Revision for History: -

CHAPTER 4 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

1. Describe ‘the loyal Mohammedans of India’.

Ans: its aims were to bring better relations between the British and
the Muslim community. Telling the British that Muslims were not
opposed to them. British shouldn’t discriminate against them as
Muslims were wrongly blamed for violence, try to understand and
respect Muslim beliefs and should consult with Indians.

2. What was the Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental School?

Ans: Set up in 1875 on May 24th in Aligarh, on the pattern of English
public school system. The British refused to allow it to be affiliated
with the Muslim university outside of the British territory, so it
couldn’t become the Muslim university that Sir Syed wanted. The
school offered western some Islamic and Indian education, and
became a symbol of Muslim Unity.

3. Describe the ‘Hindu-Urdu controversy’.

Ans: A further case of concern to Sir Syed was the ‘Hindu-Urdu
controversy’. In 1867 the Hindus demanded that ‘Hindi’ should be
made as the next official language in place of Urdu. (Which had
become the official language in 1825). It was not until after his death
that Hindi became the second language, but the Hindu opposition
towards Urdu was another factor guiding Sir Syed to towards his ‘two
nation theory’.
4. What was the Aligarh Movement?
Ans: The efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his colleagues for the
collective social, economic and political uplift of the Indian Muslims is
called the ‘Aligarh Movement’. Sir Syed established the MAO School in
1876 which became a college in 1877. This was the nursery for several
future Muslim leaders of the Pakistan Movement. His Ghazipur
Scientific society translated modern English writings into Persian and
Urdu.

5. What was Sir Syed’s two nation theory?

Ans: Sir Syed’s opposition to various Hindu demands became known
as his two-nation theory. He opposed their demand of replacing Urdu
with Hindi, and holding elections on the basis of joint electorate. He
also opposed the idea of competitive examinations for civil services in
India. He proposed a quota system in civil services, and separate
electorate for Muslims.

6. Why did Sir Syed present his two-nation theory?

Ans: Sir Syed opposed a Number of Hindu demands. In 1867, Hindus
demanded that Hindi should be declared as the official language of
India in place of Urdu that enjoyed the same status since 1825. Urdu,
written in Persian-Arabic script was one of the marks of cultural
identity of Muslims. Hindi, with its Devanagari script, reflected the
future pians of Hindu raj over India. Sir Syed strongly opposed this
demand and predicted that in the future there might be a separation
between Hindus and Muslims. In the 1880’s, the Hindu dominated INC
(Indian national congress) made two more demands that were
apparently democratic but in reality, against the interest of Muslims. It
demanded that elections of the councils in India should be held on the
basis of modern western democracy. Sir Syed countered this demand
by saying that Hindus, being a majority, and politically more vibrant,
might win election on all seats. He suggested the idea of separate
electorates for Muslims. Finally, he opposed another demand of the
congress that asked for competitive examinations for civil services in
India. He knew that the Hindus were far more educated that Muslims
and therefore, there was a little chance for Muslims to get any seat in
civil services. He argued that only when equal educational
opportunities were provided to both the community could such an
idea work.

7. How has the government of Pakistan promoted the development

of Balochi since 1947?
Ans: Radio Pakistan Karachi, and later PTV Karachi broadcasted
programs in Balochi after independence. After the establishment of
PTV Quetta, many more programs began to be telecasted, Baloch
literary Association was set up for the same purpose. Newspapers like
“Awaam” and some weekly and monthly magazines like “Omaan”,
“Sangat” and “Mahatak” were issued in Balochi. Government has
patronized prominent poets and writers in Balochi that include Atta
Shad, Ishaq Shamim, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din.

8. How has the government of Pakistan promoted the development

of Sindh since 1947?
Ans: Government set up Sindhi literary board in 1948, “Bazm-I-Maula”
in 1954, and later Sachal Sarmast Academy. A department of
Sindhology was set up in the Sindh university, Jamshoro to encourage
research on Sindh language and literature. Under the 1972 language
bill, Sindhi and Urdu were declared as the national languages of Sindh.
Radio stations of Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, and PTV Karachi have
been broadcasting programs in Sindhi.

9. Why did Pakistan choose Urdu to be its national Language?

Ans: One of the reasons of choosing Urdu as the national language
was that, it’s a long history affiliation with the Muslim community of
India. It grew tremendously during the sultanate of Delhi, when poets
like Amir Khusrau and Wali Dakani composed the Urdu poetry. Later
during the Mughal period, it was patronized by the Mughal kings and
eventually it became the court language. During this period, poets like
Mir Taqi Ghalib Momin and Bahadur Shah Zafar greatly enriched Urdu
poetry. Urdu has a rich literary background with voluminous writings
both in prose and poetry. Three great poets, Mir, Ghalib and Iqbal
composed world class poetry while during the 1 century Urdu prose
also began to flourish with the first Urdu novels written by Sharar a
Mirza Hadi Ruswa became popular.
At the same time Urdu religious stock also grew while translations of
commentaries on the Quran were written in addition to translate the
Hadith literature and the Islamic law. Sir Syed’s Aligarh movement also
contributed to the development of Urdu. Pakistan has a culturally
diversified landscape with four major regional languages with several
other small languages. In such a country one common language was
thought to be a source of promoting a sense of belonging to one
nation. This way Urdu could serve as a united force between several
cultural communities living in Pakistan. Therefore, Jinnah declared the
national language of Pakistan.
 10. Urdu was chosen as the national language mainly to
promote national unity. Do you agree or disagree?
Ans: Urdu remains the most popular language in Pakistan. Being a
newly created state. Pakistan needed to inculcate a strong sense of
nationalism among its people. Language has always been a strong and
effective tool in promoting patriotism in any part of the world. Jinnah
was, therefore advised to follow the policy of “One nation One
language”. By speaking the same language people of Pakistan were
expected to develop a feeling of belonging to one nation, though
Bengali in East Pakistan was also a major language. It was thought to
bridge the provincial and regional gaps in a country with diversified
linguistic heritage. Thus, people living in various provinces and areas
could be linked to eachother by a ‘Lingua franca’ (popularity spoken
language).
However, there were other important considerations too. Out of all
the regional languages Urdu was the most developed language with a
strong and rich literary background. In its journey of evolution many
urdu novels, short stories, essays, religious and non-religious writings
had become popular much before the creation of Pakistan. Urdu is
among those few languages that have as many as three great poets;
Mir Taqi, Mir Ghalib and Iqbal. Translations of the Quran, hadith,
biography of the holy prophet (SAW) and Islamic jurisprudence further
enriched the urdu litreature. So, it was easier to adopt such a highly
developed language as the national language.
Urdu had a history of long association with the Indian muslims. Its
Persian/Arabic script reflects that it remained more popular among
the muslims of india. During the period of sultanate of delhi, such
major poets as Amir Khusrau, Wali Dakani and Quli Qutub Shah all
composed high quality Urdu verse. Then, during the Mughal rule it
was greatly patronized by the Mughal court and eventually, it began
to replace Persian. During 18th and 19th centuries several urdu poets
became prominent like Mir dard, Sauda, Momin, Zauq, good poets
and writers like Hali and Shibli.
Another important reason was urdus close association with the
Pakistan’s movement. Sir syed had defended Urdu as the cultural
identity of Muslims when Hindus in 1867 demanded that Hindi should
be made as the official language of india. When muslim league was
formed in 1906, its objectives also included protection and promotion
of Urdu. In the 1930’s the Muslim League began to consider that Urdu
as its official language. In 1937, the muslim league to make all efforts
possible to make urdu their official language. Later in the 1940’s urdu
newspapers highlighted the cause of the Pakistan movement and the
activities of its leaders.

