Mathematics-II (MACO2) Problem Set

Introduction of algebraic structure

1. Determine which of the following structure forms a group with respect binary operations:
(i) The operation * on Z defined by a*b=a- b;
(ii) The operation * on R defined by a*b= a+b+ab;
(iüi) The operation * on @defined by a +b=
(iv) The operation * on Z x Z defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (ad + be, bd);
(v) The operation * on Q\ {0} defined by axb=

2. Check whether the following sets forms a group with respect to matrix multiplication:

(9G-{(3)::a,be R,a? + ²= 1};

(i) G= GL(2. R) =e d
:a, b, c, de R, ad bc# 0;

(i) G= SL(2, R) =( :a, b, c, d eR, ad - bc

(iv) G=2b ) beQ. (4, b) #(0,0) :

: a, b

()G-):aeR\(0)}
3. Check whether the set forms a group with respect to multiplication:
(i) G={zeC:(z= 1};
(ii) the set of nonzero real numbers whose square is a rational number.

4. Check whether the set forms a group with respect to addition:

(i) the set of nonzero real numbers whose square is a rational number:
(ii) for fixed n EN the set of rational numbers whose denominators divide n:
(iii) for fixed nEN the set of rational numbers whose denominators are relatively prime to n.

5. LetX be a non emnpty set. Check whether the power set P(X) is a group with respect to the
composition * defined by (i) A* B = AnB and (ii ) A* B= AUB for A, Be P(X).

6. Show that SL(2, R) is a subgroup of GL(2, R).

7. Check whether the following sets for1s a field with respect to matrix addition and multiplica
tion:

it. G=GL2, R)=() : a,b, e, d E R, ad - bc

iii. G = SL(2, R) = :4,b, c, de R, ad -
 iv. G=( ):.3e Q. (a,b) #(0.0}:
w. G-{):ncR\ (0)}.
8. Let G= (Z, ). What is the identity
element and the inverse element?
9. Let G = (nZ, +), n ¬ N. What is the
identity element and the inverse element?
10. LetG= (Zn,t). n E N. What is the identity
element and the inverSe element?
11. Let G= (U(n), *n), n ¬ N. What is the identity element and the
inverse element?
12. Let Zi = fa+ ib a, be Z}. G= (Z,+). What is the
element?
identity element and the inverse
13. Let G= (M,,(F,), +), n ¬N. What is the identity element and the inverse
element?
14. Let G= (GL(n, R), o) = (GLn (R), o), n EN. VWhat is the identity
element?
element and the inverse

15. Let Q/Z= {a+Z| a¬ Q}. What the identity element and the inverse element?
16. Let G:={ a, bE Q}, then (G,) is a group. What is the identity element and the inverse
element?

17. Give two reasons why the set of odd integers under addition is not a group.

18. Give an example of a finite field. Can R\{1} with respect to usual addition and multiplication
be a field? Explain.

19. Define
Suppose+"
pis and
a prime mumber and Z, = {0,1,2, ... ,p- 1},ie., the set of allintegers modulo p.
«." on Zy as follows:

s+t=(s +t) (mod p),

st= (s - t) (mod p),
for all s, t E Zp. Check whether the structure (Zp, t,:) is a field or not.
20. An abstract algebra teacher intended to give a typist a list of nine integers that form a group
under multiplication modulo 91. Instead, one of the nine integers was inadvertently (without
lntention) left out so that the list appeared as 1, 9, 16, 22, 53, 74, 79, and 81. Which integer
was left out? Ans: 29

Let t be a ring. The center of R is the set { e R|ac = za for all a in R}. Prove that the
center of a ring is a subring.
22. Let G be a abelian group. Then show that H = fae G:a=a-'} is asubgroup of G.
23. Prove or disprove:
(a) The intersection of two subgroups of a group G is a subgroup ofG.
(b) The union of two subgroups of a group Gis a subgroup Ou
 Mathematics-II (MACO2) Problem Set
Vector Space

1. Examine whether the statement given below is true or false.

(i) In any vector, aT = bT implies a = b:
(ii) In any vector, aT = by implies z = y;
(iüi) Iffis a polynomialof degree n and c is a nonzero scalar, then cf is a
m:
polynomial of degree
(iv) If f and g are polynomials of degree n, thenftg is a polynomial of degree .
2. Examine whether the set given below is a subspace of R or not.

() S= {(r, y, :) ER°:z=y= 0};

(ii) S = (2,y, z) ¬ R:y=z=0};
(ii) S ={(,y, z) e R;=z=0}:
(iv) S= {(z, y, z) eRÝ: ay = z};
(v) S= {(,y, ¿) ¬ R:z+y+ z=0};
(vi) S={(z, y, z) e R°:a+y= 0};
(vi) S = {(,y, z) e R:+y = 0, z=1}:
(viü) S={(,y,z) eR:'-y'= 0};
(ix) S= {(,y, z) E R:ry +yz +za = 0};
(x) S={(,y, z) E R°:z+2y -z = 0, 2r - y +z=0}.

