Trigonometry, Coordinate Geometry and Vectors

Course Code: MS 6229

Shila, K

COLLEGE: Science and Technical Education

DEPARTMENT: Mathematics and Statistics

November 18, 2024

Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,

Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand
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 Mode of Assessment

Table 1: Mode of Assessment

CA & SE WEEK MARKS

Test 01 6th 15%
Assignment 9th 10%
Test 02 10th 15%
Semester Exam 15th 60%

Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,

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 Learning outcome

Ability to solve different problems using trigonometry Techniques.

Ability to apply the coordinate geometry in solving problems.

Ability to apply vector operations in solving engineering related

problems.

Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,

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Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
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 Course Contents

Trigonometry:
Conversion of degree into radians measures and vice-versa.
Trigonometric ratios, Arc lengths, areas of sectors of circle,
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric identities, Solutions of trigonometric equations.
Compound angle formulae, Factor theorem, Solution of the
equation aCosα + bSinα = c, Solutions of triangles- using Sine
and Cosine rules.

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 Coordinate Geometry
Locate points in Cartesian and polar coordinates, The straight
line, Equations of straight lines, Angles between two straight lines,
Distance between a point and a straight line.
Circles (equations, Touching circles and orthogonality of circles),
Conic sections (equations and properties).

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 Vectors:
Definition, Vector representation in a plane and space,
Operations, Composition of vectors, The ratio theorem, Dot, scalar
and triple products and their applications.
Vector and scalar equations of planes, shortest distance from a
point to a straight line, Angle between two lines, Angle between a
line and a plane

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 Trigonometry

Introduction
Trigonometry: The word trigonometry comes from the Greek
words “trigonon” which means triangle and “metron” which means
to measure.
Trigonometry deals with determination of measures of sides and
angles of triangles by means of relevant trigonometric functions.
The trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, tangent, secant,
cosecant, and cotangent of an angle.

Trigonometry
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the
measurement of sides and angles of triangles, and their
relationship with each other.

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 Trigonometry

Angles
When a straight line is rotated about a point it sweeps out and
angle that can be measured either in degree or in Radians
By conversion a straight line rotating through a full angle and
returning to its starting position is said to have rotated through 360
degree or 360◦
By conversion 1degree = 60minutes i.e
′
1◦ = 60
and 1◦ = 60x60seconds
′′
that is 1◦ = 3600
so an angle that is measured in degree , minutes and second can
be converted to a decimal degree.

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 Trigonometry

Example
′ ′′
Convert 45◦ 36 18 into decimal degree.

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 Trigonometry

Example
′ ′′
Convert 45◦ 36 18 into decimal degree.
Solution
Recall
′
1◦ = 60
′
? = 36 ′
1◦ x36
which gives = 0.6◦
60◦
also
′′
1◦ = 3600
′′
? = 18 ′′
1◦ x18 ◦
which gives ′′ = 0.005
3600′ ′′
Therefore 45◦ 36 18 = 45◦ + 0.6◦ + 0.005◦ = 45.605◦

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 Trigonometry

example 2
′ ′′
Convert 53◦ 29 27 into decimal degree.

example 3
′ ′′
Convert the angle 253◦ 18 42 into decimal degree format.

example 4
Change 18.478◦ into degree,minutes and second.

example 5
Convert the angle 73.415◦ to degree,minutes and seconds.

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 Trigonometry

Radians
An alternative unit of measure of an angle is the radian.
If a straight line of length r rotate about one end so that other end
describe an arc of length r ,the line is said to have rotated to 1
radian -1rad

Figure 1: Angle in radian measure

It is the measure of a central angle θ that intercepts an arc s equal

in length to the radius r of the circle.
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 Trigonometry

Radian cont...
s
This mean that θ = , where θ is the measured in radius and
r
s = θr
If a line rotates through a full angle is the circumference of a circle
which is equal to 2πr .
The number of radian in a full angle is 2πradian
By relating degree and radian we have
2πrad = 360◦
? = ◦1◦
1 x2πrad πradians
= =
360◦ 180
◦ πradians
Therefore 1 =
180

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 Trigonometry

Radian cont...

