BIO203 - Biostatistics: Lecture 12 – Correlation and Regression

I didn’t
break it!

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

ctr drug A

protein extraction

sample A sample B

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

Bradford protein assay

ctr drug A

protein extraction

protein concentration
absorbance @ 595 nm
sample A sample B

Abs: 10 Abs: 15

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

Bradford protein assay

BSA Abs
sample conc. 595 nm

1 1 2

2 2 5

3 3 5

4 4 9

5 5 11

6 6 12

7 7 14

8 8 15

9 9 17
protein concentration
absorbance @ 595 nm 10 10 21

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

Bradford protein assay

BSA Abs
sample conc. 595 nm

1 1 2

2 2 5

3 3 5

4 4 9

5 5 11

6 6 12

7 7 14

8 8 15

9 9 17
protein concentration
absorbance @ 595 nm 10 10 21

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

Bradford protein assay

BSA Abs
sample conc. 595 nm

1 1 2

2 2 5

3 3 5

4 4 9

5 5 11

6 6 12

7 7 14

8 8 15

9 9 17
protein concentration
absorbance @ 595 nm 10 10 21

test 1 ??? 10
test 2 ??? 15

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

Bradford protein assay

BSA Abs
sample conc. 595 nm

1 1 2

2 2 5

3 3 5

4 4 9

5 5 11

6 6 12

7 7 14

8 8 15

9 9 17
protein concentration
absorbance @ 595 nm 10 10 21

test 1 ??? 10
test 2 ??? 15

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

3 questions that can be asked

1. what is the mathematical relationship between the variables?

2. is there a correlation (= association) between the variables ?

3. how good is the correlation between the variables ?

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

3 questions that can be asked

1. what is the mathematical relationship between the variables?

→ regression line (y = a + bx)
→ prediction of values for the Y variable

2. is there a correlation (= association) between the variables ?

→ regression coefficient r

3. how good is the correlation between the variables ?

→ coefficient of determination r2
→ p-value (difference from slope 0)

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables
dependent variable

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

regression line
→ mathematical relationship between x and y
dependent variable

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

line: y = a + b x
dependent variable

regression coefficients: a, b

slope (b)

y intercept (a)

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

line: y = a + b x
dependent variable

regression coefficients: a, b

y 1x

slope (b) = how many y for 1 x?

y intercept (a)

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

which one is the correct regression line ?

dependent variable

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

which one is the correct regression line ?

dependent variable

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

how to determine the regression coefficients from the measured data points ?

dependent variable

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

line = a + b x
dependent variable

regression coefficients: a, b

slope (b)
y intercept (a)

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

meanx = 5.5

line = a + b x
dependent variable

regression coefficients: a, b

y
meany = 11.1

slope (b)
y intercept (a)

independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: mechanics of the procedure

how to determine the regression coefficients from the measured data points ?

sample x y
1 1 2
2 2 5
3 3 5
4 4 9
5 5 11
6 6 12
7 7 14 y
8 8 15
9 9 17
10 10 21

Σ 55 111

mean 5.5 11.1

x

σ 𝒙−𝒙ഥ (𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)
𝒃= ഥ − 𝒃ഥ
𝒂= 𝒚 𝒙
ഥ )𝟐
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: mechanics of the procedure

how to determine the regression coefficients from the measured data points ?

sample x y ഥ
𝒙 − 𝒙 ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 produc t ഥ)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙

1 1 2 -4.5 -9.1 40.95 20.25

2 2 5 -3.5 -6.1 21.35 12.25
3 3 5 -2.5 -6.1 15.25 6.25
4 4 9 -1.5 -2.1 3.15 2.25
5 5 11 -0.5 -0.1 0.05 0.25
6 6 12 0.5 0.9 0.45 0.25
7 7 14 1.5 2.9 4.35 2.25 y
8 8 15 2.5 3.9 9.75 6.26
9 9 17 3.5 5.9 20.65 12.25
10 10 21 4.5 9.9 44.55 20.25