11. Explain why Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted to improve

relations between the Muslim community and the british after
the war of independence.
Ans: Sir syed ahmed khan has been called the greatest Muslim
reformer and statesmen of the 19th century. The events of 1857
shocked him. An eminant Muslim writer and thinker. He was anxious,
and wanted the relations with the british to improve. He wanted the
british to appreciate the muslims, and to respect their culture and
belifs. Sir syed ahmed khan wanted to improve their social and
economic conditions by taking up posts in the civil service and the
army. He was unhappy about the position of the Muslims in the
subcontinent. Since the days of Mughal empire has ended their social
and economic status had declined sharply.
British had put the entire responsibility for the war of independence
in 1857 on Muslims. As result, they carried out policies of repression
against the Muslim after 1857. In order to reunite the Muslims with
british Sir syed had to convince the british. Sir syed wrote a pamlet
called “essay on the cases of revold”. He wrote the ‘loyal
Mohammadens of india’ to prove to the british that muslim
communities could be trusted after the war of independence.
The Muslim community needed to embrace the british-styled
education system, which would open the door to these roles. If the
Muslim community did not do these things and foster good relations
with the british, then they may have seen the hindu community
prosper at their expense. Muslims rejected all western ideas because
they were often not in the line with the islamic belif. But they needed
to accept british ideas in order to take advantage of british education.
To improve, sir syed ahmed khan took various steps to improve
relations between british and muslims. He tried to by writing. ‘Tahyin
Kalam’ in which he pointed out similarities between islam and
Christianity.
12. Why did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan find the Aligarh Movement?
Ans: Sir syed Ahmed was born in Dehli in 1817 to a family that had
always served the Mughal emprons. His first employment was with
the east Indian company. In 1869, sir syed ahmed visited the britian
and there, he was impressed by the educational standards of british
instituion.
He felt that Muslims suffered, particularly in relation with the british.
The purpose of his college was to give Muslims the same kind of
education that the students in Europe recived. Subjects including
agriculture, science, mathematics and modern scientific development.
He wanted to improve relations in between the british and muslims by
getting rid of british doubts about muslims loyalty and, same with the
muslims doubt on british. He also wanted to improve the social and
economic position of Muslims by getting them to increase their
political awareness. To make them aware of the threat of hindu policy
due to the cooperation with the british.
This meant that they could read English books and communicate
easily with the british officals. Overall sir syed ahmed wanted muslims
and british to work together as he wanted muslims to recive higher
education. He wanted the muslims to participate in politics, social and
economic with the british people.
1. . Was the development of a western education system the
greatest achievement of sir syed ahmed khan?
Ans: I agree that the development of western education was the
greatest achievement of sir syed khan. He had many great
achivements, for eg The Aligarh movement, he made his own
school/college and university. He wrote the loyal of mohammadens
and more essays and pamlets to fix the relation between the british
and the Muslims. He defended muslims and made them increase their
political awareness aswell.
In 1863, he found a scientific society at Ghazipore, this made scientific
writings available to muslims by translating them from English to
urdu. He established a Muslim college which led to the Muslim –
Anglo Oriental College in 1876 and then the university of Aligarh,
which is important in the Pakistani history, since it educated many of
its future leaders. In 1866 he set up the Mohammaden Educational
conference with the aim of raising educational standards amongst
muslims. He devoted his time to improving the position of muslims
through education.
In other factors, he also suggested that the british should try to
understand the muslims better. He gave an explanation of the word
‘Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove the misunderstandings of the
british about muslims. He was also aware that the british knew little
about islam and was offended by a book he read in britian on the life
of prophet (SAW) and, as result, he wrote his own book correcting the
many errors he had read. He belived that relations with the british
could also be improved by improving the understanding of Christianity
by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing ‘Tabyin-ul-Kalam’,
which pointed out the similarities between Christianity and Islam.
He wrote a number of books following the war of independence
showing the british that the muslims were only partly to blame and
that there were muslims who were supporters of the british
government. He felt that the british should treat Muslims and Hindus
differently since they lived separate and different lives from one
another and so were really like separate nations. He was the one who
expressed his point on the view of ‘two-nation’ theory of his.
Ultimetly, the development of western education can be seen as the
cornerstone of Sir syed Ahmed khans’ vision for a progressive Muslim
society. But his other contributions particularly realms of social reform
and religious thought also played an essential role. Therefore, western
education was undoubtedly a major part of his greatest achivments.
CH 5: Muslims organize
1. According to source (A), what were Jinnah’s aims in his
Dehli proposals of 1927?
Ans: 1927 Jinnah was keen to have Hindu-Muslim unity and was
prepared to reject separate electrorates. As a result, he made a
number of proposals to the Congress at the meeting in dehli in 1927.
He wanted more Muslim-Majority provinces to balance the number of
Hindu-majority ones that represented in the central assembly.
He proposed that Sindh should be separated from the Bombay
Presidency and made into a full province. He wanted the protection of
Muslim minorities as well as other minorities in Punjab and Bengal.
One third of seats in the central legislature were to be set aside for
Muslims and he wanted reserved seats rather than separate
electrorates. The Congress favourably received these proposals but
withdrew their support later in the year.

2. According to source (A), what reasons are suggested for the

Introduction of the defence of india act in 1915?
Ans: The defence indian act came into force in 1915 during the
duration of World War 1 and for six months after it. This act gave the
Governor General special powers to ensure the safety of the people
and the defence of the british empire in india. Public servants were
given powers to uphold the law. Violation of the act was punishable
with fines, prison sentences of up to 7 years and death offence
considered to be terrorism or plotting against the british government.

3. What was the ‘Swadeshi’ Movement?

Ans: The Swadeshi Movement was introduced by the hindus, a
boycott of british goods. For eg: salt, clothes and other manufactured
products. British clothes were thrown into bonfires and they started
to wear locally produced clothing. Indian workers in the offices also
began to strike, to show their opposition. Soon the sale of british
goods dropped dramatically.
 4. What were the terms of the Indian Councils Act of 1909?
Ans: Also known as the Morely-Minto reforms of 1909. The Imperial
Council increased it to 60 members by adding more non-offical
members. The british retained control. The Central Exucitive Council
increased members by 60 and could discuss matters of importance
and advise on the government policies including the budget.
Provincial Councils also increased to 50 members in larger provinces
and 30 members in smaller provinces. Muslim repersentitives to the
councils, to be elected by a separate Muslim-only electrorate.

