need RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES B.Tech. IV-Year I-Sem (Mechanical Engineering)(Professional Elective-IIl) INTU - Hyderabad CONTENTS Introduction to the Subject Syllabus as per R18 Curriculum University Exam Question Model Question Paper with Sol UNIT-WISE SHORT & ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Unit No. Unit Name eeaaiaea’ Nos: Topic No. Topic Name ee eae GLOBAL AND NATIONAL ENERGY SCENARIO ai SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS at ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS an Overview Of Conventional And Renewable Energy Sources,, Need And Development Of Renewable Energy Sources, Types Of Renewable Energy Systems, Future Of Energy Use 11 Global And Indian Energy Scenario, Renewable And Non-Renewable Energy Sources, Energy For Sustainable Development, Potential Of Renewable Energy Sources, Renewable Electricity And Key Elements 20 - Global Climate Change, Co, Reduction Potential Of Renewable Energy ~ Concept Of Hybrid Systems Memory Map Frequently Asked and Important Questions Scanned with CamScannerGlobal snd National Energy Scenario : Over view of Conventional & renewable energy sources, & development of renewable energy sources, Types of renewable energy systems, Future of use, Global and Indian energy scenario, Renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Energy sustainable development, Potential of renewable energy sources, renewable electricity and key elements, Giobal climate change, CO, reduction potential of renewable energy concept of hybrid systems ini Solar Energy : Solar energy system, Solar radiation, thermal conversion devices and storage, Applications Solar thermal, Applications of solar energy systems. Unita ; Wind Energy : Wind energy conversiori, Potential, Wind energy potential measurement, Site selection, ‘Types of wind turbines, Wind farms, Wind generation and control, Nature of the wind, Power in the wing, Factors influencing wind, Wind data and energy estimation, Wind speed monitoring, Classification of wind, Characteristics, Applications of wind turbines, Offshore wind energy ~ Hybrid systems, Wind resource ceatment, Betz limit, Site selection, Wind energy conversion devices, Wind mill component design, Economics and demand side management, E ‘nergy wheeling and energy banking concepts, Safety and environmental aspects, Wind energy potential and installation in India, Blogas : Properties of biogas (calorific value and composition), Biogas plant technology and status, Bio cneigy system, Design and constructional features. Biomass resources and their classification, Biomass Shiversion processes, Thermo chemical conversion, Direct combustion, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis ion, ‘and liquefaction, ligestion, Types of biogas plants, Applications, Availabilty, Measurement and estimation, Solar solar photovoltaic conversion solar photovoltaic, Biochemical conversion, Anaerobic ‘Alcohol production from biomass, Bio diesel production, Urban waste to energy conversion, Biomass energy programme in India.” Ocean Energy: Ocean ‘Ocean thermal Power plants, idal and wave ener its scope and development, ‘Scheme of development of tidal energy. bs 7 1. Small Hydro Power Plant: Importance of small hydro power Plants and their elements, Types of turbines for small hydro, Estimation of primary and secondary power. 2. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Power Plants, Various types, Hot springs and steam ejection. Scanned with CamScannerith MID -1&11 — [ ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH KEY UNIT- 1 Q1. Differentiate between : (a) Primary and Secondary Sources (b) Renewable and Non-Renewable Source (©) Conventional and Non-Conventional (Refer! Unto List various non-conventional energy resources. Give their availability relative merits and their classification. (Refer Unita, g 14 Differentiate renewable and non renewable energy sources and state their relative Qs, merits and demerits. (Refer Unit, aig 4. Whats the role of solar energy utilization in future power crisis? Explain. (Refer Unit, aig QS. Briefly explain the global and indian energy scenario, (Refer Unit, zy QS. Discuss on potential of renewable energy sources in India. (Refer Unit, azy G7. AHyderabad based MNC wants to setup a Power Plant in a rural area around 100 km north to Hyderabad, What kind of power plant would be good? Using SWAT or similar analysis, recommend them what kind of power plant they should prefer. (Reter Unt, 0a 8. How do you plan for adopting renewable energy generation system in your college? What are the factors that influence the selection of renewable source? (Refer Unit-1, a7 9. “Renewable energy options will mitigate global warming’. Justify the.staiement in brief. (Refer Unit-1, 023) Q10. Classify renewable energy sources? Explain in brief the need of these energy sources (Refer Unit-1, 031) with special reference to India. Q11. Describe the concept of Hydrid systems. (Refer Unit-1, 036) UNIT -2.. Q1. What is the role of solar energy utilization in future power crisis? Explain. (Refor Unit-2, 04) Q2. How is solar radiation reaching the earth? (Refer Unit-2, 04) 3. What is Solar constant and Explain terrestrial and extra terrestrial solar radiation? (Refer Unit-2, 4) Q4. Explain briefly about various parameters of solar energy reaching thé earth surface. (Roferunit2.08 Q5. _ List out the steps involved in the calculation of local solar time and day length and give needed formulae, (Refer Unit-2, 254 Q6. Explain the need for determining the solar radiation on tilted surfaces, Q7. _ Explain the working of Pyrheliometer with the help of neat sketch, Q8. With the help of a neat diagram, explain about Pyranometer, 9, Explain the working of sunshine recorder wth the help ofa neat skotch. iz teen ihe? SPECTRUM ‘ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING ‘STUDENTS | . ~t Scanned with CamScannerGro. Catala the angle made by the beam radiation with normal oa Nat plate colecto, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES[JNTU-HYDERABAD] pointing due south located New Delhi (28°38'N, 77°17°E) at 9:00 hr, solar time on December 1. -The cobector is tited at an angle of 36° with the horizontal ott. Explsin wih constructional features of solar flat plate colector for efficent conversion. x2. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of a concentrating colactor. ‘a13. Compare focusing collectors with flat plate collectors ‘14, Classty diferent solar energy storage systems and explain them in bref. ‘1s. Explain diferent methods of latent heat storage techniques with line diagrams. {q16. Describe the working of a concentration gradient solar pond. (o17. Explain the mechanism of photoconduction in a PV cell. ‘oi. With a neat sketch explain working of solar water heating systems, ‘012. Explain the working of solar cooling system with the help of a diagram. ‘a20. Explain the working of solar distilation process with a neat sketch. ‘021. Explain about solar drying | UNIT -3 ‘at. Explain the advantages and limitations of wind energy conversion systems. 02. Howare WEC systems are classified? Discuss in detail. 03. What are the various components of a horizontal axis wind turbine explain? ‘04, AHAWT having the rotor diameter as 80 m is rotating at 40 rpm. The wind speed is (Refer Unit-2, 65) (Refer Unit-2, 269) (Refer Unit-2, Q73) (Refer Unit-2, 76) (Refer Unit-2, Q82) (Refer Unit-2, 85) (Refer Unit-2, Q89) (Refer Unit-2, 093) (Refer Unit-2, 99) (Refer Unit-2, Q102) (Refer Unit-2, Q105) (Refer Unit-2, Q106) (Refer Unit-3, Q23) (Refer Unit-3, Q27) (Refer Unit-3, Q30) 20 mls at 1 atm and 27° C. Calculate the torque produced at the shaft for maximum output the of the turbine. List out different Schemes for wind electric generation and explain about anyone. Explain the procedure of wind generation and control for electrical energy. Derive the expression for power developed due to wind energy. cannot extract more than 59.3% wind Sess ‘What is Betz limit and show that a wind tur energy? Discuss the prospects and status of wind energy in india. 8 | O10. Write short notes on applications of wind energy. | O11. Expiain the principle of aerodynamic lift and also explain the various forces acting on 2erofoll shape blade of wind turbine. Discuss the wind mill component design and their demand side management. UNIT -4 212, C1. Write short notes on biogas. Discuss the parameters that affect the performance of biogas digester. Di iscuss what are the biomass resources available for production of biomass energy. ‘What are the advantages of biomass conversion into biogas? Discuss. 03, (Refer Unit-3, Q37) (Refer Unit-3, 042) (Refer Unit-3, Q44) (Refer Unit-3, Q48) (Refer Unit-3, 049) (Refer Unit-3, 051) (Refer Unit-3, Q55) (Refer Unit-3, Q59) (Refer Unit-3, Q65) (Refer Unit-4, Q17) (Refer Unit-4, 021) (Refer Unit-4, 27) (Refer Unit-4, 030) WARNING: Xerox!Photocopying ofthis book isa CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guilty i LIABLE to facerLEGAL proceedings. Scanned with CamScannerMID-1&Il 1ods in detail 1d explain the meth ‘How do you produce blogas an oe olin en the schematic diagram the working of anaerobic digestion showing input (Refer Unig (Refer y, jal and effluents. - ni ree = difference betweon aerobic digestion and anaerobic digestion? (Refer Un « ee {7 What are the main problems encountered in its operation? Q8. What is a community biogas plant (Refer Unitg, i tate its advantages. Re 9, Describe the working of floating dome type biogas plant and st ges (Refer Unity, Q10. Discuss the parameters that affect the performance of biogas digester. a (Refer Unig, | Q11. Describe the working of floating dome type biogas plant and state its advantages. (Refer Unit, Re Q12. Explain about IC engine operation using bio-gas. (Refer Unity, Q13. What is meant by energy plantation? What are its advantages and limitations? (Refer Unita, og UNIT - 5 Q1. Explain various devices used for wave energy conversion. (Refer Units, oxy Q2. Show that wave power is directly proportional to the square of amplitude and inversely proportion to the period of wave. (Refer Unit-s, aay Q3. Explain the process of energy conversion from oceans. (Refer Units, 224) Q4, Explain the hybrid cycle operation of OTEC plant with a neat diagram. (Refer Unit-5, 31 Q5. Describe the Closed cycle OTEC system with its advantages over Open cycle * OTEC system. (Refer Unit-5, 035 Q8. Explain different components of Tidal power plants in detail. (Refer Unit, 037, Q7. What is the source of tidal energy. What is the minimum tidal Tange required for the Working of a tidal plant? How much is the potential in tides? (Refer Unit-5, a4) 28. Write about wave power development in India. (Refer Unit-5, 45) Q9. Discuss in detail about various methods to harness geothermal energy. (Refer Unit-5, Q52) Q10. Draw the line diagram and explain the working of Binary fluid ‘geothermal power system. (Refer Unit-5, Q56) Q11. Describe with a neat sketch the hot spring structure. (Refer Unit-5, Q57) Scanned with CamScanner{Global and National Energy Scenario: Over view of Conventional &c renewable energy sources, Need ée development of renewable ‘energy sources, Types of renewable energy systems, Future of energy use, Global and Indian energy scenario, Renewable and non- senewable energy sources, Energy for sustainable development, Potential of renewable energy sources, renewable electricity and key elements, Global climate change, CO, reduction potential of renewable energy concept of hybrid systems. 