Trigonometry III - Mathematics Form 4 Notes

Introduction
Waves
Transformations of Waves
Trigonometric Equations
Past KCSE Questions on the Topic

Introduction
Consider the right – angled triangle OAB

sinθ = AB
r
AB = rsinθ
OA = rcosθ
Since triangle OAB is right- angled
OA2 + AB2 = OB2(pythagoras theorm)
(rcosθ)2 + (rsinθ)2 = r2
Divide both sides by r2 gives
cos2θ + sin2θ = 1
tanθ = sinθ
cosθ

Example
If tanθ = a show that;
cosθ(sin2θ+cos2θ) = 1
sinθ a

Solution
Factorize the numerator gives and since sin2θ + cos2 θ= 1
But sinθ = tanθ
cosθ
Therefore, = cosθ = 1 =1
sinθ tanθ a

Example
Show that
(1-cosθ)(1+cosθ) = tan2θ
(1-sinθ)(1+sinθ)
Removing the brackets from the expression gives
1 -cos2θ reason [(A-B)(A+B)=(A2-B2)]
1-sin2θ
 Using sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
sin2θ + 1 = cos2θ
Also
1-cos2θ = sin2θ
Therefore
1 -cos2θ =sin2θ = tan2θ
1-sin2θ cos2θ

Example
Given that sinθ = 1/ , find
3
a. cos2θ
b. tan2θ
c. tan2θ + cos2θ

Solution
Using the right angle triangle below.

a. cosθ = √8
3
therefore cos2θ = (√8/ )2 =8/9
3
b. tan2θ = ( 1/ )2= 1/
√8 8
c. tan2θ + cos2θ = 1/ + 1/ =1 1/
8 9 72

Waves
Amplitude

This is the maximum displacement of the wave above or below the x axis.

Period

The interval after which the wave repeats itself

Transformations of Waves

The graphs of y = sin x and y = 3 sin x can be drawn on the same axis.
The table below gives the corresponding values of sin x and 3sinx for 0o ≤x ≥720o
x2 0 30 60 90 1 20 1 50 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630

Sin 1 - - - - - - - -
0 0.50 0.87 0.87 0.50 0 0 0.50 0.87 1.00 0.87 0.50 0
x .00 0.50 0.87 0.50 0.87 0.50 0.50 0.87 1.0

3 1 1 -1 - -1 - -1 - - -
0 2.61 3.00 2.61 0 0 1.5 2.61 3.00 2.61 1.50 0
sinx .50 .50 .50 2.61 .50 2.61 .50 1.50 2.61 3.0
The wave of y = 3 sin x can be obtained directly from the graph of y = sinx by applying a stretch scale factor
3 , x axis invariant .
 Note;
The amplitude of y= 3sinx is y =3 which is three times that of y = sin x which is y =1 .
The period of the both the graphs is the same that is 3600 or 2π

Example

Draw the waves y = cos ½x and y = cos ½x. We obtain y = cos x from the graph y = cos x by applying a stretch of
factor 2 with y axis invariant.

Note;

The amplitude of the two waves are the same.

The period of y = cos ½x is 4π that is, twice the period of y = cos x

Trigonometric Equations
In trigonometric equations, there are an infinite number of roots. We therefore specify the range of values for
which the roots of a trigonometric equation are required.

Example

Solve the following trigonometric equations:

a. Sin 2x = cos x, for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o

b. Tan 3x = 2, for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o
c. 2 sin(x − π/ )
6

Solution

a. Sin 2x = cos x
Sin 2x = sin (90 – x)
Therefore 2 x = 90 – x
X = 30o
For the given range, x =30o and 150o.
b. Tan 3x = 2
From calculator
3x =63.43o, 243.43o, 423.43o, 603.43o, 783.43oand 321.14o.

In the given range;

x = 21.14o, 81.14o ,141.14o, 201.14o, 261.14o and 321.14o

c. 2 sin(x − π/ ) = − √3
6
Sin(x − π/ ) = √3/ sin (x − π/ ) = − √3/
6 2 6 2
x − π/ = π + π/ , 2π − π/
6 3 3
x − π/ = 4/ π , 5/ π
6 3 3
x =3/ πc , 11/6πc
2

Past KCSE Questions on the Topic

1.
a. Complete the table for the function y = 2 sin x
x 0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o 80o 90o 100o 110o 120o

Sin 3x 0 0.5000 -0.8660

y 0 1 .00 -1 .73
b.
i. Using the values in the completed table, draw the graph of y = 2 sin 3x for 0o ≤ x ≤ 120o on
the grid provided
ii. Hence solve the equation 2 sin 3x = -1.5
2. Complete the table below by filling in the blank spaces
X0 00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Cos x0 1 .00 0.50 -0.87 -0.87