5. Describe what happened at Lucknow in 1916.

Ans: In 1916, the Lucknow Pact was signed, marking as a historic
political agreement between the INC (Indian National Congress) and
the All-indian Muslim League (AIML). The pact was a significant
movement towards the Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle for self-
governance, as both parties agreed to demand greater representation.
The congress agreed to conceede with Muslim League. Showing the
Muslim political rights, including the demand of separate electrorates
for Muslims, one third of seats in Councils. Both wanted more seats in
councils and protection from minorities. First agreement,
demonstrating a powerful cooperation between the two communities.

6. Who was General Dyer?

Ans: General Dyer was a british commander in the Indian army, best
known for his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919. In early
1919’s, he moved the troops there to restore orders, following riots.
On April 13th he ordered the troops to confront a peaceful gathering of
thousands of people in the public park. Dyer ordered his troops to
open fire on a crowd of an unarmed Indian army protesters in
Amritsar, resulting hundreds of deaths and wounding more. Dyer was
later removed from ‘command’ due to his cruel actions.

7. Describe the terms of the Rowlatt Act.

Ans: The Rowlatt Act, passed by the British colonial government in
1919, was a repersentitive law that gave the authorities sweeping
powers to arrest and detain individuals without trials. There was no
right of appeal, people could be ordered where to live. The Act also
imposed strict censorship and allowed for the suppression of protests
and demonstrations. People were also stopped from holding
meetings. Detention without bail. People could be arrested without a
warrant, and people were kept in prison without any trial. It was
enacted in 1919, growing discontent that led to event like Jallianwala
Bagh massacre.

8. Why were the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms opposed by Indians

in 1919?
Ans: The Montagu-Chlemsford reforms of 1919 were opposed by
many Indians because they offered limited self-governence and failed
to meet the demand for full independence. While they introduced a
system of ‘dyarchy’, dividing powers between British and the Indian
officals. The reforms kept power in british hands in respect of law,
order, finance, justice, administration and civil service. The Indians
only recived minimal powers and even then, the Viceroy (appointed
by the British Government) could veto any decision made and
introduce any law that was deemed as necessary. Congress in
particular were bitterly against the proposals since they felt that they
had supported britian during the war, that had lost 100’s of men but
was being short changed in reciving anything resembling real power in
their government. Although separate electrorates had been given to
muslims, other minorities such as Sikhs were not, and it began to
demand access to power aswell.

9. Explain why the british partitioned Bengal in 1905.

Ans: The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 primarily to weaken the
growing nationalist movement and divide the region along with
religious lines. Bengal was too large to govern as one province. Bengal
was a large and politically significant province, of 54 million people in
Bengal, 42 million were hindus. It seemed sensible to divide up the
province on religious grounds.
It created administrative difficulties, so the british felt that partition
of the province would make it easier to administrate, especially at the
time of a new brtish government in power. The hindu community saw
it as a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, an attempt by the british to work
against them. This move was widely opposed, particularly by the
hindus, and was revered in 1911 due to strong protests and growing
unrest.

10. Why was India not granted self-rule by britian in 1919?

Ans: In 1919, india was not granted self-rule by Britian primarily due
to ongoing British concerns over maintaining control and authority
over its vast empire. The British would not give in to Indian demands,
since british did not want to lose trade links with india/many british
people lived there. British was severely weakened after WW1,
especially in economics. All colonial nations were facing demands
from their colonies for independence in one form or another, and
britian viewed india as the jewel of the empire.
Britians standing as a world power would be weakened if it gave in to
indan demands. Strategically, india was important for the british navy
and british influence in the region. Therefore, the british were
reluctant to give in to Indian demands. Thousands of British people
living in india could not be abandoned. The British government did
not want to lose these businessmen, missionaries and civil servants.
This led to tensions, particularly as events like the Jallianwala Bagh
masscare highlighted the british reluctance to accommodate Indian
aspirations.

11. Explain the importance of the lucknow pact of 1916?

Ans: Done

12. Explain why Muslim League was formed in 1906.

Ans: In 1906, the Muslim community in British India felt it necessary
to form their own political party, the All-India Muslim League, due to
growing concerns over their political and social marginalization within
the Indian nationalist movement, which was predominantly led by
Hindus.
Muslims feared that, in a Hindu-majority country, their distinct
political, social, and cultural identity would be at risk. The formation
of the Muslim League allowed Muslims to advocate for policies that
reflected their distinct identity and needs. The Muslim Community
wanted a political organization to promote their views. The high
increase of violence against Muslims.
The Congress which was seen as an organization that promoted the
views of the hindu community. The congress was demanding that
India should be treated as a cultural whole and Hindi should be
declared as the official language. The congress also opposed against
the partition of Bengal supporting Hindu views. The growth of Hindu
nationalist groups demanding that Muslims should be forcibly
converted to Hinduisim. Later, a Simla agreement was signed, showing
that the Muslims were a separate community and needed their own
political party. The party’s formation marked a crucial step towards
the eventual division of India along religious lines and the creation of
Pakistan in 1947.

CH 3: War of Independence

1. According to source A, what were the personal characteristics of

Robert clive?
Ans: There were very few figures in history as controversial as Robert
clive. Some people described him as an initiative soldier, couragous
and determined. Other people saw him as reckless and unprincipled, a
rebel expelled from several schools due to his bad behaviour. They
said his victories at Arcot, Calcutta and Plassey, was a result cause of
lucky gambles that put his men in unnecessary danger. It was also said
that Clive tactics were sly and against accepted codes of the battle.
Clive was also described as a cruel, lacking in morilty and greed for
personal wealth.
 2. Who was Robert Clive?
Ans: Robert Clive (1725–1774) was a British general in the East India
Company and a major role in the expansion of British power in India.
He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and
defeated the French, which helped secure British control over Bengal.
As Governor of Bengal, Clive strengthened British supremacy,
introduced reforms like the dual system of government, civil reforms,
and military changes, and established Oudh as a buffer state. Despite
his successes, Clive's career was tainted by accusations of corruption,
though he was never found guilty. His actions were pivotal in shaping
the british in india.

3. What happened at Cawnpore in 1857?

Ans: In 1857, during the Indian Rebellion, Indian forces led by Nana
Sahib laid a siege in Cawnpore, trapping British soldiers, women, and
children in a makeshift fort. After three weeks, the British
surrendered, but as they attempted to leave, 300 women and children
were killed, and the rest were imprisoned and later executed. In
retaliation, the British carried out brutal reprisals, while Nana Sahib
managed to escape. The Cawnpore massacre became one of the most
infamous and brutal events of the rebellion, intensifying British
vengeance.

4. Who was Nana Sahib?

Ans: Nana Sahib, born as Dhondu Pant, was an Indian ruler and key
figure in the 1857 Indian Rebellion. During the war of independence at
Kanpur he led a revolt that killed British officers and many other
Europeans. He had personal grievance against the British for stopping
his pension. The British force surrendered to him and his forces, given
a promise of safe passage out the area. Nana Sahib fired on the British
at the barges killing 300 women, children and soldiers. Despite the
brutal actions at Cawnpore, He later escaped before the british
recaptured the area and was never captured.