2 RAWAM, GLosat anp NaTioNAL ENERGY | Scenario LEARNING OBJECTIVES (On complétion of this unit, the student shall be able to understand the following concepts, Overview of conventional and renewable energy sources * Types ofrenewable energy systems Globel end indian energy scenario Energy for sustainable development Potential of renewable energy sources Global climate change 9999999 Concept of hybrid systems INTRODUCTION z : The energy sources which ore inexhaustible and continuously produced in nature are called renewable energy sources, Various cenewable energy sources are solar, wind, ocean, tidal, geothermal and biofuel energies. The energy sources which are exhaustible and does not produced contiwousty by nature are called conventional or non-renewable ‘energy sources. Wood and fossil fuels such as coal, petrol, dlesel etc, are non-renewable energy sources. The conventional energy sources re inadequate to accommodate the demand of energy, which promptly Increases due to the rapid industrialisation and population growth also they causes diminish quickly and causes pollution. Therefore, ‘need of non-renewable energy sources oftenly increase. This unit provide introduction to renewable energy sources, Ce ilisrecraum ALLAN-ONE.JOURNAL/FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS nx :OMINIAAW, Scanned with CamScannerGlobal and National Energy Scenario unt \l 'T-B | ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS fA Quemvew oF Convermowal ano Renewasie Enency Sounces, Neco ano DEVELOPMENT OF f Resenase Enenoy Sources, Tyres of Renewaaus Encnoy Svsvems, Fururs or Enenoy US fi. ciasiy the energy Sources and explain them, * . rt ‘The various energy sources are classified as, (a) Renewable energy sources i (&)_Non-renewable energy sources. renewable Energy Sources ° cenewable energy can be derived fr o Re i hi rom different sources such as sun's hes ‘ene 1's heat yeothermal energy), Regen waves (dal wer) and wind (wind pow!) sun's heat (solar energy), earth's heat (ee @ pa pssocated with renewable energy aourees is th, the energy willnot be availabe atl imes and in sues. Gi The sun does not shine always, thence, its not possible to obtain energy during winter and rainy days. {q) The speed of waves required fo operate a wave conversion machine isnot constant (i) The wind does not alays Blow with sufcient velocity, that required to operate the wind mill. Non-renewable Energy Sources : {p_ Nomrenewableenery.i generally derived from fossil fuel (Col, wood and oil) {i Theslow decompesition and chemical ations inside the buried organic mater Jeads to the formation of fossil fuels Gy Toe fossil fuel deposits can be regarded to be availabe in fixed quantity. (i) Thetime taken forthe development of energy whichis obtained by combustion of fossil fuels approximately 600 milion yeas (0) _The present consumption rat of fossil fuel wil lead to depletion cof coal, il and gas in about 70 years. ‘O12, Differentiate between : (a) Primary and Secondary Sources (0) Renewable and Non-Renewable Source (¢) Conventional and Non-Conventional. [puly-21, (R16), G2 | Model Paper, 22(2 Answer ¢ @ . Primary Energy Source ‘Secondary Energy Source primary energy sources are obtained] 1. ]Sevondary energy soutee) Bt delivered from from environment. primary energy sources because they do not occur in nature, 2, | Ex: Fossil fuels, solar energy: 2, | Bx: Electrical energy obtained from burning the coal. “© Renewable Energy Source ‘Non-renewable Energy Source These energy sourees are inexhaustable | 1. | These enesey source are limited and are ex- tnd are produced continuously in nature.) | hausble: 2, | Bx : Wood, Wind energy, Biomass. 2, [Ex : Coal, Petroleum. © ‘Convetional Energy Source ‘Non-conventional Energy Source Tr [Conventional energy sources are also 1. | Non conventional energy sources are also own as non-renewable energy sources |) KNOWN 3) renewable energy sources, which which include cola petroleum, natural include solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy ete gas etc. 2. | Depletion rate is high. 2. | There is no depletion of these resources. I SPECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS “eI % x Scanned with CamScanner :6 G13. Justify the necessity of developin: ‘Answer: a 3 , nereased population growth and impr energy is growing owing to rapid urbanization incre on gr Proved stay ___ The demand of enerty is Sr for diferent houschold activities such as nit conditioning, retigeration, water pt living, Eletricty is predominately he main problem is thatthe ability to produce ene S inment and washing. However, ai a en ew. A ith the development of conventi Kept up with the sowing urban areas. Additionally, the problems associated Wi if thatthe process does not release greenhouse gases, therefore, does not contribute to global warming and harm the environment. Biofuels ‘The term biofuels isa contraction of the term bioorganic fuel and refers tothe fuels made from living organisms or their metabolic byproducts. Itis considered as a renewable source of energy because their sources can be grown again. Some of the examples of biofuel are biodiesel, bioalcohol, ethanol, biogas, oilgee made from com, sugarcane, soybeans, algac, vegetable oils and manure, Biomass Energy Biomass means organic matter (wood, animal waste, crops etc), Itis obtained through photosynthesis process in the presence of solarradiation. The chemical reaction is represented by, H,0+CO, “#""~ CHO +0, In the above chemical reaction, water and carbon, dioxide is converted to organic material Le., CHO. This organic ‘material is the basic molecule to form stable carbohydrate at low temperatures. Also, it breaks at high temperature, thereby releasing huge amount of heat energy equal to 112,000 calmole. CH,0 40, — CO, +H,0 + 112 Keal/mole Large amount of carbohydrates can be produced by growing an algae under required conditions in plastic ponds. The algae is now harvested dried and burned to produced heat and to convert it into electricity by adopting conventional methods, In some areas, the sugar eane is harvested, crushed in ill to extract the juice. Sugar is prepared out of the juice, hile the left over pulp (called as bagasse) is burnt in a power station to make steam to drive turbines. ‘The forests are being chopped for use as wood. This wood is used in some power plants to generate energy. SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSiouxcUlhal Scanned with CamScannerMiogas is an inexpensive source of 40 ‘made from anaerobic digestion wf the «m : ‘cultural waste (straw, plant, leaves, alpne, bagasse, paddy, sk, water weeds, water hyacinth, deailed estar cube, 100 \wavle, ete.) animal was:c, manure from animal processing example, pig, cattle, chicken, human ar fatm waste] India has started using bio-gas, wherein the d and buffaloes is used to generate fuel for cooking by the process of anaerobic digestion. Plants and an ‘may be used to produce fuels like methanol, natural gas The major constituents of bi Methane Cl, 