3. If a = (1, 1,2), B= (0, 2, 1), y= (2,2, 4) determine whether

(i) a is a linear combination of B and y:
(ii) Bis a linear combination of y and a.

4. vector
Let S=space
{a,8,}, T= {a,a+B,a+ß+} and U={a+B, B+1,7+o} be subsets in a real
V. Prove that L(S) = L(T) = L(U).
5. Examine if the set S is a subspace of the vector space M2x2(R), where

0) S-( ) Maxa(R) : a+b=0};

() S=)Maa(R) :a+d=0};
(n) S=( ¬Maxa(R) : ad be :
(iv) S= e Max2(R) : ad -be = -i}
(v) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real diagonal matrices;
(vi) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real synmetric
matrices;
(vii) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real skew-symmetric matrices;
(viii) S is the set of all 2 x2real upper triangular
natrices;
(ix) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real diagonal
matrices;
(x) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real
uilpotent matrices.
 B. Show that the set R of all real numbers forns a vector space over the field Q.

7. Check whether the vectors (1, 1,0), (1,0, 1), (0, 1, 1) generate R or not.
if and only if W; C W2 Or v1ce
8. Let Wi and W2 are subspace of V, then W UW, is subspace
versa.

real sequence space.

9. Show that set of real convergent sequences forms a subspace of the
all functions fe F(S, R) such that f(s) =0
10. LetS be asubset of R and let C(S, R) be a set of C(S. R) is a subspace of F(S, R).
for all but a finite number of elements of S. Prove that
in P.(R).
11. Show that the set {1, a,... ,z"} is linearly independent
independent
vector Space V, Then {vy,v2} is linearly
12, Let U and v2 be distinct elements in the other.
if and only if uor v are multiple to each
or linearly independent, where
13. Exanmine if the set S is linearly dependent
1,1) };
(i) S= {a = (2,3, 1), 8 = (2, 1,3), y= (1,
(ii) S= {a = (1, 2, 3), 3= (2,3, 1), y = (3, 1,2) };
1),y= (1,2, 1, 2), 8= (1, 1,1, 1)};
(ii) S = {a= (1,1, 1, 0),3 = (1, 0, 1,
y= (3,0, 1, 2), 6 = (1, 1, 1, 1)}.
(iv) S= {a = (1,2,3, 0), 3= (2, 3, 0, 1),
the set
14. Determine k so that
dependent in R®:
S= {a = (1,2, 1), B = (k, 3, 1), y = (2, k, 0)} is linearly
(i) dependent in R';
y = (1, 1, k) }is linearly
(i) S= {a = (k, 1, 1), B = (1, k, 1),
y= (1,1, 1)} is a basis of R3,
(ii) S= fa= (*,1, k), B= (0, k, 1), Prove that
c be real non-zero number.
of a real vector space V and
l5. Let S= fa,B.} be a basis
() S= {ca, cB, cy} is a basis of V;
may not be a basis of V;
(ii) S= fat cB, B+ cy,y + ca} whether they form a basis
following sets and the corresponding vector space V, find
16. Given the to two and S =
space of all polynomials of degree less than or equal
() V is the vector
ta=-1,ß= +z- 1, y=¢-z+1}; three and S =
all polynomials of degree less than or equal to
of
(0) V is the vector space 8 =(¢ - 2)};
{a=1,B =- 2,y= (o- 2),
subspaces:
17. Find a basis and dimension of the following
1) S={(e,y, z) e R°:2z +y-z=0}:
2z-y+ 3z = U};
(ü) S= {(z,y, 2)eR:+2y -z = 0,
z=0, 2z + y +w = 0}
(11) S= {(,y, 2, w) e R:+2u -
E M2x2(R): a+b

eMana(R) :a= d= 0}:

(i) S is the set of all 2 x 2real diagonal matrices;
(Vin) S is the set of all 2x 2 real syuumetric matrices;
(Vm) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real skew-syImmetric matrices;
(ix) S is the set of all 2 x 2 scalar matrices;.
(X) S Is the set of all 2 x 2 real uDper triangular Imatrices;
(X1) S is the set of all 2 x 2 real nilnotent matrices of degree 1;
(xii) S is the set of all2 x 2 real nilbotent matrices of degree 2
 dependent or not,
18. Test whether the set of vectors (1,2,4), (3.0, 5), and (-2,1.7) are linearly
where the elenments of the vectors are real mbers.
19. Show that the set S = {(3,4,5),(1,2, 1), (2, 1,2)} of vectors are LI over R.
(1, 1, k) } fornm abasis of R"?
20. For what real vahues of k does the set S = {(k,1, ).(1,k, 1),
form a basis of the vector space V=R", over
21. Show that the vectors (1,2,1), (2,1,0), (1, -1.2)
the feld of real numbers.
R° forn
3 = (0, 1,0), = (0,0, 1) and ð =(1, 1, 1) in
22. Prove that the four vectors a=(1,0,0),three of them are linearly independent.
linearly dependent subset of R but any
subspace of R over R?
23. Let S= {(z, y. ¿) E R* Ty = z}. Is S a
linear combinations of the rows
IWe all know that the row space denoted by R(A) contains all form a row space?
24. many of those rows are needed to
from a matrix. The question is: How
is linearly dependent or not:
25. Decide whether each subset of R® {(0,0, -1); (1,0,4)} (iüi){(2, 4); (6, 0):(3, 5)}
(i) {(1, -3,5):(2, 2, 4): (4, of-4, 14)} (ii)
generated by these vectors.
Also find the dimension the space/subspace
v,ut v + w} is also LI.
set {u,v.w} CR' is LI, then show that the set fu, u
26. If the linearly
LI in S, then T is also
subspace of V and also let a subset T of S is
27. Let S is a prove it.
independent in V. Is this true? then
given vector space.
any two bases have the same number of vectors of a
28. Prove that a basis of a vector
with examples. What do you understand by relation
29. Define LD and LI of
vectors
2,4), (2, -1, 3), (0, 1, 2) and
(-3, 7, 1) are LD. Find the
(1,
space? Show that the vectors
between them. the
+3u, 4u3 = 0. Let V be
set of vectorS u = (u1, U9, U3) in R® such that uj UOV?
30. Let Ube the = 0. WWhat is
V2, U3) such that 2v1 +3U3
set of all vectors v= (U1, vectors of the form
that range independently over R. Consider the
variables subspace of R?
31. Let s and t be the set of all vectors of that
form a
3s - t. 5s + t,2t). Is
(s + 4t, why the spans of u, v}
and
z= u- v. Explain
suppose that w= u v and Hint: Show aw + bz = cu + dy.
32. In avector space.
w, z are the same. over R.
vector space
of degree 2 or less is a
B(R) of all real polynomials
33. Show that the set
Finda basis for it.
dimension of S as a subspace
z) e R |2z +y- z = 0}, then find a basis and the
34.. If S = {(z, y,
of R. space over the field R. What the
formns a vector
of all complex numbers
35. Show that the set C
dimension of C over R?
elementary row operations:
Find the rank of the following matrices by using
36. 1 2 3 0 1 2 1

|1 3 4 31 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 4
4 5 (iv)
() 2 6 8, (ii) 3|1 93 124 (i) 3 2 1 3 2 3 4

8 7 5 -2 6 -7
7 22 6
|1 2 3
is 2, where 2 5 3
which the rank of the natrix A
37. Find al values of z for |1 1 6 1+

4, where
the rank of the nnatrix A is less than
38. Find all values of z for whicBh
39, Use elementary row operations on Ato obtain A-1 where Ais
2 0 01 1 2 0 4|
12 2 1 -1| 0 1 2 7

(1) 4 3 o (1) 0 1 (iii) o 2 1 (ti)

0 0 1 3|
6 4 1 0 0 1| |5 2 -3
1 0 2

40. Solve (by row operations):

T+ 3y +2=0. 2.-y+z= 0.
(1) 2+7y + 2z = 1,
(i1) + 2y +z= 1, 3x +y + 2z = 3,
2r + 3y +z= 8, 2.T - 5y +z=12, 2x +2y- z = 15.
(iii)
41. Determine the conditions for which the system:

T1 + 2.T2 - T3 = b;
5a1 + 7T2 + aT3 =b
(iii) infinitely many solutions.
admits of (i) unique solution, (ii) no solution and
42. Given a system of equatioms:
IË + 4r2 + 23 = 1;
2z1 + 7T, + 523 = 2k;
4T1 + m.T2 + 10z3 = 2k + 1. system of equations has (i) unique solution
(ii) no
Find the values of k and m, for which the
solution (iúi) infinitely many solutions.
43. Given a system of equations:
L+ 2y +3z = kz:
2z +y +3z = ky:
2 +3y +z= kz.
equations has (i) unique solution (ii) no solution
Findthe values of k, for which the system of
(iii) infinitely many solutions.
44. Given a system of equations:
I+y+z= b;
2x + y+ 32 = b + 1;
5z + 2y + az = b'. (ii) no
Find the values of a and for which the system of equations has (i) unique solution
solution (iii) infinitely many solutions.
f(z) = az2+ bz +c passes through the
45. Find the coefficients a, b, andeso that the graph of
points (1,2), (2, 6) and (3, 5).
of a symmetric and skeW-symmetric
46. Prove that a square matrix can be expressed as the sum
1 0 5
matrix. Hence express A = 1 5 1 as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric
31 1
matrix.