signal
or disturbance over time. This observation typically involves studying parameters
such as amplitude, phase, and frequency of the system's output in response to
4 changes in the input.
Time response
¢ If the output of the control system for an input varies with respect to
time, then it is called the time response of the control system.

¢ The time response consists of two parts.

Transient response
Steady-state response
The response of control system in time
domain is shown in the following figure:

ee ee ee ee ee ee re re ee ee ee eee ee

0
v
&

ct
v
Transient Steady
State state
Here, both the transient and the steady states are indicated in the figure. The
responses corresponding to these states are known as transient and steady
state responses.

Mathematically, we can write the time response c{t) as

c(t) = c(t) +e; (t)

Where,

e Cr(t) is the transient response

e Css(t) is the steady state response
Transient Response
After applying input to the control system, output takes certain time to reach
steady state. So, the output will be in transient state till it goes to a steady
state. Therefore, the response of the control system during the transient
state is known as transient response.

The transient response will be zero for large values of ‘t’. Ideally, this value
of ‘t’ is infinity and practically, it is five times constant.

Mathematically, we can write it as

rn
lim ¢;,(t) = 0
i OO
Steady state Response
The part of the time response that remains even after the transient response
has zero value for large values of ‘t' is known as steady state response.
This means, the transient response will be zero even during the steady
State.

Example

Let us find the transient and steady state terms of the time response of the control
e(t) = 10+5e*
system

Here, the second terne will be zero as t denotes infinity. So, this is the
transient term. And the first term 10 remains even as t approaches infinity.
So, this is the steady state term.
First-order system

ay dq, Do
_ + do = — 4 me a ae nae haga na angen tal

dt 4 Ay a
age ge emg ag ee he

par yies
dy
ea Ne anlange: age ees el a a ae i

static sensitivity

IIc
time constant

\Ke>
II
results may be nondimensionalized by
Yo _ 1 = e- tit

Kis

q;

Gis

|
!
—
Time

Joh

—T —_— — — —— SSS See

Time Constant
¢ Time constant is the time takes the step response to rise to 63% of the
final value
¢ Rise time, Tr
It is defined as the time for the waveform to go from 0.1 to 0.9 of its final
value.

Settling Time, Ts
It is defined as the time for the response to reach and stay within, 2%of
its final value.
 Frequency response
eA frequency response describes the response of a system to
sinusoidal inputs of varying frequencies.
¢ The frequency response method is easy to implement in the designs
of the control system.
¢ It also helps us to find the stability of the system.
¢ It provides the stability analysis of the system without the need for
any complex and time-consuming processes.
 Primary vs secondary sensor
¢ Primary sensor: The sensor that responds principally to the physical
parameter to be measured.
¢ Secondary sensor. The sensor is mounted adjacent to the primary
sensor to measure the physical parameter that adversely affects the
basic characteristic of the primary sensor (e.g., the effect of
temperature on a pressure sensor).
The Bourdon's Tube and the L.V.D.T. respectively.
 Cord Free end

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Bourdon
Pm Tube
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>
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Qa
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Sec
Windings Pes Core y
Primary Pressure
L.V.D.T windings

Bourdon's Tube