5. Who was Lakshmibai?

Ans: Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, was a courageous and iconic
figure in the 1857 Indian Rebellion. She led the sepyos aswell.
Opposed British after they regained control of Lucknow in 1857 during
the war of independence. Tatya Topee who was an Indian general
assisted her. In June 1858 she dressed up as a man and was killed by
the British in the battle of Gwalior. The war quickly came to an end
after her death, becoming a martyr and a national hero in the struggle
for India's independence.

6. Why was Robert Clive appointed the first governer of Bengal?

Ans: Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal in
1757 due to his pivotal role in securing British control over the region.
He was a good leader and commandor of the the British army.
Clive's leadership during the Battle of Plassey, where British forces
decisively defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daula, and his
allies, laid the foundation for British dominance in India. These two
battles were also a success for the EIC.
Clive commanded the British army to victory at the Battle of Plassey in
1757 and established relations with Mir Jafir. Clives reputation further
enhanced after his success at the Battle of Buxar in 1764. As a reward
for being considered responsible for the EIC amassing immense
fortunes, especially in Bengal. His appointment was part of a broader
effort to consolidate British power in India and ensure the success of
the East India Company in the region.

7. Why did the war of independence of 1857 not succeed?

Ans: The 1857 War of Independence, often called the Indian Mutiny,
ultimately did not succeed, causes of uprisings being unsuccessful and
other several key factors.
Firstly, the Indians lacked central leadership and coordination, with
different regions and groups rising up independently, making it
difficult to mount a unified resistance, which made the British have
more Firepower. There was no plan and much more lack of unity. The
British East India Company had a well-organized and disciplined
military force, with superior weaponry resources, which proved
crucial in defeating the Indian forces.
Additionaly the common cause of failure for the Indians, was not
being unitied. The Punjab was uninterested in helping the Indians and
actually sent men and supplies to help the British as they did not want
to imperial power restored. This also happened in Kashmir where the
ruler sent 2000 troops to help the British as this benefitted his own
feudal powers. The British also had modern methods of fighting which
brought the Indians on the down low. The lack of widespread
coordination, internal divisions, and the overwhelming military
strength of the British ultimately led to the failure of the Indian, which
was crushed by mid-1858.
 8. To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the
War of independence in 1857? Explain your answer.
Ans: The British were unpopular among the Indians because of high
taxes and unfair policies.
The British imposed high taxes leaving many farmers poor. Sepoys
were unhappy with their low pay. The doctorine of lapse upset Indian
rulers as their kingdoms were taken away.
The war of independence in 1857 was influenced by a variety of
causes with economic reforms being significant, though not the
primary factor.
Economic reforms under British rule had a profound impact on the
Indian society. High taxation policies left peasents and small
landowners improverished, forcing many to lose their land due to
inability to pay the revenue. This created widespread resentment
among rural communities. The british east india comapany’s policy of
flooding Indian markets with british goods destroyed local industries,
particularly the traditional textile industry. The export ban on cotton
further disrupted livelihoods, increasing unemployment and poverty.
Sepoys who formed the backbone of the Indian army, were deeply
discontented with their pay and lack of promotion opportunities
compared to their british counterparts. The refusal to provide extra
allowances for service in newly conquered terretories like Sindh only
worsened their grievances.
However, other factors were equally, if not more significant in causing
the revolt. For Instance, the introduction of the Enfield rifle cartridges
greased with cow and pig fat directly offended both Hindu and Muslim
soldiers. This immediate trigger heightened religious and cultural
tensions. Furthermore, political causes such as the doctorine of lapse
fueled anger among Indian rulers whose terretories were annexed
arbitrarily. Social reforms, like the abolition of sati and promotion of
widow remarriage, though progressive were viewed by many Indians
as an attack on their traditions.
In conclusion, while economic reforms contributed to widespread
discontent and set the stage for rebellion, the cultural, religious and
political factors played a more immediate and unifying role im
sparking the revolt. Thus, economic reforms were significant but not
the primary cause of the war of Independence in 1857.

9. To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857

the main reason why the war of independence was short-lived?
Ans: The differing aims of Indian groups in 1857 were a significant
factor in the short-lived nature of the War of Independence, but they
were not the sole cause. The War of Independence in 1857 was not a
unified, national movement but a series of localized uprisings, each
driven by different motives and priorities
Indian rulers like Rani Lakshmibai and Nana Saheb had political and
territorial goals, seeking to regain lost power and territories due to
British annexation policies like the Doctrine of Lapse. The peasants
and common people, who faced heavy taxation, land confiscations,
and economic hardship under British rule, joined the revolt with the
aim of alleviating these burdens. However, they were not necessarily
committed to the idea of a unified independence movement; instead,
they sought to end specific economic injustices. The rebellion was also
marked by tensions between Hindu and Muslim soldiers, who were
both offended by the religiously insensitive greased cartridges.
However, the social and cultural conservatism of some leaders
prevented broader unity.
The rebellion of 1857 was short-lived due to several factors beyond
differing aims. The British had superior military organization, better
equipment, and more experienced officers, which helped them
suppress the revolt. There was also no unified leadership; key figures
like Bahadur Shah Zafar, Rani Lakshmibai, and Nana Saheb operated
independently, hindering coordination. Many Indian rulers, who
benefited from British rule or feared losing power, did not support the
revolt. Additionally, the British exploited divisions within Indian
society, using religious and regional tensions to prevent unity among
the rebels.
In conclusion, the differing aims of the Indian groups in 1857 were
indeed a central reason why the revolt was short-lived. However,
other factors—such as British military superiority, the lack of strong
leadership, internal divisions among Indian society, and the British’s
successful "divide and rule" tactics—were equally important in
preventing the rebellion from achieving its goals.