Let s be ang angle measured in radians and θ be ang angle

measured in degree
Therefore
2πrad = 360◦
s = θ , then cross multiplication
= 360◦ s = 2πθ
πθ
s= angle measured in radian
180◦
180s
θ= angle measured in degree
π

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 Trigonometry

Example
Change 270◦ into radians
Solution
Given θ = 270◦
πθ
Recall, s = angle measured in radian
180◦ ◦
270 π 3π
Therefore s = ◦
=
180 2

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 Trigonometry

Convert into degree

(a) 2.34rad πrad
(e)
5πrad 5
(b)
6 2πrad
πrad (g)
(c) 3
3
7πrad 3πrad
(d) (h)
4 2
Convert into radian
(a) 47◦ (e) 18.34◦
(b) 120◦
(g) 240◦
(c) 12.6◦
(d) 135◦ (h) 120.45◦

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 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric rations are the function of sine, cosine ,tangent and
their reciprocal.
Suppose you are standing at point Aand you need to find the
height OB of the building.

Figure 2: a right angled triangle

If you get a measure of the length from its base and the angle of
elevation from the where you are standing to the top.
The height can be measured by using the trigonometric function.
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 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios cont.,.

The three basic trigonometric function are defined by

OB Opposite length
sinθ = , sinθ =
AB Hypotenuse

OA Adjacent length
cosθ = , cosθ =
AB Hypotenuse

OB Opposite length
tanθ = , tanθ =
OA Adjacent

Those angles of the triangle are determined by the ratios of the

sides which are called trigonometric ratio’s

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 Trigonometry

Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios

Reciprocal of trigonometric functions results to cosecant
(Cosec),secant(sec) and cotangent(cot)

1 Hypotenuse
cosecθ = , cosecθ =
sinθ opposite length

1 Hypotenuse
secθ = , secθ =
coθ Adjacent

1 Adjacent
cotθ = , tanθ =
tanθ Opposite

Those angles of the triangle are determined by the ratios of the

sides which are called trigonometric ratio’s

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 Trigonometry

example
√
If tanθ = 3 Find Cotθ , secθ and cosecθ

Solution
√
3
Given tanθ =
1

Figure 3: A right angled triangle

using Pythagoras theorem

√ 2
11 + 3 = hypotenuse2 −→ hypotenuse = 2
1 1
cotθ = =√
tanθ 3
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 Trigonometry

example
√
If cosecθ = 2 where θ is an acute angle , find (a) sec θ (b)tanθ
3
suppose cotθ = , where θ is an acute angle , find (a)cosecθ (b)
4
cosθ

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 Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric identities, show the relation among the
trigonometric function including their reciprocal
Deriving the trigonometric identities co2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
consider the figure below

Figure 4: A right angled triangle in xy plane

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 Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities cont...

¯ 2 = (AB)
Using the Pythagoras theorem (AC) ¯ 2
¯ 2 + (BC)
Implying that r 2 = x 2 + y 2 Divide by r 2 on both sides results to
x y
( )2 + ( )2 = 1
r r
y x
but = sinθ , = cosθ
r r
x y
Substitute the vale of sinθ and cosθ into ( )2 + ( )2 = 1 gives
r r
2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1

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 Trigonometry

Work for
1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ

Prove that
cotθ + tanθ = secθ cosecθ
tanA − cotA
= sec 2 θ − cosec 2 A
sinAcosA
(1 + tanθ )2
= sec 2 − 1
(1 + cotθ )2

Show that
1 − 2sin2 θ
cot 2 θ − tan2 θ =
cos2 θ sin2 θ
tanA − cotA
= sec 2 θ − cosec 2 A
sinAcosA
(1 + tanθ )2
2
= sec 2 − 1
Course Code:(1
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 Trigonometry