Σ 55 111 0 0 160.5 / 82.5

mean 5.5 11.1 b= 1.945

x

σ 𝒙−𝒙ഥ (𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)
𝒃= = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓 ഥ − 𝒃ഥ
𝒂= 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒
ഥ )𝟐
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: mechanics of the procedure

how to determine the regression coefficients from the measured data points ?

sample x y ഥ
𝒙 − 𝒙 ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 produc t ഥ)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙 y’
1 1 2 -4.5 -9.1 40.95 20.25 2.3
2 2 5 -3.5 -6.1 21.35 12.25 4.3
3 3 5 -2.5 -6.1 15.25 6.25 6.2
4 4 9 -1.5 -2.1 3.15 2.25 8.2
5 5 11 -0.5 -0.1 0.05 0.25 10.1
6 6 12 0.5 0.9 0.45 0.25 12.1
7 7 14 1.5 2.9 4.35 2.25 14.0 y
8 8 15 2.5 3.9 9.75 6.26 16.0
9 9 17 3.5 5.9 20.65 12.25 17.9
10 10 21 4.5 9.9 44.55 20.25 19.9

Σ 55 111 0 0 160.5 / 82.5 111

mean 5.5 11.1 b= 1.945 11.1

x

σ 𝒙−𝒙ഥ (𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)
𝒃= = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓 ഥ − 𝒃ഥ
𝒂= 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒚′ = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟒
ഥ )𝟐
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions

𝒚′ = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟒

predicted absorbance for BSA concentration of 6.5

𝑨𝒃𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒙 𝟔. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟒

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions

𝒚′ = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟒

𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒙′ =
𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓

sample with unknown BSA concentration

Abs: 15

𝟏𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟒
𝑩𝑺𝑨 = = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟓

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions

extrapolation interpolation extrapolation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions

regression on x regression on y

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions

regression on y

regression on x

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions (but be careful !!!)

regression on y regression on y

regression on x
regression on x

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

the regression line allows you to make predictions (but be careful !!!)

regression on y regression on y

regression on x
regression on x

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: describes the relationship between two variables

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

regression - vs - correlation
dependent variable

dependent variable
measured
independent variable in response independent variable

random
sampling pre-determined
chosen set

the math / statistics is identical

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

two relevant measures

goodness of fit
of the regression line
dependent variable

→ correlation coefficient r
→ coefficient of determination r2
y

deviation from slope = 0

→ p-value

x
independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

H0: no relationship between variables – H1: not H0

p-value - deviation from slope = 0

deviation from slope = 0 goodness of fit of the regression line

dependent variable

dependent variable

independent variable independent variable

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚

1 1 2 -8 64
2 3 9 -1 1
3 5 9 -1 1
4 6 11 1 1
5 7 14 4 16
6 9 15 5 25

Σ 31 60 0 108
total
sum of squares
mean 5.2 10

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚

1 1 2 -8 64
2 3 9 -1 1
3 5 9 -1 1
4 6 11 1 1
5 7 14 4 16
6 9 15 5 25

Σ 31 60 0 108
total
sum of squares
mean 5.2 10

sample x y 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐

1 1 2 3.57 -1.57 2.46

2 3 9 6.66 2.34 5.48
3 5 9 9.74 -0.74 0.55
4 6 11 11.29 -0.29 0.08
5 7 14 12.83 1.17 1.37
6 9 15 15.91 -0.91 0.83

Σ 31 60 60 0 10.8
residuals
mean 5.2 10 10 sum of squares

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ)𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚

1 1 2 -8 64
2 3 9 -1 1
3 5 9 -1 1
4 6 11 1 1
5 7 14 4 16
6 9 15 5 25

Σ 31 60 0 108
total
r2 = 0.9
sum of squares
mean 5.2 10

sample x y 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐

1 1 2 3.57 -1.57 2.46

2 3 9 6.66 2.34 5.48
3 5 9 9.74 -0.74 0.55
4 6 11 11.29 -0.29 0.08
5 7 14 12.83 1.17 1.37
6 9 15 15.91 -0.91 0.83