50% ~ 70% oF more by volume Carbondioxide CO, ~30% ~ 40% Hydrogen 11, 10% Nitrogen N,~ 1% - 2% ‘Water vapour H,0 ~ 0.3% Nydrogen sulphi H,S - Traces, ‘The calorific value of 1 m? biogas is about 6000 wi er hour equivatent to half litre of diesel oil, Biogas is environmentally friendly alternative fuel and the best substitute for kerosene, natural gas, butane, coal and other materials that come from fossils, Biodiesel Biodiesel is the diesel fuel prepared from vegetable oil, aim fats and grease. Chemically, itis ty acd ally ester, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and long chain monoalkyl esters. Generally, petroleum is added to biodiesels to produce 1 biodiesel blend that can be used to run different vehicles, ‘The advantages of using biodiesel to power vehicles is that this type of fuel is safe to handle, biodegradable, non oxic, does not harm the environment as it produces less pollutants and greenhouse gases. ll these unique qualities make biodiesel an efficient alternative fucl, Additionally biodievel {ood for a country's economy because the resources to make the biodiesel can be grown within the country itself, thus decreasing the dependence on other countries for fuel supplies ‘The disadvantage of biodiesel fuel is that it is currently more expensive than traditional fuels and has lower fuel economy and power. However, as people begin to realize the benefitg of biodiesel fuel and with the growth in demand, the prie of biodiesel is likely to drop. Bioalcohols These are the alcohols produced from biological Tesources and can be used as fuel. They are of four types - methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol Methanol, commonly known as wood aleohol, can be used as a fuel but has the drawback of producing toxic emissions, namely formaldehyde. WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book i @ CRIMINAL act A ay fuel combustion engin ag Sy ireatay and economically ienlly ale ative Bs fuels ch a diesel ced by the conversion o ahanal is produced by t ig Peat a auger aie tet biel ran eriiar il geoaralya x cither asan alternative el ion with other fuels. When ethanol jg ye or in combina c mination with gasoline, the consumption of Petroleum ge ere is considerable re | in greatly rede well there is considerable aya tl si pollution Butunol can be used as a substitute as it ig c uel efficiency of gasoline, produc ‘equivalent to the fuel efficiency o eas per aa The production of butanol involves tt yt in he form of yeast or bacteria fermenting yt ofa stocks. Oilgae Oilgaeis the algae fuel ~a biofuel detived fom ale Some species of algae ae the fists growing phtosynthsig unicellular organisms with very high oil content. Ther lieyee sets completed in very few days. Some species of alga rg Produce about 15,000 gallons of oil per acre per 14. Listvarious non-conventional energy resource Give their availability relative merits and thei, classification, {Aprl-t4, (R09), Qt(a) | Model Paper, az OR Give the availability and relative merits of different non-conventional energy sources, Answer : ‘The availablity and merits of different non-conventional nergy sources are explained as follows, 1. Solar Energy lity (© The solar power on earth's surface is 10° wats ) Avai Solar energy is cheap, clean and abundantly available renewable energy. lt gives 1000 times more ‘Power, than required. Im India, 48% of power is generated from solar rays, Merits (ii) ivy fone found guilty is UABLE 1p {ico LEGAL proceedings. Scanned with CamScannerNIT-1_ Global and National Energy Scenarios AAW. ‘Wind Energy ible in some parts of Central India and ‘Westem Rajasthan, Gi) The wind pumps employed for generating wind energy around the world is about 0.7 million. Its potential ranges from 20000 MW to 25000 MW. Merits (Tis permanent and inexhaustible source of fuel (i) Cost of wind power systems can be reduced by mass production, (iii) It does not produce toxic wastes or greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. (iv) tis pollution free energy. Biomass Energy Availability (tis derived from wood, animal and agricultural residues, etc. (i) The cow dung produced by cattle in a day is about 1BSke Biogas plants are mostly found in china. ‘The power available is upto 1 MW. It is mostly used in villages. (vi) Presently, 1 percent of biomass available in the world is used for energy conversion, Merits (i) The wastes may be utilized to produce energy. (ii) The fuel used is less expensive. (Gi) This energy saves firewood, leading to conservation of forest. Geothermal Energy ‘Availability @ this available in the form of hot water or steam. Gi) Mis obtained deep inside the earth ata depth of 80 ims, Merits () Wtisinexhaustible, cheaper and available all around the year. Gi) No fuel is needed to generate electricity, Gil) Geothermal power plant have the highest annual load factor of about 90%, (i) ‘The power stations do not occupy much space, ‘hence, no impact on environment. , ‘Ocean Tidal Energy Availability, (i) tis available in India, China, Europe, Argentina, set. (ii) The power availahle in Canada, Scotland is 20 MW and in Russia, Cuba is 400 KW. Merits (i) _ Itis inexhaustible, completely independent of rain and its uncertainty. (ii) Tt is pollution free, as no greenhouse gases are produced. (iii) It does not need fuel. (iv) The long stretch of coastlines can be protected from high storm tides. (¥) Since tidal power plants are located on bays, they do not damage much land. Ocean Wave Energy Availability () Ibis available in Portugal, Scotland, England, Japan, etc. (@__Trewave power generation is approximately 50000 MW. Merits (Low operation and maintenance cost. : (ii) No fuel is needed, as the energy of waves occur naturally. (ii) Wave power devices do not acquire much land. iv) They are pollution free devices. Q15. What are the merits and demerits of renewable energy sources? Answer : Merits of Renewable Energy Sources 1 (7 /SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS)ui MAAN Renewable energy isan inexhaustible resource av in considerable quantities to all developing nations. It enables economic improvement and develops a scope for local employment. Application of renewable energy in rural areas is more ‘economic and efficient, as cost of transmitting electrical ‘power or transporting conventional fuels is reduced to a ‘reat extent, ‘There is a provision for development of conversion technology. 