Simplify the expression below

sinA
+ cotA
1 + cosA

(sinθ − cosθ )2

2 − tanθ
2cosecθ sec θ

1 + tanθ 1 + cotθ
+
1 − tanθ 1 − cotθ

2sin2 θ + sinθ − 3
1 − cos2 θ − sinθ

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 Trigonometry

Proving trigonometric identities

Basicall, using trigonometric identies we can prove some other
trigonometric identinties

Example
1 + tan2 θ
prove that = tan2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ
1 1
prove that + =1
tan2 θ +1 cot 2 θ
s
1 + cot 2 θ
prove that = cotθ
1 + tan2 θ

prove that 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ

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 Trigonometry

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 Trigonometry

prove that tanθ + cotθ = 2cosec2θ

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 Trigonometry

prove that tanθ + cotθ = 2cosec2θ

Eliminate θ from the following equation

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 Trigonometry

prove that tanθ + cotθ = 2cosec2θ

Eliminate θ from the following equation
(i). x = tanθ + cotθ
and y = tanθ − cotθ

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 Trigonometry

prove that tanθ + cotθ = 2cosec2θ

Eliminate θ from the following equation
(i). x = tanθ + cotθ
and y = tanθ − cotθ
(ii). x = acosθ and y = bsinθ

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 Trigonometry

prove that tanθ + cotθ = 2cosec2θ

Eliminate θ from the following equation
(i). x = tanθ + cotθ
and y = tanθ − cotθ
(ii). x = acosθ and y = bsinθ
(iii). x = sinθ and y = 3cosθ

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 Trigonometry

Special Angles

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 Trigonometry

Special Angles
consider an equilateral triangle of side 2 units. AD bisects angle A
and bisect the line BC.

Figure 5: Equilateral triangle

Using Pythagoras theorem on triangle ABD gives

√ √
AD¯ = 22 − 1 = 3
BD 1
sin30◦ = =
AB 2√
AD 3
cos30◦ = =
AB 2 Science√and Coordinate
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 Trigonometry

special angles
√
AD 3
sin60◦ = =
AB 2
BD 1
cos60◦ = =
AB √ 2
AD 3 √
tan60◦ = = = 3
BD 1
Again cosinder an isosceles triangle with PQ = QR = 1unit
By Pythagoras
√ theorem
√
¯ = 12 + 12 = 2
PR

Figure 6: Isosceles triangle

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 Trigonometry

special angles
√
QR 1 2
sin45◦ = =√ =
PR 2 2
√
◦ PQ 1 2
cos45 = =√ =
PR 2 2
QR 1
tan45◦ = = =1
PQ 1
Note that sin90◦ = 1, cos90◦ = 0 and tan90◦ = 0/
θ 0◦ 30◦ 45
√
◦ 60
√
◦ 90◦
2 3
sin θ 0 0.5 1
√ √2 2
Summary 3 2 1
cosθ 1 0
√2 2 2
3 √
tanθ 0 1 3 0/
3

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples
Evaluate the following

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples
Evaluate the following
3tan60◦ − 2cos30◦
(i.)
tan30◦

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples
Evaluate the following
3tan60◦ − 2cos30◦
(i.)
tan30◦
(ii.) 3sin30◦ − 2cos60◦

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples
Evaluate the following
3tan60◦ − 2cos30◦
(i.)
tan30◦
(ii.) 3sin30◦ − 2cos60◦
(iii.) 5tan60◦ − 3sin60◦

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 Trigonometry

Special angle cont...