2 cos ½x0 2.00 1 .93 0.52 -1 .00 -2.00

Using the scale 1 cm to represent 300 on the horizontal axis and 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the vertical axis
draw, on the grid provided, the graphs of y = cosx0 and y = 2 cos ½x0 on the same axis.
a. Find the period and the amplitude of y = 2 cos ½x0
b. Describe the transformation that maps the graph of y = cos x0 on the graph of y = 2 cos ½x0
3.
a. Complete the table below for the value of y = 2 sin x + cos x.
X 00 300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800 2250 2700 3150 3600

2 sinx 0 1 .4 1 .7 2 1 .7 1 .4 1 0 -2 -1 .4 0

Cos x 1 0.7 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.9 -1 0 0.7 1

Y 1 2.1 2.2 2 1 .2 0.7 0.1 -1 -2 -0.7 1

b. Using the grid provided draw the graph of y=2sin x + cos x for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o. Take 1 cm represent 30
0 on the x - axis and 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the axis.
c. Use the graph to find the range of x that satisfy the inequalities 2 sinxcosx > 0.5
4.
a. Complete the table below, giving your values correct to 2 decimal places.
x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Tan x 0

2x + 300 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170

Sin(2x+300) 0.50 1
b. On the grid provided, draw the graphs of y = tan x and y = sin ( 2x + 300) for 00 ≤ x 700
Take scale:
2 cm for 100 on the x- axis
4 cm for unit on the y- axis
Use your graph to solve the equation tan x − sin ( 2x + 300) = 0.
5.
a. Complete the table below, giving your values correct to 2 decimal places
X0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

2sinx0 0 1 2 1

1–cosx0 0.5 1
b. On the grid provided, using the same scale and axes, draw the graphs of y = sin x0 and y = 1 – cos x0
00 ≤ x ≤ 1800
Take the scale:
2 cm for 300 on the x- axis
2 cm for 1 unit on the y- axis
c. Use the graph in (b) above to
 i. Solve equation
2 sin xo + cos x0 = 1
ii. Determine the range of values x for which 2sinxo > 1 – cosxo
6.
a. Given that y = 8 sin 2x – 6 cos x, complete the table below for the missing values of y, correct to 1
decimal place.
X 00 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200

Y = 8sin2x – 6cosx -6 -1 .8 3.8 3.9 2.4 0 -3.9

b. On the grid provided, below, draw the graph of y = 8 sin 2x – 6 cos for 00 ≤ x ≤ 1200
Take the scale
2 cm for 150 on the x- axis
2 cm for 2 units on the y – axis
c. Use the graph to estimate
i. The maximum value of y
ii. The value of x for which 4 sin 2x – 3 cos x =1
7. Solve the equation 4 sin (x + 300) = 2 for 00 ≤ x ≤ 3600
8. Find all the positive angles not greater than 1800 which satisfy the equation
Sin2x – 2 tan x = 0
Cos x
9. Solve for values of x in the range 00 ≤ x ≤ 3600 if 3 cos2x – 7 cos x = 6
10. Simplify 9 – y2 where y = 3 cos θ
y
11. Find all the values of θ between 00 and 3600 satisfying the equation 5 sin θ = −4
12. Given that sin (90 – x) = 0.8. Where x is an acute angle, find without using mathematical tables the value of
tan x0
13. Complete the table given below for the functions
y= −3 cos 2x0 and y = 2 sin (3x/ 0 + 300) for 00 ≤ x ≤ 1800
2
X0 00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

-3cos 2x0 -3.00 -2.30 -0.52 1 .50 2.82 2.82 1 .50 -0.52 -2.30 -3.00

2sin(3x0 +300) 1 .00 1 .73 2.00 1 .73 1 .00 0.00 -1 .00 -1 .73 -2.00 -1 .73
Using the graph paper draw the graphs of y = -3 cos 2x0 and y = 2 sin (3x/ 0 + 300)
2
a. On the same axis. Take 2 cm to represent 200 on the x- axis and 2 cm to represent one unit on the y –
axis
b. From your graphs. Find the roots of 3 cos 2 x0 + 2 sin (3x/ 0 + 300) = 0
2
14. Solve the values of x in the range 00 ≤ x ≤ 3600 if 3 cos2x – 7cos x = 6
15. Complete the table below by filling in the blank spaces
x0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Cosx0 1.00 0.50 -0.87 -0.87

2cos½x0 2.00 1 .93 0.5

Using the scale 1 cm to represent 300 on the horizontal axis and 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the vertical axis
draw on the grid provided, the graphs of y – cos x0 and y = 2 cos ½ x0 on the same axis
a. Find the period and the amplitude of y =2 cos ½ x0
Ans. Period = 7200. Amplitude = 2
b. Describe the transformation that maps the graph of y = cos x0 on the graph of y = 2 cos½ x0

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