Σ 31 60 60 0 10.8
residuals
mean 5.2 10 10 sum of squares

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

r2 = coefficient of determination
→ a measure of how much the X variable explains the variation of the Y variable
→ range: 0 - 1

𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏 − =
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍)

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

r2 = coefficient of determination
→ a measure of how much the X variable explains the variation of the Y variable
→ range: 0 - 1

𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏 − =
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍)

r = correlation coefficient (Pearson product moment correlation coefficient)

→ strength of the association between two variables

→ negative for negative slope, positive for positive slope of the regression line
→ range: -1 (anticorrelated) and +1 (positively correlated)

σ 𝒙−𝒙
ഥ (𝒚 − 𝒚
ഥ)
𝒓=
σ 𝒙−𝒙
ഥ 𝟐 ഥ
𝒚−𝒚 𝟐

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression / Correlation: another look

total residuals
sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐

1 1 2 -9.1 40.95 2.35 -0.35 0.12

2 2 5 -6.1 21.35 4.29 0.71 0.50
3 3 5 -6.1 15.25 6.24 -1.24 1.53
4 4 9 -2.1 3.15 8.18 0.82 0.67
5 5 11 -0.1 0.05 10.13 0.87 0.76
6 6 12 0.9 0.45 12.07 -0.07 0.01
7 7 14 2.9 4.35 14.02 -0.02 0.00
8 8 15 3.9 9.75 15.96 -0.96 0.93
9 9 17 5.9 20.65 17.91 -0.91 0.83
10 10 21 9.9 44.55 19.85 1.15 1.31

Σ 55 111 0 318.9 111 0 6.65

mean 5.5 11.1 11.1

𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏 − =𝟏− = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟗

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression / Correlation: another look

total residuals regression

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐 ഥ
𝒚′ − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚′ − 𝒚

1 1 2 -9.1 40.95 2.35 -0.35 0.12 -8.75 76.64

2 2 5 -6.1 21.35 4.29 0.71 0.50 -6.81 46.36
3 3 5 -6.1 15.25 6.24 -1.24 1.53 -4.86 23.65
4 4 9 -2.1 3.15 8.18 0.82 0.67 -2.92 8.25
5 5 11 -0.1 0.05 10.13 0.87 0.76 -0.97 0.95
6 6 12 0.9 0.45 12.07 -0.07 0.01 0.97 0.95
7 7 14 2.9 4.35 14.02 -0.02 0.00 2.92 8.52
8 8 15 3.9 9.75 15.96 -0.96 0.93 4.86 23.65
9 9 17 5.9 20.65 17.91 -0.91 0.83 6.81 46.36
10 10 21 9.9 44.55 19.85 1.15 1.31 8.75 76.64

Σ 55 111 0 318.9 111 0 6.65 0 312.2

mean 5.5 11.1 11.1

𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟐

𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏 − =𝟏− = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗 𝒓𝟐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟗

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

calculate the p value for H0: slope of regression line = 0

(𝒏 − 𝟐) ∙ 𝒓𝟐
𝒕=
𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐

𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 ∙ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟏
𝒕= = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟏

𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟖

𝒅𝒇 = # 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒔 − 𝟐

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression / Correlation: another look

total residuals regression

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐 ഥ
𝒚′ − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚′ − 𝒚

1 1 2 -9.1 40.95 2.35 -0.35 0.12 -8.75 76.64

2 2 5 -6.1 21.35 4.29 0.71 0.50 -6.81 46.36
3 3 5 -6.1 15.25 6.24 -1.24 1.53 -4.86 23.65
4 4 9 -2.1 3.15 8.18 0.82 0.67 -2.92 8.25
5 5 11 -0.1 0.05 10.13 0.87 0.76 -0.97 0.95
6 6 12 0.9 0.45 12.07 -0.07 0.01 0.97 0.95
7 7 14 2.9 4.35 14.02 -0.02 0.00 2.92 8.52
8 8 15 3.9 9.75 15.96 -0.96 0.93 4.86 23.65
9 9 17 5.9 20.65 17.91 -0.91 0.83 6.81 46.36
10 10 21 9.9 44.55 19.85 1.15 1.31 8.75 76.64