1 has wide range of applications. Scanned with CamScannereae ™ RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES LUNTU-HYDER as oy wits of Renewable Energy Sources experience may lead to difficulties in project. prep cumentation and evaluation of p Inappropriate documentation i ; : ble enengy systems may become unsuccessful if financed by improper sources or weak institutions, 2 Renewable energy systems ma } Lack of energy planning may lead to undesired energy consumption, Technical or economic problems caused in energy systems iiereases the cost of conversion, +The information available to coordinate energy system activities from past projects is very less, (16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable energy sources, Answer t Advantage i 1 They possess high energy content 2 Cast of production is lower 3 Energy tapping is comparatively easier due to extensive research and technological advancements Disadvantage : |" These are not eco-friendly, because these are the main eause of air and water pollution. 2___These resourees are limited and are depleting rapidly. 17. Differentiate conventional and non conventional energy sources. Answer: Conventional Energy Sources Non-conventional Energy Sources '- | Conventional energy sources are also known as 1 ‘non-renewable energy sources which includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, ete. 2. | Depletion rate is high. Non-conventional energy sources are also Known ay renewable energy sources, that includes solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. 2.1 There is no depletion of these resources. These energy sources cause pollution, 3.| These do not cause pollution, *- | These sources ae costly and involves more expenditure. | 4.| These sources are comparatively cheaper. 5. | These are difficult to handle. 5.] These are casy to handle, 18. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable energy sou rces and state their relative merits and demerits, Answer 80p-20, (R16), a) Difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources For answer refer Unit, Q12, Topic (b) : Renewable and Non-renewable Sources Merits and Demerits of Renewable Energy Sources For answer refer Unit-l, Q15, Merits and Demerits of Non-Renewable Energy Sources For answer refer Unit-l, Q16. 18. What isthe role of solar energy ullzation In future power crisis? Explain, “OR What Is the need for solecting solar energy as one of the option? - Answer : Solar energy ig an important form of ‘Ron-conventional soy led to the development of photovoltaic cells, i which are efficient The high rate of consumption of fossil fuels like. coal, n « (May-17, (EEE), (R13), 0114) urces of energy, The scope for t ical advancement bss and economic seolgeioals tural gas, ile. ne : oF enerzy: Thus, itis observed that, by the end of21*century the fee get chaste The Spier peraearie fucs the non-conventional sources of energy such a slr energy mu tse erefore, in order to conserve as an altemative source. Scanned with CamScannerUNIT-1_ Global and National Energy Sconario bt The earth receives abundant solar radiation pa or various applications ‘As population increases, the demand for energy increases. In the present time, it is noted that, tetween the supply of power and demand, Hence non-conventional sources af energy must be given much significan ep fil the Future power demand, ‘The photovoltaic cells or solar cells convert solar power directly into electrical power This power can he stored and uth foe multiple purposes. The research and development on solar thermal power plants of high capacity is in progress and is expected to becor'e ithe neat future, Therefore, considerable power ean he aed tthe gid larly during suramer perio hence, itean be tapped stored and utilized big difference oce which pet E GuosaL AND INDIAN ENeRcy Scenario, RenewanLe ano Now-nEnewanie ENEROY Sources; Enercy ror SusTamas.e DeveLopmenT, PoTenTiaL or Renewantt Enency Sources, Rewewast 7 Exectmicrry ano Key ELEMENTS Q20. Describe briefly the world energy scenario. Answer & ‘World Energy Scenario 1. Conventional Sources of Energy ‘The energy source Which are exhaustible and cannot get replenished after their consumption are called as convents energy sources. @ Fossil Fuels The main important source of energy are fossil fuels, that are obtained by the decomposition of organic matter (uc the earth, by bacterial action. Some ofthe examples of fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas. But, these fossil fue lasts upto a limited period, i.e. for few decades, . (i) Hydro Resources These resources does not cause any pollution to the environment, bu the capital investment is more. The gener: capacity ofthese resources is about 627000 MW, which can generate 23% of total electric power produced all over world. (il) Nuclear Resources Uranium reserves are the example of nuclear resources and are very scarce. About 440 nuclear power plants = present all over the world, which are able to generate about 1/6 of total electricity produced in the world nal 2 Non-conventional Sources of Energy The energy sources which are inexhaustible and can replenish once used are called as non-conventional energy sour. (Solar Energy “The major source of power, which is widely used, is solar energy. It is commonly used in thermal and photovos ¢ conversion systems. About 178 billion MW of solar energy is received by the earth continuously. This is 10000 tioi.s ‘greater than the world’s requirement. (ii) Wind Energy sis estimated thatthe power produced from wind turbines is about 1.610 MW. The power generating capacity « ‘wind turbines that are installed all over the world is 47317 MW. (ily Biomass Energy ; ‘These resources include wood and forest wastes, algae from oceans and lakes, municipal and industrial waste: Using biological methods, these biomass materials arc transformed to obtain biofuels like methane, producer ‘ethanol, ete, The energy produced by biomass is