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Transformers

The document provides an overview of transformers, including their construction and operation based on electromagnetic induction. It details various types of transformers categorized by core type, purpose, cooling method, and specific applications. Additionally, it includes mathematical formulas for calculating induced emf, transformation ratios, and examples of transformer calculations.

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iiapxiix
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5 views11 pages

Transformers

The document provides an overview of transformers, including their construction and operation based on electromagnetic induction. It details various types of transformers categorized by core type, purpose, cooling method, and specific applications. Additionally, it includes mathematical formulas for calculating induced emf, transformation ratios, and examples of transformer calculations.

Uploaded by

iiapxiix
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Transformer.

It is electromagnetic static device which by


electromagnetic induction transfers electric energy from one or
more circuits at the same frequency, usually with change in
values of voltage and current.

Construction of a Transformer
The main parts of a transformer are
the following:
 Iron core which is laminated to
reduce eddy current
 Two winding coils, the primary and
secondary windings
When the primary coil is connected to the ac supply, current
flows and an alternating flux is set up in the core. This flux
links with the secondary coil and an emf is induced in the coil
by electromagnetic induction.
1. According to the core used
a. Core-type
b. Shell-type
c. Berry type

2. According to the purpose for which it is used


a. Transmission transformer
b. Distribution transformer
c. Generator transformer
d. Testing transformer
e. Instrument transformer
f. Current transformer
g. Potential transformer

3. According to the method of cooling
a. Oil-filled self-cooled
b. Oil-filled water-cooled
c. Air-blast type

4. According to specific applications


a. Rectifier transformer
b. Regulating transformer
c. Welding transformer
d. Traction transformer
e. Furnace transformer
Magnetic
core

I1 Magnetic
Flux (ϕm)

I2

V1 E1 E2 V2

Primary Secondary
Coil (N1) Coil (N2)

𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟏 𝝓𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟏 𝑩𝒎 𝑨

𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟐 𝝓𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝑵𝟐 𝑩𝒎 𝑨
Where:
E1 = primary induced emf
E2 = secondary induced emf
V1 = primary applied emf
V2 = secondary terminal emf
N1 = number of turns of primary coil
N2 = number of turns of secondary coil
Bm = maximum magnetic flux density in Tesla
ϕm = maximum flux in the core in Webers
A = cross-sectional area of the magnetic core
f = frequency of ac input in Hz
I1 = primary current
I2 = secondary current
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝑨

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏

𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐
The transformation ratio of a transformer is derived
as:

𝑬𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝒂= = =
𝑬𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟏

Note:
If N1 < N2 (a < 1), then transformer is called step-up transformer
If N1 > N2 (a > 1), then transformer is called step-down transformer
1. The maximum flux density in the core of 250/3000-volts,
50-Hz single-phase transformer is 1.2 Wb/m2. If the emf per turn
is 8 volts, determine (a) primary and secondary turns (b) area of the
core.
SOLUTION
(i) E1= N1 × e.m.f. induced/turn
N1= 250/8 = 32; N2 = 3000/8 = 375
(ii) We may use E2= 4.44 f N2 Bm A
∴ 3000 = 4.44 × 50 × 375 × 1.2 × A;
A = 0.03m2
2. The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V, 50-Hz, 1-phase, core-type
transformer has a cross-section of 20 cm x 20 cm. Find (a) the
number of high voltage and low voltage turns per phase and (b) the
emf per turn if the maximum core density is not to exceed 1.3
Tesla. Assume a stacking factor of 0.9.

Solution.
(i) Bm= 1.3 T, A = (0.2 × 0.2) × 0.9 = 0.036 m2
∴ 11,000 = 4.44 × 50 × N1 × 1.3 × 0.036, N1 = 1060
550 = 4.44 × 50 × N2 × 1.3 × 0.036; N2 = 53
or, N2= KN1 = (550/11,000) × 1060 = 53

(ii) e.m.f./turn = 11,000/1060 = 10.4 V or 550/53 = 10.4 V

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3. A 25-kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and
50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected
to 3000-V, 50-Hz supply. Find the full-load primary and
secondary currents, the secondary emf and the maximum flux
in the core. Neglect leakage drops and no-load primary current.

Solution. K = N2/N1 = 50/500 = 1/10


𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝑨
25kVA=E1 I1 =E2I2
Now, full-load I1= 25,000/3000 = 8.33 A.
F.L. I2 = I1/K = 10 × 8.33 = 83.3 A

e.m.f. per turn on primary side = 3000/500 = 6 V


∴ secondary e.m.f. = 6 × 50 = 300 V (or E2 = KE1= 3000 × 1/10
=300 V)
Also, E1= 4.44 f N1Φm
3000 = 4.44 × 50 × 500 × Φm
∴ Φm = 27 mWb
12

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