10. Was the work of the Christian missionaries the most

Important reason why the Indians opposed British attempts to
westernize them between 1750 and 1850?
Ans: The work of Christian missionaries was indeed one of the factors
that led to Indian opposition to British attempts to westernize them
between 1750 and 1850, but it was not the most important reason.
Christian missionaries in India from the 18th century sought to spread
Christianity, promote Western education, and convert Hindus and
Muslims. Many Indians saw these efforts as a threat to their religious
and cultural traditions.
Christian missionaries in India between 1750 and 1850 played a
significant role in the opposition to British westernization. They
actively sought to convert Indians to Christianity, which was seen as a
challenge to Hindu and Muslim faiths. Missionaries criticized
traditional practices like idol worship, caste systems, and Sati,
advocating for their abolition. Many Indians viewed these efforts as
an imposition of Western values. Missionaries also established schools
promoting Western education and Christian ideals, which were seen
as attempts to replace India's cultural heritage and religious beliefs
with British norms, further fueling resentment.
The British introduced legal, political, and economic reforms in India
that were seen as invasive and a threat to Indian traditions. Reforms
like the Indian Penal Code, the abolition of Sati in 1829, and regulation
of religious practices were perceived as challenges to Indian social and
religious structures. British economic policies, including heavy
taxation, the destruction of local industries, and the drain of wealth to
Britain, caused widespread poverty. Additionally, the promotion of
English-language education and Western ideals aimed at "anglicizing"
Indian society, which many viewed as a threat to their culture and
traditions.
In conclusion, broader factors, such as British legal and political
reforms, economic exploitation, and the imposition of Western values
through education and social policies, played an equally if not more
crucial role in the growing resistance to British colonial rule. The
combination of cultural, economic, and political pressures ultimately
led to a deeper and more widespread opposition to British
westernization.
 11. Was an absence of leadership the main reason why the
War of independence in 1857 failed?
Ans: The absence of strong, unified leadership was certainly a
significant reason why the War of Independence in 1857 (also known
as the Indian Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny) failed, but it was not the
only factor.
Prominent leaders like Bahadur Shah Zafar, Rani Lakshmibai, and Nana
Saheb acted independently without a unified strategy, weakening the
rebellion. The British exploited divisions within Indian society,
including religious and regional differences, further undermining
unity. While the lack of leadership was a significant factor in the
failure, the British military advantage, internal divisions among rebels,
and lack of support from Indian rulers also played key roles in the
uprising’s collapse.
The British had a well-organized and superior military, with better
training, technology, and resources. They also received reinforcements
from other colonies, which helped sustain their fight against the
rebels. The lack of support from Indian rulers who had benefitted
from British rule further weakened the rebellion. Additionally, internal
divisions among the rebels, particularly along religious and regional
lines, further hampered the effectiveness of the revolt. The British
capitalized on these divisions, preventing a unified front.
The British had a superior, well-organized military with better training,
equipment, and reinforcements from other parts of the empire. Many
Indian rulers, who benefited from British support, either remained
neutral or sided with the British, fearing loss of power. The rebellion
was fragmented by social, religious, and regional divisions, which the
British exploited to weaken rebel cooperation. Using intelligence and
diplomacy, the British employed a "divide-and-conquer" strategy,
leveraging local rulers to suppress the rebellion, preventing the
formation of a united opposition.
The failure of the 1857 rebellion was due to the absence of unified
leadership, along with British military superiority, lack of support from
Indian rulers, internal divisions among rebels, and effective British
divide-and-conquer strategies. These combined challenges led to the
uprising's collapse.
Not done Questions
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: -
1. (7) Were sir syed ahmad khan’s religious views his most
Important contribution to the Muslim cause after 1857?
Ans: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s religious views were among his most
significant contributions to the Muslim cause after 1857. He believed
that improving relations between Muslims and the British was
essential for the Progress of the Muslim community. To achive this, he
worked to reconcile Islamic teachings with modernity and to highlight
the similarities between islam and Christianity. His work Tabiyun-ul-
kalan aimed to foster mutual understanding by comparing passages
from the bible and the Quran. This demonstrated his belif that
religious harmony was key to Muslims regaining their dignity and
position in the society.
In addition to his religious views, Sir Syed’s contributions to education
were equally impactful. He found the Mohammaden Anglo-oriental
college in 1857, which later became Aligarh Muslim university. This
Instituion became a hub for educating future Muslim leaders,
emphasizing modern education while maintaining Islamic values.
Though this, he empowered Muslims to compete with other
communities in a rapidly changing world.
Sir Syed also made significant contributions to politics. He recognized
that Muslims needed to adopt westernized education system to
succeed under British rule. His advocacy for political unity within the
Muslim community and his opposition to the congress party’s pro-
Hindu politics were pivotal. For instance, he strongly opposedthe
Hindu-urdu controversy, where the demand for Hindi as the official
language threatened the position of Urdu, a language closely tied to
Muslim identity. This advocacy eventually laid the ground work for the
two-nation theory, earning him the title of “Father of the Pakistan
Movement”.
Furthermore, Sir Syed’s literary contributions helped shape Muslims
thought and identity. His journal, Tahzib-Ul-Akhlaq, aimed to reform
societal attitudes by promoting rational thought and countering
superstitions. His writings encouraged Muslims to adopt modern
scientific ideas and embrace progress while remaining grounded in
their faith.
In conclusion, while sir syed ahmad khan’s religious views were ctitical
in fostering inter faith understanding and improving relations with the
British, his contrubutions to education and politics were equally
important in uplifiting the Muslim community. Together, these efforts
ensured the community’s socio-political and cultural survival in the
post-1857 era.

2. (8) Was the attempt to achieve better understanding with the

British the most important contribution that Sir Syed ahmad
Khan made to the Muslim cause during the 19th century?
Ans: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s attempts to achieve a better
understanding between Muslims and the British was one of his most
important contributions during the 19th century. After was of
independence in 1857, relations between the two communities were
strained and Muslims were seen as disloyal by the British. To address
this, Sir Syed promoted understanding by writing, Tabiyun-ul-Kalam,
where he highlighted the similarities between Islam and Christianity.
He believed that improving relations with the british was essential for
Muslim progress and security.
He also emphasized the need for modern education to uplift the
Muslim community. In 1863, he established the scientific society at
Ghazipur, which aimed to make scientific knowledge accessible to
Muslims by translating works from English to Urdu. His efforts
culminated in the founding of the Muhammaden Anglo-Oriental
College in 1875, which later became Aligarh University. This institution
provided a modern education while preserving Islamic values and
played a crucial role in producing future Muslim Leaders.
In addition to fostering understanding with the British, Sir syed made
significant political contributions. He opposed the Indian National
congress, believing that its politics primarily favoured Hindus and
ignored Muslim intrests. He was also concerned about the Hindi-Urdu
controvery, as the replacement of urdu with Hindi threatened the
Muslim Identity. By advocating for Urdu and Muslim unity. Sir syed
laid the foundation for the two-nation theory which later influenced
the creation of Pakistan.
Furthermore, his social reforms were vital. Through his journal Tahzib-
ul-Akhlaq , he encouraged ratinal thinking and challenged traditional
Muslim practices that hindered progress. His literary contributions
aimed to reform Muslim society and align it with modern values while
preserving Islamic principles.
In conclusion, Sir syed ahmad Khan’s efforts to improve relations with
the British were crucial but his contributions to education, politics and
social reforms were equally significant.

3. (10) The Two-Nation theory was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s main
contribution to the development of the Pakistan Movement
during the 19th century. How far do you agree with this?
Ans: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s advocacy of the Two-Nation theory was
indeed a significant contribution to the development of the Pakistan
Movement. He was one of the First leaders to assert that Muslim and
Hindus were two distinct nations with different religion, customs and
traditions which could not coexist peacefully under a single political
system. This idea provided the ideological foundation for the demand
for a separate homeland for Muslims and inspired future leaders,
Including Allama Iqbal and Muhammed ali Jinnah, in their struggle for
Pakistan.
Sir Syed’s emphasis on the Two-Nation theory stemmed from his
belief that dominance of Hindu intrests in the Congress party and
their demand for the replacement of Urdu with Hindi in the Hindi-
Urdu controversy threatened the identity of Muslims. He viewed this
as an attempt to marginalize Muslims, further reinforcing his belief
that two communities needed separate political representation.
However, sir syed ahmed khan’s contributions to education were
equally critical in laying the groundwork for Pakistan Movement.
Though the Aligarh Movement, he established instituions like
Muhammaden Anglo-Oriental College (Later Aligarh Muslim
University) to provide Muslims with modern education, enabling them
to compete with Hindus in government jobs and other fields. This
educated Muslim elite later played a crucial role in advancing the
demand for Pakistan.
Moreover, sir Syed’s social and political reforms also contributed
significantly to the Muslim cause. He wrote extensively on the need
for Muslims to adopt modern scientific ideas while preserving their
religious and cultural identity. His works, such as Tahzib-ul-Aklaq,
encouraged rational thinking and unity within the muslim community,
fostering a sense of self-awareness and purpose among Muslims.
In conclusion, while sir syed ahmad khan’s two-nation theory was a
pivotal contribution that laid an ideological foundation for the
Pakistan movemen, his efforts in education and social-political
reforms were equally important.

