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Biostat Lesson 3

This document covers measures of central tendency and location, including mean, median, mode, percentiles, deciles, and quartiles. It provides definitions, calculations, and examples for each measure, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The chapter aims to equip students with the skills to compute, interpret, and apply these measures in real-life situations.

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5 views

Biostat Lesson 3

This document covers measures of central tendency and location, including mean, median, mode, percentiles, deciles, and quartiles. It provides definitions, calculations, and examples for each measure, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The chapter aims to equip students with the skills to compute, interpret, and apply these measures in real-life situations.

Uploaded by

hannah.serrano0717
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND LOCATION

Dr. Norway J. Pangan


ž At the end of this chapter, the students are
expected to:
¡ Compute and interpret the different measures of central
tendency and location;
¡ Compare the different measures of central tendency and
location;
¡ Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of each
measure of average;
¡ Make generalizations from a given set of data;
¡ Use measures of average in making predictions and
decisions; and
¡ Apply their knowledge to real life situations.
ž Is any single value that is used to identify
the “center“ of the data or the typical
value.
ž It is often referred to as the average.
ž The most common average and sometimes simply referred
to as the mean.
ž The sum of all the values of the observations divided by
the number of observations.
ž The mean for a finite population with N elements, denoted
by the Greek letter μ (mu)
ž The sample mean, used to estimate the population mean,
μ
ž The number of employees at 5 different gift shops are 4,
8, 10, 12, and 6. Find the mean number of employees for
the stores.

ž Scores in the Math 120 first long quiz for a sample of 10


students are as follows; 84, 75, 90, 98, 88, 79, 95, 86, 93,
and 89.
ž The positional middle of an array.
ž In an array, one-half of the values precede the median and
one-half follow it.

ž The first step in calculating the median, denoted by Md , is


to arrange the data in an array.
¡ Let Xi be the ith observation in the array, i = 1, 2, 3, … , N
¡ If N is odd, the median position equals (N+1) / 2, and the value of
the (N+1) / 2th observation in the array is taken as the median.
¡ If N is even, the mean of the two middle values in the array is the
median.
ž Find the median of the given data set; 75, 75, 67, 71, 72
ž It is observed value that occurs most frequently.
ž It locates the point where the observation values occur
with the greatest density
ž It does not always exist, and if does, it may not be unique.
A data set is said to be unimodal if there is only one mode,
bimodal if there are two modes, trimodal if there are
three modes, and so on.
ž It is not affected by extreme values.
ž It can be used for qualitative as well as quantitative data.
ž Identify the mode(s) of the following data sets.
¡ Data Set 1
2 5 2 3 5 2 1

¡ Data Set 2
2 5 5 2 2 5 1
3 5 4 2 5 5 2

¡ Data Set 3
1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 4 4 5 5 5

¡ Data Set 4
red blue blue white yellow red green
blue orange white yellow
ž Are values below which a specified fraction
or percentage of the observations in a
given set must fall.
ž Are values that divide a set of observation in an array into
100 equal parts. Thus,
¡ P1, read as first percentile, is the value below which 1% of the
values fall
¡ P2, read as second percentile, is the value below which 2% of the
values fall
¡ P99, read as ninety-ninth percentile, is the value below which 99%
of the values fall
ž The following were the scores of 10 students in a short
quiz:

2 8 6 9 7 5 8 10 10 1
ž Are values that divide a set of observation in an array into
10 equal parts. Thus,
¡ D1, read as first decile, is the value below which 10% of the values
fall
¡ D2, read as second decile, is the value below which 20% of the
values fall
¡ D9, read as ninth decile, is the value below which 90% of the
values fall
ž From the given set scores in a quiz, find the 4th decile or
D4.

3 8 9 11 12 18 19
ž Are values that divide a set of observation in an array into
4 equal parts. Thus,
¡ Q1, read as first quartile, is the value below which 25% of the
values fall
¡ Q2, read as second quartile, is the value below which 50% of the
values fall
¡ Q3, read as third quartile, is the value below which 75% of the
values fall
ž From the given set scores in a quiz, find the 3rd quartile or
Q3.

3 8 9 11 12 18 19
Scores of 110 students in an achievement test
Score Frequency (f) < CF
50 – 54 10 10
55 – 59 3 13
60 – 64 8 21
65 – 69 13 34
70- 74 17 51
75 – 79 19 70
80 – 84 22 92
85 – 89 13 105
90 – 94 4 109
95 – 99 1 110
Total 110
ž This is possible only when the class mark can be assumed
to be representative of all the values in that class.
ž If the assumption holds, the following equation may be
used to approximate the mean from a frequency
distribution.

where: fi = the frequency of the ith class


xi = the class mark of the ith class
k = total number of classes
n = total number of observations
ž This is possible only if it can be assumed that the values of the
observations falling in the median class are evenly spaced throughout the
class. The median class is the class containing the median.
ž Median class – starting from the top, locate the class with <CF greater
than or equal to n/2 for the first time.

where: LCBmd = the lower class boundary of the median class


c = class size of the median class
n = the total number of observations
<CFmd-1 = less than cumulative frequency of the class
preceeding the median class
fmd = frequency of the median class
ž The modal class is the class with the highest frequency.

where: LCBmo = the lower class boundary of the modal class


c = class size of the modal class
fmo = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class following the modal class
where: Pith = class where the <CF is equal to or exceeds in/100
LCBPi = the lower class boundary of the Pith class
c = class size of the Pith class
fPi = frequency of the Pith class
<CFPi-1 = less than cumulative frequency of the class
preceeding the Pith class
where: Dith = class where the <CF is equal to or exceeds in/10
LCBDi = the lower class boundary of the Dith class
c = class size of the Dith class
fDi = frequency of the Dith class
<CFDi-1 = less than cumulative frequency of the class
preceeding the Dith class
where: Qith = class where the <CF is equal to or exceeds in/10
LCBQi = the lower class boundary of the Qith class
c = class size of the Qith class
fQi = frequency of the Qith class
<CFQi-1 = less than cumulative frequency of the class
preceeding the Qith class

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