estimated as 210°!) per year (iv) Geothermal Energy “The present power generating capacity of geothermal resour MW capacity is directly used as heat. (Ocean Tidal Energy Ocean tidal energy resources are capable of producing about $50 billion kW of energy per year. (Wi) Ocean Wave Energy Its capacity is estimated us 20” 10° MW. (il) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ‘The capacity of this resource is more than tidal or wave energy resources, ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS). \) \s about 7704 MW all over the world, while 160-49) ad Scanned with CamScanneree 1 = RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU. HYOERAG, G21, Briefly write a notes on Indi Answer # Indian Energy Scenario eek aces energy of about 2.4% ofthe total anna) xy is highly produced as well as consumed, India pr oft : In Ley buat pe pdr eleventh place in highest energy producers of the world. While in consumy ton gt Ranmes cong of abot 3 of he al anual energy consumption inthe world and is ranked with sixth posts dy avis TS According to the report of 2007 data, India’s annual Peeping orl shighestenegy consumers. According 0 : er 702 Wh and that ofthe world’s average is 2600 kWh, is given inthe following table. Energy utilization of various sectors in India Sectors Energy Consumption (in %) Industries: 49 5 “Transportation fan Agricultural 5 - Residential (domestic) 10 Others 4 Energy production in India as per the data of June 30, 2008 is 144912 MW from different energy sources. The details eas follows, ‘ Energy Source Energy Produced (in MW) Thermal sources @ Coal 76648 Gi) Gas 1476 Gi) Dieset : 1199 Nuclear source 4120 Hydro source 36033 Other renewable sources (except hydro source) 2 12194 | (Q22. Briefly explain the global and Indian energy scenario, Answer, Sep.20, (R18) ax9) Global Energy Scenario For answer refer Unit, Q20, India Energy Scenario For answer refer Unit-l, Q21, ‘23. Discuss on potential of renewable energy sources in India, ‘uty-19, (R15), €3(6)| Model Paper al) OR ete the energy potential associated with any three ‘types of renewabi energy resources with : May-19, (R15), a2) OR ‘Api, ME}, 13), la) Beez, (6, a Inia ranks third place in production of ele ty 's produced from renewable energy souresie, 136 010, ef poner ne ableenetzy sources. About 38% of total power in India a follows. : “ Potemtal of vacious renewable eneray sotrecs raat WARNING: Xerosabitaabjing ‘ ib ae rama get IMA Ajo id pit ABLE fae LEGAL proconiogs NUD a Scanned with CamScanner_ UNIT-1_ Global and National Energy Sconario Jn India, there is a high potential for generation of renes ible enerpry from various sources-windl, sol inoue tl nent freeway ye ea ne ty estimate at 077456 MW ao! 2020. OF this total potential, solar perwer potential is alynit 748990 MW (6K 25%), wind power potential is about 302251 MW Wp savy at 100 m ub Beg, povwer (SHIP) potential ie about 211 4 MW (1.93%), Blomass power potential is about {7.sx6 MW (1,607), and about S10 MW (046%) from bagasse hase coeneration in spar mill and 2554 MW (023%) fom waste pene: The potential of renewable enery sources in Iaian x shown in below figure Figure (1): Estimated | ‘The geographic distribution of the potential of renewable energy power : [As on 31" March, 2020; Rajasthan has the highest share of about 15% (162223 MW). Gujarat with 11% share (122086 jew) i the second place. With a 10% share, both Maharashtra (113925 MW) and Jarimu & Kashmir (112800 MW) will take | ferent place, mainly on account of solar power. The share of wind power isthe highest in Gujarat. The geographic distribution ‘ofthe potential of renewable energy power is shown in the below figure. ; , ‘Andhra Pradesh mm ntial of Renewable power as on 31-03-2020 Himachal Pradesh Odisha 9% Maharastra Madhya 10% Pradesh 7% Figure 21: Goographic distribution of the potential of renewable energy power as on 31.03-2020 | @24, Why the renewable energy technologies are more attractive than the: ‘conventional energy technologies. Anewer ‘The renewable energy technologies are more atractve than the conventional energy technologies due to following reasons, 1. Therenewable energy technologies are adequate to aecommodate the huge demand, and deliver the quality energy that is required fo a particular operation. Hence, the use of premium fuels or electricity to obtain low grade forms of energy such as hot water is significantly reduced, é 2. The transmission costs are reduced to 4 great extent, since these plants can be built on, or near to the is used, 3. The renewable energy plans can be builtin less ime unlike large power stations, which have long lead times, 4. Duco the diversity of renewable energy sources are availabe, the flexibility and the security ‘of supply is high. where the energy 5. The environmental and physical risks associated with the construction and operation of renewable energy technologies ig ___ less than that of conventional plants. « SY SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS))))//SUl/\/NN)) Scanned with CamScannerRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTU-HYDEp aa writ ‘on energy consumption 5. 95 Measure of prospority? Answer t : rng soe of th mpotntarmctr in any setion 0 coe coo Te pt oe cry contin | Seana | ne tandard of living of people in a particula sepsis neta inved stand | oa reine energy ot enegy crisis 1 raph | 2. ‘rarywn betwen annual per capita income of various counties against per head energy: consumption, then we observe that per | 3, eset compo cm oman ene of percapita income or in other words, prosperity ofthe nation depends on per capacity energy consumption. The pereapita | ‘energy consumption of a developing country like India is 150 KW per year where as per capita energy consumption of a Sevclped curt Tike USA i 8000 Kv oO ‘Though, USA has 7% of worlds population and India has 20% of worlds population, USA consumes 32% of total ‘energy consumed in the world where as India consumes only 1% of total energy. Therefore, Now we can conclude saying | 9, ‘that, human being must consume more and more energy for asterial prosperity . = Duc to lack of energy in developing countries, the rosa products like