CH 3 War of independence: -

1. (12) To what extent were the outsomes of the War of

independence benefical for Indians?
Ans: The outcomes of the war of independence in 1857 were both
benefical and detrimental for Indians, depending on the prescriptive
and the time frame. While immdediate effects were harsh and
oppressive.
The war led to some administrative changes by the British, who
realized the importance of addressing Indian grievances to present
future uprisings. The East India company was abolished and india was
brought directly under the British crown. This brought some stability
and ensured that india princely states were treated with more
respect. For example, the British adopted a policy of non-interference
in religious and social matters to avoid irritating Indians further.
Additionaly the war indirectly sowed the seed of Indian nationalisim.
The shared struggle against British rule, despite its failure, it inspired
future generations. The realiziation of the need for unity among
diverse religious and regional groups eventually led to the formation
of the Indian natinal congress in 1885. Over time, this became a
significant platform for the independence movement.
Another benefit was also the modernization of the Indian
administrative military systems. The british introduced reforms, such
as recruitment of Indians into civil services and the Indian councils act
of 1861. These steps, though small were foundational for future
demands for greater autonomy.
However, the immediate outcomes of the war were largely
detrimental for Indians. The british responded with brutal repression,
executing thousands of rebels and confiscating property. Entire
villiages were destroyed, particularly in regions that had actively
participated in the revolt, like dehli and Awadh. The Mughal empire,
which had symbolic unifier for many Indians, was officially abolished,
and emperor Bahadur Shah zafar was exiled. Ending centuries of the
Mughal rule.
Economically, the war worsened Indian conditions. Heavy taxes and
esploition of resources by the British increased after the revolt. The
focus on consolidatinf the british rule over india led to policies that
prioritized British economic intrests at the expense of Indian
industries. Socially the war exherted more division between Hindus
and Muslims. The british implemented a ‘dive and rule’ policy,
fostering distrust between the two communities. This weakened the
Indian society and delayed collective struggle for Independence.
In conclusion, while the outcomes of the war of independence were
initialy devastating, they had some long-term benefits with it, that
were crucial for indias eventual freedom. The war was painful but
pivotal in Indian history, woth both positive and negative outcomes.

2. (13) To What extent were military factors the main cause of the
war of independence in 1857?
Ans: The war of independence in 1857 was caused by a combination
of military, political, economic and social factors. While military
grievances were significant, they were not the sole reason for the
uprising. Political and economic factors also played a critical role in
sparking the revolt.
The immediate trigger for the rebellion was the introduction of the
Enfield rifle, which required soldiers to bite cartridges greased with
cow and pig fat – an act offensive to both Hindus and Muslims. This
incident inflamed religious sensitives and lef to widespread discontent
among sepoys, they were deeply dissatisfied with their treatment in
the British army. Facing discrimination in terms of pay conditions,
promotion and lack of respect.
However, political factors also played a crucial role in the uprising. The
british policy of annexation particularly though the doctorine of lapse,
alienated Indian rulers. Prominent examples include the annexations
of Jhansi and Satara, which created widespread resentment. The loss
of power and authority by traditional Indian rulers undermined their
loyalty to British and motivated them to join the revolt. Economic
grievances were another major cause. The british economic policies,
such as high taxes and destruction of traditional industries.
Peasants, artisans and landlords alike were affected by these policies,
which created widespread discontent. Social and Cultural factors also
contributed. The British disregarded for Indian traditions and their
attempt to introduce western reforms such as, abolition of Sati and
attack on the Indian culture and religion.
In conclusion, while military factors were significant cause of war of
independence in 1857, they cannot be seen in isolation. Military
grievances acted as immediate spark, but they were rooted in deeper
political, economic and social discontent. Therefore, the war was the
result of multiple interconnected factors.

3. (14) Was religion the most important reason for the War of
independence in 1857?
Ans: religion played a significant role in the war of independence in
1857, but it was not the sole cause. The revolt was the result of a
combination of religious, political and military grievances. While
religious issues acted as a powerful unifying factor, other causes were
equally as critical in the spark of rebellion.
The British policies and action were seen as a threat to Indian religious
traditions and practices, which caused widespread anger. For instance,
the introduction of the Enfield rifle cartridges greased with cow and
pig fat offended both Muslims and Hindus, as consuming such
substances went against their religious beliefs. This incident not only
enrage the sepoys but also fueled fears that the british were
attempting to undermine Indian religons.
Furthermore, the british promotion of Christian missionary activities
and the legal reforms that interfered with Indian customs, such as
ablotion of Sati and the legalization of window remarriage were
perceived as efforts to impose Christianity on the Indian polulation.
This created a deepsense of mistrust among Indians.
However, political factors also played a crucial role in the rebellion.
The british policy of annexation through the doctorine of lapse, which
allowed them to seize princely states without a male heir, alienated
many Indian rulers. The annexation of Oudh in 1856, a region with
cultural and historical significance, caused widespread resentment
among the local population and the sepoys, many of whom were from
Oudh.
Economic greivances further fueled discontent aswell. The British alnd
revenue policy placed a heavy burden on peasents and zamindars,
leading to widespread poverty. Traditional industries such as, textile
weavinf were destroyed due to influx of cheap british goods. Military
was another key cause. Sepoys in the british army faced
discrimination in terms of paying conditions and lack of promotion.
Their grievances were compounded by the religious issue of the
creased cartridges, which acted as the immediate trigger for revolt.
In conclusion, religious reasons were important in uniting Indians
against the british, they were not the sole or most important cause of
the war of independence. The war was a culmination of various
factors, amking It impossible to attribute its cause to religion alone.
 CH 5 Muslim Organize:

1. (13) Explain why the Muslim community felt it necessary to form

their own political party in 1906.
Ans: The Muslim community felt the need to form their own political
party in 1906 to safeguard their political, social and cultural intrests.
One significant reason was the fear of hindu dominance in Indian
politics. The Indian national congress, established in 1885, was seen as
a Hindu-dominated organization that did not represent Muslim
concerns. Congress’s push for policies like making Hindi the national
language created further mistrust among muslims.
The annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911 also contributed to
this decision. The partition had created a Muslim-majority province in
East Bengal, which was welcomed by Muslims. However, its reversal
due to pressure from the Congress, left Muslims feeling politically
vulnerable and alienated.
Additionaly, the rise of Hindu revivalist movements, such as the Arya
Samaj, which promoted Hindu culture and called for the reconversion
of Muslims, heightened fears of cultural and religious marginalization.
Muslim felt the need to protect their religious identity and traditions.
Muslim were also concerned about their lack of representation in
government and education. Under British policies, Muslims were
economically disadvantadged in administrative jobs.
These concerns led to the formation of the All-india muslim League in
1906, which aimed to protect Muslim rights, secure separate
electrorates and ensure their representation in politics.
 2. (14) Explain how the british reacted to Hindu-led protests against
the partition of Bengal between 1906 and 1908.
Ans: The British government reacted strongly to the Hindu-led
protests against the partition of Bengal between 1906 and 1908.
Initially, they dismissed the protests, insisting that partition was an
administrative decision aimed at improving governance. However, as
the protests intensified, the British adopted repressive measures to
suppress dissent.
One of the key reactions was the use of force to control the protests,
including arrests of prominent leaders and actives who opposed the
partition. They also censored newspapers and publications that
criticized British policies and encouraged protests. The british
government declared protests such as the Swadeshi Movement, which
involded boycotting british good, as unlawful. They used the police
and military to break up public gatherings and demonstrations often
restoring to violence to maintain order.
To counter protests, the British also attempted to divide the
opposition by portraying the partition as benefical to Muslims who
supported the creation of Muslim Majority province in East Bengal.
This strategy of ‘divide and rule’ was aimed at reducing Hindu-muslim
unity and weaking the nationalist movement.
Despite the respression, the Hindu-led protests continued, forcing the
british to eventually reconsider their position. By 1911 the partition
was reversed, making a significant victory for protestors. However, the
british reaction during this period highlighted their determination to
maintain control while undermining Indian unity.
 3. (15) Which of the following had the most important effect on the
Pakistan movement between 1906 and 1919?
Ans: The period between 1909 and 1919 witnessed several key events
that contributed to the Pakistan movement. Along these the lucknow
pact of 1916 had the most significant impact as it legitimized Muslim
politic demands and strenghted their position within india’s political
landscape.
The Morely-Minto reforms of 1909 were important because they
introduced separate electrorates for Muslims, allowing them to elect
their own repersentitives to legislative councils. This was the first
official recognition of Muslims as a distinct politically entity, ensuring
their repersantation in a Hindu-dominated system. While this was a
crucial milestone for Pakistan movement, the reforms were limited in
scope, as the councils had little real power and they failed to address
broader muslim concerns.
The reversal of the Partion of Bengal in 1911 was a major setback for
Muslims. The original partition in 1905 had created a Muslim-majority
province in East Bengal, which gave Muslims political and economic
opportunities. However, its annulment following Hindu-led protests
by the congress left Muslims feeling betrayed and politically
marginalized. This deepened their mistrust of the congress and
reinforced their belief that Muslims needed a separate political
platform to protect their intrests. Although significant, this event
primarily reflected Muslim resentment rather than advancing the
Pakistan Movement.
The lucknow pact of 1916 was the most impactful event during this
period. It was an agreement between all-india muslim league and the
national congress, in which the congress recognized the league as the
repersentitive organization of muslims. The pact also secured
electrorates for muslims, which was a major political victory for the
league. By showcasing muslim unity and political strength, the
lucknow pact evelated the league’s status. This agreement
demonstrated the league’s ability to negotiate on an equal footing
with the congress, layong the groundwork for the demand for a
separate homeland.
In conclusion, while the Morely-Minto reforms introduced separate
electrorates and the reversal of the Partition of Bengal fueled Muslim
discontent. The lucknow pact of 1916 was the most significant event.
It set an identity of the Muslims and the status of the League aswell.
Advancing the Pakistan movement during this period.

4. (16) To what extent had india benefited by the early 1920s from
supporting Britian in the first world war?
Ans: India’s support for britian during the first world war had both
advantages and disadvantages. While there were some benefits in
terms of political reforms and economic growth these were
outweighed by significant drawbacks such as economic hardship,
unfulfilled political promises and repression.
On the Positive side, india received promises of political reform as
reward for its loyalty. The montagu-chlemsford reforms of 1919
introduced limited self-governance under the government of india act,
allowing Indians to manage areas such as education and health
through a system of dyarchy. Although limited, this was seen as a
small step toward eventual self-rule.
Economically the war created opportunities for Indian industries. With
Britian focused on the war, Indian industries such as textiles and steel
expanded to meet domestic demand, leading to the rise of Indian
industrial class. This development was important for india’s economic
modernization and laid the groundwork for future industrial growth.
However, these benefits were overshadowed by significant
drawbacks. The war placed a heavy economic burden on india.
Increased taxes, rising prices, and inflation caused severe hardship for
ordinary Indians, while india was also forced to contribute financially
to Britian’s war effort. These economic strains worsened poverty and
inequality. In addition, the political reforms promised by Britian fell
short of expectations. While Montagu-Chlemsford reforms provided
limited autonomy. This failure to meet the demands for substantial
self-rule led to widespread discontent, fueling nationalists’ movement
such as Ghandi’s Non-cooperation movement in 1920.
Repression by the british government further alienated Indians. The
Rowlatt acts of 1919 extended wartime emergency powers, leding to
suppression of civil liberties. This culminated in the Jallianwala bagh
masscare, as a brutal event that intensified resentment against British
rule and turned many Indians toward the demand for complete
independence.
In conclusion, india did dain limited political reforms, industrial
growth and recognition but there were outweighed by the significanct
economic and political costs of supporting britian during the war.
Therefore, it can be argued that india was benefited to a limited
extent from its support from British.

5. (17) How successful was the partition of Bengal in 1905?

Ans: The partition of Begnal in 1905 had mixed outcomes. While it
achieved some administrative success and was initially supported by
parts of the Muslim community, it faced strong opposition from
Hindus and Indian nationalists, ultimately leading to its reversal in
1911.
One success of the partition was it aim to improve administrative
efficiency. Bengal was the largest province in British india, with a
population of around 80 million. Splitting it into east Bengal and
assum (Muslim majority) and West Bengal (Hindu Majority) allowed
for better governance and focused administration. In East Bengal,
economic opportunities increased as the religion benefited from
investments in infrastructure, such as railways and ports.
The partition also gained support from the Muslim community in east
Bengal, who welcomed the creation of Muslim-Majority province.
Muslim leaders viewed it as an opportunity to improve their political
and economic position which had been overshadowed by Hindu
dominance in the region. This support laid the foundation for the
creation of the All-india Muslim league in 1906, which would later
play a significant role in the Pakistan movement.
However, the partition faced strong faliures, particularly due to the
strong hindu opposition. Hindu, especially in West Bengal, perceived
the partition as an attempt by the British to divde and rule, weaking
Indian unity. This opposition sparked widespread protests, including
boycott of british goods and the rise of the Swadeshi Movement,
which encouraged Indians to use locally made products.
The partition also led to a nationalist backlash. It became a rallying
point for Indian nationalists, uniting Hindu and Muslims in certain
areas against British policies. The Indian national Congress capitalized
on this resentment, gaining more support for its demand for self-rule.
Ultimately, the partition was reversed in 1911, only 6 years after its
implementation due to the intensity of opposition. This reversal was a
major political embarrassment for the British, alienating both Hindus
and Muslims. Many muslims who had initially supported the partition
felt betrayed, while hindus continued to distrust british intentions.
Additionaly, the partition exherted communal tensions between
Hindus and Muslims, as the british policy of dividing Bengal left a
legacy of mistrust and division.
In conclusion, the partition of Bengal in 1905 was a short-term failure
for the british. Although it achieved administrative efficiency and
gained initial support for Muslims, it faced overwhelming resistance
from Hindus and Indian nationalists. Its overall impact was more
significant in terms of unintended political consequences.