We can reduce angle to an acute angle by the following formula
In the second quadrant (180◦ − θ )
In the third quadrant (θ − 180◦ )
In the fourth quadrant (360◦ − θ )

Examples
Evaluate the following
3tan60◦ − 2cos30◦
(i.)
tan30◦
(ii.) 3sin30◦ − 2cos60◦
(iii.) 5tan60◦ − 3sin60◦
tan60◦
(iv.)
3tan30◦

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 Trigonometry

Odd and even function

Sine and tangent are odd function while cosine is an even function
sin(−x) = −sinx
cos(−x) = cosx
tan(−x) = −tanx

solving trigonometric equation

√
3
Solve the equation cosx = for values of x that lies in
◦
2
0 ≤ x ≤ 360
solution √
3
the acute angle with a cosine of is 30◦ , so solution will make
2
an angle of with x-axis
since cosine is positive the , solution will lie on in first and fourth
quadrants
x = 30◦ and x = 360◦ − 30◦ = 330◦
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 Trigonometry

Example
Solve the following equation for values of x that lies in
0 ≤ x ≤ 360◦
√
i. tanx = − 3
1
ii. sin2 x = (1 + cosx)
2
iii. sin(x + 10◦ ) = −0.5
iv. 3(tanx + 1) = 2
v. 4cosx − 3sinx = 2tanx
vi. 2sin2 x − 1 = cosx

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 Trigonometry

Compound angles
The compound angle formula can be used to find the sine, cosine,
and tangent of the sum and difference of angles.
The basic operations on sums and differences of trigonometric
functions can be computed using the concept of compound
angles.

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

Consider the triangle in bellow

Figure 7: Illustrative sketch od deriving compound angle formulae

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

consider the right angle triangle PRT
RT RS + ST RS + QU
sin(A + B) = = =
PR PR PR
since ST = QU thus,
RS QU
sin(A + B) = +
PR PR
QR RS PQ QU
= x + x
QR PR PQ PR

QR RS PQ QU
x + = x
PR QR PR PQ
QR RS PQ QU
but, = sinA, = cosB, = cosA and = sinB
PR QR PR PQ
Thus, sin(A + B) = sinaAcosB + cosAsinB

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

Thus, sin(A + B) = sinaAcosB + cosAsinB
Therefore, the compound angle formula for finding the sine of the
sum of two angles is given by; sin(A + B) = sinaAcosB + cosAsinB
Suppose B is replaced by –B. Then, substituting it into equation
gives; sin(A + (−B)) = sinAcos(−B) + cosAsin(−B)
Note that,cos(−x) = cosx ,sin(−x) = −sinx and tan(−x) = −tanx
because cosx is an even function while sinx and tanx are odd
functions. Thus, sin(A − B) = sinaAcosB − cosAsinB

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

again consider the right angle triangle PRT
PT PU − TU
cos(A + B) = = since PU = PT + TU
PR PR
thus,
PU − SQ PU SQ
cos(A + B) = = − since TU = SQ
PR PR PR
PQ PU QR SQ
= x + x
PQ PR QR PR

PQ PU QR SQ
x + = x
PR PQ PR QR
PQ PU QR SQ
but, = cosA, = cosB, = sinA and = sinB
PR PQ PR QR
Thus, cos(A + B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

Therefore, the compound angle formula for finding the cosine of
the sum of two angles is given by;
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB
Suppose B is replaced by –B then substituting into equation gives;
cos(A + (−B)) = cosAcos(−B) − sinAsin(−B) Thus,
cos(A − B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB.
Therefore, the compound angle formula for finding the cosine of
the difference of two angles is given by;
cos(A − B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
derivation of the compound angle formula for tan(A + B) can be
done as follows;
sin(A + B)
From trigonometric identitiestan(A + B) = Substituting
cos(A + B)
values for sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) gives

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 Trigonometry

compound angle con...

sinaAcosB + cosAsinB
tan(A + B) =
cosAcosB − sinAsinB
Divide by cosAcosB both the numerator and denominator to get;
tanA + tanB
tan(A + B) =
1 − tanAtanB
Similarly, if B is replaced by –B then
tanA + tan(−B)
tan(A + (−B)) =
1 − tanAtan(−B)
tanA − tanB
tan(A − B) =
1 + tanAtanB
Therefore, the compound angle formula for the tangent of the
tanA − tanB
difference of two angles is written as tan(A − B) =
1 + tanAtanB

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 Trigonometry

Example
Evaluate he following without the use of tables or calculator
(a.) cos75◦
(b). tan15◦
(c). sin15◦
(b). cos15◦