tea, jute, coffe, fod, ofes ete. Are | aported to other countries without processing them to products ‘fore the full valve of the resources are not benefited to people 54 a ee 025. & Hyderabad based MNC wants to setup a Power Plant in a rural area around 100 km | ©) north to Hyderabad, What kind of power plant | 1. ‘would be good? Using SWAT or similar analysis recommend them what kind of power plant they should prefer. Answer: ly25, (R18), 4 ‘The best power plant that Hyderabed based MNC should | 2 Sctup in a rural area (say minpoor in Medak district) around Seg Roth to Hyderabad is solar powerplant According to an from the project site, WARNING: Xertahistadop ing ot hs Geir ‘2 CRIMINAL act ee: q A ‘The report given by geological and soi ret confirm that the strength of soil supports 6 of foundations control room, High transmis array yards, drainage etc, Weakness As the proposed projects locatedin zone py, risk zone, it gets affected duc to earth quaker The vehicles carrying raw materials inside the » | site leads to fugitive dust emission, Pre The health of the construction worker ges eff the operations during construction phase is not matt a properly. The site clearance and road construction leads ‘vegetation and loss of habitat. of Opportunities Employment opportunites for the local people ey, Gilly unskilled construction workers and security pay ete. Proper training is given tothe labour regarding hey and safety issues. Internal audits are being conducted to monitor and mp prove the performance of contractor. Shock resistant gloves, shoes are given to works han. dling welding and electricity jobs, Accommodation facilities or adequate housing space provided to labourers Threats The activities of the project during the construction of transmission tower involves cutting of tress at route alignment, excavation for tower installation, erectionof towers and civil works associated to transmission line. Thereby threatening the rare and endangered flora and fauna, Electrocution and firing due to short circuit is very an- Berous. enn 3: Physical injuries like muscle strain, ligament tear, occa ee {to workers involving loading and trengths 27. How do you plan for adopting renewable 1 evortig| ple radiation map of India, the project generation system in your college? What are the MOUS solar radiation. factors that influence the selection of renewable 2. The topography ofthe land is suitable forthe erection souca?, ‘of solar panels through different pole heights, Answer : rssyatt cae May-17, EEE) 8. Ten ropased solar powerplant can be easily connected Growing demand f Si ee near by substation located at a distance of 10-12 | exhay "mand for energy requirement has lead to' tof fossil fuels. Use ofthese fuels results in atmosphere folttion. Hence, alternative methods for producing energ is! 4 The project site is easily accessible and has Proper | be adopted Mansport facility for heavy vehicles to enter inside the Se « Plan. Also the nearest railway station (ingumpall)e ‘me ofthe methods are, about 47 km and the nearest airport (Hyderabad Airport) | | Solar energy source is about 75 km from the project site. 2 Bydro energy source "yon found uty i ABLE to fee LEGAL proceedings ND Scanned with CamScanner4 energy source 5 ocean wave enemy © Biomass enerey a thermal energy § pe of the best techniques that can be adopted as cote ey sue pte it college is use of solar ect of eanverina lett i Highly expensive cert He maintenance cost of the college is increased. In a e Rampton of energy is not only forthe eletrcal calles, also forthe large lab equipment such as large cegipment, ul ger machine that consumes hugs lets. Sup) of een elect these ean machines isnot possible cree Some times, hee may bepower ct, deo which bere willbe delay {n activities that undergo in a college. Hence, ter nla energy a the source of lett production can “he maintenance cost ofthe college. To wtlize solar sos lr panels can be employed for the generation of Seri fom solar radiation. “The wastes developed in the college surroundings such and other wastes can be used for the production sii erty rough bio-energy. The availability ofbio-wastes recalege less. Hence, only’ small amount of eleetcty is by this method. ‘Wind mills can also be used, but due to fluctuation of sind continuous production of electricity is not posible. Use vivper sources of renewable energy i bit complicated such Sy geothermal energy Source and some ae impossible such as Fat, nuclear, ocean thermal, cean-wave energy SOUCE “The factors that influences the selection of renewable sources ina college are, 1, Availity flange space forthe installation of solar panels. 12. Production of electricity is highly dependent onthe climate, 3. Cost for installation of solar power plant in high. Availability of biomass. Ws. What is ren generation of electricity from any one sources of renewable energy? Answer: The lectricity generated from various non-conventional (Penewable) energy sources is known as renewable electricity It ismainly developed to meet the increasing demand of electricity. This development also helps in avoiding power crisis for future smeration. letricty from Solar Energy bs Solar energy is directly converted to electrical energy bY ‘eves now as photo voltae solar ell When photons FO pe his the surface of solar cell some of the electrons gets 10 form electron hole pais. As electrons are negatively hreand oes arepoively charted hc an ttouehan extemal cet Also the suitable voags be ined by connecting large mumber of cells series and parle sia PIMs PeCTAUM ALLIN-ONE JOURWAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS =~ ane 15 ‘Solar Cell ‘Application of Photovo! Lighting of residential and comme! Energisation of pump sets for irrigation. 1 cial buildings 2 3. Drinking water supply. 