6. (18) Was the introduction of the Rowlatt act in 1919 the sole
cause of violence in india during 1919 and 1920?
Ans: The Rowlatt act of 1919 was a significant factor in the violence
that occurred in india during 1919 and 1920, but it was not the sole
cause. While the act played a major role in triggering widespread
unrest and violence, it was a combination of various political, social
and economic factors that led to turmoil.
The Rowlatt act gave the British government the power to arrest
individuals without trials and allowed for the repression of Political
activities. Many Indians viewed the act as an unjust infringement on
their rights and civil liberties. Protests broke out across the country,
with large demonstrations accurring in major cities like Amritsar and
Dehli. The most infamous incident that resulted from these protests
was the Jalllianwala Bagh masscare in Amristar in April 1919, where
General dyer ordered his troops to open fire on an unarmed crowd,
killing hundreds of people. This brutal suppression of peaceful
protests led to widespread outrage and significantly fueled the
violence. The Rowlatt Act therefore, acted as a trigger, exacerbating
tensions and causing mass protests that led to violent confrontations.
While the Rowlatt act was a direct cause of violence other factors also
played a crucial role in the unrest. During World War 1, india
contributed significantly to the british war effort, both in terms of
soldiers and financial resources. Many Indians expected political
concession or some form of self-rule in return for their loyalty, but
these expectations were not met after the war. The british rule made
the Indian population more receptive to protests and the, Rowlatt Act
which was perceived as yet another form of repression.
After the war, india faced severe economic difficulties including
inflations, food shortages and widespread poverty. The british
government failed to address these economic challenges which led to
further frustration among the Indians. The economic distress that
many Indian experienced contributed to their anger toward the British
government and made them oppose and protest more against the
Rowlatt act and other forms of british oppression.
The british response to protests against the Rowlatt act was harsh and
included the imposition of martial law in several regions. The violence
in Amritsar, especially the Jaliianwala Bagh masscare where hudreds
were killed further escalated the situation. The repression served to
strengthen the resolve of nationalist leaders and contributed to the
growing atmosphere of violence. The period following the war a rise
in Indian nationalism with leaders such as Mahatma Ghandi
advocating for non-cooperation with the British government. The
increasing influence of nationalist movements, along with widespread
dissatisfaction with british policies. While the Rowlatt act was
certainly a key factor in the violence of 1919 anf 1920, but it was not
the sole cause. The act served as a catalyst for long-standing
grievances that had been building up for years including the impact of
World War 1.
In conclusion, the act acted as a trigger, but the underlying causes
were rooted in the broader struggle for Indians self-rule. Therefore,
the violence of 1919 and 1920 was caused by a mixture of factors with
the Rowlatt act playing an important, but not exclusive role.

7. (19) Was the Partition of Bengal the main reason for the
formation of the Muslim league in 1906?
Ans: The partition of Bengal in 1905 played a crucial role in the
formation of the All-india Muslim league in 1906, but it was not the
sole reason. This creation of the Muslim league was influenced by a
combination of factors, including the growing strength of Hindu
nationalism, the desire of political representation for Muslims, and
the British support for separate political rights for Muslims. While the
partition was a significant trigger.
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was one of the most importsnt events
that led to the formation of the Muslim league. The British decision to
divide Bengal into separate provinces, Bengal proper and Eastermn
Bengal and Assam was seen as a tactic to divide the population along
religious lines. The british aimed to weaken the influence of the
Bengali hindus, who were the majority in Bengal proper, by creating a
separate Muslim-majority province in the east.
Many muslim leaders welcomed the partition, believing it would give
Muslims greater political power. However, the Hindu backlash against
the partition led to widespread protests and the British eventually
reversed the decision in 1911. The way the British handled the
partition created a sense of political marginalization among muslims,
making them realize the need of a political platform to defend their
own intrests. The partition highlighted the political and communal
differences in india and prompted Muslim leaders to establish an
organization that could represent the political rights of Muslims.
While the partition of begnal played an important role, several other
factors also contributed to the formation of the Muslim league. The
rise of Hindu nationalism, particularly through the Indian national
congress (INC), was another major factor. The Congress, which had
been formed to represent Indian intrests was increasingly dominated
by Hindu leaders. The Formation of the Muslim league was seen as a
way for Muslim to safeguard their political rights in a country where
Hindu nationalism was gaining strength.
The British government had long been supportive of separate political
rights for Muslims, as evidenced by the Morley-Minto reforms of
1909, which granted Muslims seperate electrorates. The growing
communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims, especially after the
partition of Bengal, made many muslim leaders believe that their
community needed a separate platform.
While the partition of Bengal was undoubtedly a major factor in the
Formation of the Muslim league, it was not the sole cause aswell. The
league was formed in response to several key factors including the rise
of Hindu nationalism, the need for political representation and british
support for separate political rights. In conclusion, the formation of
Muslim league was the result of multiple factors, with the partition of
Bengal being one of the key elements.
 8. Was the Simla deputation of 1906 the most important reason for
the formation of the Muslim league later that same year?
Ans: The simla deputation of 1906 was indeed an important factor in
the formation of the Muslim League later that same year, but it was
not the sole cause. The simla deputation was a formal petition
presented by a group of Muslim leaders to the british government,
requesting sperate political representation for Muslims in india. This
event reflected the growing concerns of Muslims about their political
intrests, especially in the face of rising hindu nationalism and the
dominance of the Indian national congress.
The Simla deputation of 1906 was a significant movement because it
is marked as the first organized political demand for Muslim
representation at a national level. Muslims demanded for separate
elctrorates, since Muslims would be politicaly outnumbered and
sidelined in a Hindu-majority political system the British government
in response, supported the demand for separate electrorates and this
became the key element for the formation of the Muslim league.
However, there were sevrsl other factors that contributed to the
formation of the Muslim league. One important factor was the rise of
hindu nationalism, particularly through the activities of the Indian
national congress. The INC which was initialy established to represent
the intrests of all Indians became increasingly dominated by hindu
leaders.as the congress pushed for self-rule and more representation
for hindus, many muslims felt their concerns were being ignored.
Another important factor was the British policies in india particularly
the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. These reforms introduced separate
electrorates for Muslims. The british support for separate electrorates
made it clear that Muslims could secure political rights through their
own organizations.
Moreover, the Simla deputation was also influenced by the growing
communal tensions between hindus and muslims in india. In
conclusion the Simla deputation was an important catalyst for the
formation of the Muslim league, with the deputation being a key
event in all the process for Muslim leagues formation.