Example
7
Given that α and β are acute angles with sinα = and
25
5
cosβ = , find without using tables or calculate
13
(a.) sin(α + β )
(b). tan(α + β )

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 Trigonometry

Double angle formulae

From he identity sin(A + B)
sin(A + B) = sinaAcosB + cosAsinB by replacing B = A we obtain
sin(A + A) = sinaAcosA + cosAsinA
sin2A = 2sinAcosA
similarly by using
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB
cos(A + A) = cosAcosA − sinAsinA
cos2A = cos2 A − sin2 A
= 1 − 2sin2 A, putting cos2 A = 1 − sin2 A
= 2cos2 A − 1,putting sin2 A = 1 − cos2 A
tanA + tanB
again using tan(A + B) =
1 − tanAtanB
putting B = A
2tanA
tan2A =
1 − tan2 A

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 Trigonometry

Double angle formulae cont....

these results are referred o a he double angle formulae because
the angle on the left of the identity is double that on the right
thus, we have
sin8θ = 2sin4θ cos4θ
sin6θ = 2sin3θ cos3θ
cos6θ = cos2 3θ − sin2 3θ

Examples
sin2θ
(1.) Prove that (i.) = tanθ
1 + cos2θ
(ii.) cose2θ + cot2θ = cotθ
π
(2.) Simplify the expression sec(x − )
2
3π
(3.) Show that sin(x − ) = cosx
2
(4.) Solve the equation cos2θ − sin2θ = 0 where 0◦ ≤ θ ≤ 360◦
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 Trigonometry

Examples cont..
(5.) Express sin3α in terms of sinα
(6.) Prove that cos2x = cos4 x − sin4 x
(7.) Eliminate λ from the following equations x = 3 + 4sinλ ,
y = 5cos4λ
sin2θ
(8.) Simplify
1 + cos2θ
cosx + sinx cosx − sinx
(9.) Prove that 2tan2x = −
cosx − sinx cosx + sinx

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 Trigonometry

Half angle formulae

Half angle formulae are special trigonometric identities which are
derived from the double angle formulae.
These are useful in evaluating trigonometrical ratios of half angles
and deriving other identities which involve half angles
Consider the double angle formulae for sine and cosine of an
angle.
sin2A = 2sinAcosA
and
cos2A = 1 − 2sin2 A = 2cos2 A − 1
Then, the half angle formulae will be obtained by dividing the
angle A by 2 to obtain;
2A A A A A
sin = 2sin cos −→ sinA = 2sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
2A A A
cos = 1 − 2sin2 −→ cosA = 1 − 2sin2
2 2 2
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 Trigonometry

Half angle formulae cont...

2A A A
cos = 2cos2 − 1 −→ cosA = 2cos2 − 1
2 2 2
2A A A A A
cos = cos2 − sin2 −→ cosA = cos2 − sin2
2 2 2 2 2
Similarly, the half angle formulae for tangent of an angle will be
obtained from its double angle formula as follows;
2tanA
tan2A = Divide the angle A by 2 gives,
1 − tan2 A
A A
2A 2tan 2tan
tan = 2 −→ tanA = 2
2 A A
1 − tan2 1 − tan2
2 2
These results are refereed to as the double angle formulae
because the angle on left of the identity is double that on the right
sin8θ = 2sin4θ cos4θ
cos6θ = cos2 3θ − sin2 3θ
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 Trigonometry

Example
sin2θ
(1). Prove that = tanaθ
1 + cos2θ
(2 ). Prove that cosec2θ + cot2θ = cotθ
π
(3). Simplify the expression cosec(θ − )
2
3π
(4). Show that sin(x − ) = cosx
2
(5). verify the identity cosec2α − cot2α = tanα
(6). Solve the equation cos2α − sin2α = 0 where 0◦ ≤ α ≤ 360◦
(7). Simplify
r the expression
1 + cos2θ
a)
r 1 − cos2θ
1 − cos2θ
b)
1 + cos2θ

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