4 5. TV sets. Medical refrigerators.” G29. “Renewable energy options wil warming”. Justify the stateme Answer: 5ep.20, R10), 09) Emission of Green House gases con! ibute to ictal Werming. In order to mitigate Global Warming, it is requires to develop advanced technologies for power Beners Th using renewable energy source more vigorously. Generating power from reneveable energy sources like solar, wind, energies emits relatively very less green ho! compared to power generation from fossil fuels. ‘Major cause of Global Warming is the green house gases. Among green house gases CO2 ‘and methane are fe 90% slabal warming. The main source of ese aoe she fosell bel burning for generation ofelecTicl> ancportation, ete which accounted fr 80% of work's enety “Therefore usage of renewable sources for electricity Benerat® and transportation ean reduce the emission of green house gases ta lrger extent. Solar and Wind Energy are becom ernomical and affordable with technological advancements ghd replacing fossil fuels for electricity generation accounting to about 75% of all the new installations in 2019. For transportation, energy sources Such as electricity, bioethanol, biodiesel are replacing fossil fuels, thereby reducing the Green House gas emissions. Wind and solar power are expected to generate around ‘so%of the worlds energy needs by 2050, where as 20% in 2020, soainly replacing coal thereby reducing emissions. Geo-thermal, bio mass are also contributing toa smaller extent to replace the conventional sources. |, Thus, Renewable energy Sources replacing conventional/ ‘Traditional Sources for energy generation reduces the emission ‘of Green House Gases resulting in reduction of the Global Warming Q30. Write about impact of renewabl generation on environment? jimitigate global nt in brief. Answer t ‘The plants that generate electricity using renewable energy sources also polluted the environment. Some of the environmental issues due to solar, wind, Biomass, Geothermal} and Ocean thermal energy conversion are, Solar Energy 3 1. Careless disposal of solar photovoltaic and solar module leads to health issues. 2, Battery banks with inverters for power storage contains several pollutants. 3, Solar reflectors are hazardous to eyesight. Scanned with CamScannerNoise pollution is caused by centrifugal separator, blow downs and exhausts Gases that contain hydrogen sulphide are oxidized to sulphur dioxide and hydrochloric acid and falls down asan acid rain, 4, Existing geothermal plants produces 122 kgs of CO, per MWh of electric Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 1. Mortality among coral and fishes due to mining of warm and cold water near the surface. 2. Leakage of ammonia in closed cycle OTEC damages the ocean ecosystem, Q31. Classify renewable energy sources? Explain in brief the need of these energy sources with special reference to India. , une-18, (R13), @3(a) | Model Paper, 03) OR What are the prospects of non-conventional energy sources in India? Explain. Answer : Apri (09), ti) Classification of Renewable Energy Sources For answer refer Unit-l, QI. Renewable Energy Resources in India The demand of energy is growing owing to rapid urbanization, increased population growth and improved standard of living. Electricity is predominantly used for different household activities such as air conditioning, refrigeration’ ‘ater heating, cooking, lighting, grinding, entertainment and washing. However, the main problem is that the ability to Produce energy has not kept up with the growing urban arcas, Additionally, the problems associated with the development oftconventional sources of energy has made the environment conscious population to shift their focus to renewable energy sources. WARNING: XeroxPhatocopying ofthis bookis'a CRIMINAL act, Any ' ———™ RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES [JNTUHYDERag 16 'Q32. What are sustainable d Dy Boers what are the ways of achieving suatay *™ Wit apmcinatorsiso dosti, | MM Fe a Wi Vind turbine develops more noise. ; 7 SS ‘are hazardous to birds during their | AnSwer= a, 3, Wind generators Sustainable Developments nigato = te For answer refer Unit-l, Q8. Biomass Energy a 1. Burning of the organic matter produces ar pollution. 2 Sail rsion i eased du fo large scale biomass Tea mae enone ig redaction and its harvesting: must attach great importance to ecolog =a Usage of biomass canbe health hazard for children and | environmental protection, promote its sustainable develg 36 andimprove the quality of feof the people Some ofthe eat to improve the fragile ecosystem are discussed as unde, Geothermal Energy oe i. ical Large scale afforestation programme can be unde and water gets polluted due to chemical like sulfates, | 1, Large seal Chlries Lend Arsenic ete to reforest the denuded land. A mess voluntary 4 planting drive using locally growing tee species ag je main breeds may be launched to enable people toremale their natural surroundings. 2, Investment in agriculture al development with a vie jy improve the ecological environment. The grass growi and tree plantation must be encouraged on batres ‘mountains, hillsides and beaches. 3. Implementation of special laws and regulations for different areas of ecological and environmental protection, such as land management, mineral resources, administration, forest protection, grassland prot and control, water and soil conservation, wild animals protection and measures for pollution prevention an control, 4. Sufficient measures to be taken for ecological protection of natural glass and that includes the following, & Strict prohibition of overgrazing, limiting the number of grazing animals by the size of the pasture, rotation of grazing periods and grazing areas, The natural ecological balance of the grassland can be maintained by preventing the hazardous effects caused by mice, insects and poisonous weeds. 6. Prevention of decertification and dried-up lakes by arils sowing of seeds, plantation of tree, bushes and grass on a large scale near water bodies. 7. The government of respective nations may provide subside for sliding and grains, allowances for families of farmers and landmen for restoring the farmlands and forests. 8. Effective measures must be undertaken for protection of wild animals, wild plants and rare and ¢ species. 9. Protection of the breeding grounds, habitats and importa "ecosystems for rare and endangered species, for migratory birds, natural landscapes, geological sit ‘and biological sites of scientific importance. oe found guys UABLE to ace LEGAL proceedings.) Scanned with CamScanner