Σ 55 111 0 318.9 111 0 6.65 0 312.2

mean 5.5 11.1 11.1

sum of squares sum of squares sum of squares

total residuals regression

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression / Correlation: another look

sum of squares residual sum of squares regression

𝑺𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 = ෍(𝒚 − 𝒚′ )𝟐 ഥ)𝟐

𝑺𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ෍(𝒚′ − 𝒚

residual variance regression variance

𝒔𝟐𝒚𝒙 =
σ(𝒚−𝒚′ )𝟐
= 𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 ഥ)𝟐
σ(𝒚′ − 𝒚
𝒏−𝟐 𝒔𝟐𝒚𝒙 = = 𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏

standard error of estimate

σ(𝒚 − 𝒚′ )𝟐
𝒔𝒚𝒙 = 𝒔𝟐𝒚𝒙 =
𝒏−𝟐

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 ANOVA: steps - calculation of mean squares

n A B C
1 30 51 46 𝑺𝑺𝑻
2 40 54 54 𝑴𝑺𝑻 = 𝒏𝑻 − 𝟏
3 41 50 43
4 41 56 56
5 42 57 50
6 43 49 32
7 46 45 56
8 48 60 46
9 55 52 56
10 60 54 65

A B C ഥ𝟏 − 𝑿
ഥ ഥ𝒙)𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝑿
ഥ𝟐 − 𝑿
ഥ 𝒙ഥ)𝟐 + 𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏 (𝑿
ഥ𝟑 − 𝑿
ഥ 𝒙ഥ)𝟐
𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 (𝑿
mean 44.6 52.8 50.4 𝑴𝑺𝑩 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔 − 𝟏
n 10 10 10
stdev 8.4 4.3 9.1
var 69.8 18.8 83.6 𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐 + 𝒏𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟑
𝑴𝑺𝑾 = 𝒏𝑻 − 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒔

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 ANOVA: steps - calculation of mean squares

F statistic - describes the relationship between variances

larger s2
𝑭= smaller s2

MSB
𝑭= MSW
density

177.7
𝑭= 57.4
= 3.10

p value
𝑴𝑺𝑻 = 65.7
𝑴𝑺𝑩 = 177.7
value of F
𝑴𝑺𝑾 = 57.4

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

total residuals regression

sample x y ഥ
𝒚 − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒚′ 𝒚 − 𝒚′ (𝒚 − 𝒚′)𝟐 ഥ
𝒚′ − 𝒚 ഥ )𝟐
(𝒚′ − 𝒚

1 1 2 -9.1 40.95 2.35 -0.35 0.12 -8.75 76.64

2 2 5 -6.1 21.35 4.29 0.71 0.50 -6.81 46.36
3 3 5 -6.1 15.25 6.24 -1.24 1.53 -4.86 23.65
4 4 9 -2.1 3.15 8.18 0.82 0.67 -2.92 8.25
5 5 11 -0.1 0.05 10.13 0.87 0.76 -0.97 0.95
6 6 12 0.9 0.45 12.07 -0.07 0.01 0.97 0.95
7 7 14 2.9 4.35 14.02 -0.02 0.00 2.92 8.52
8 8 15 3.9 9.75 15.96 -0.96 0.93 4.86 23.65
9 9 17 5.9 20.65 17.91 -0.91 0.83 6.81 46.36
10 10 21 9.9 44.55 19.85 1.15 1.31 8.75 76.64

Σ 55 111 0 318.9 111 0 6.65 0 312.2

mean 5.5 11.1 11.1

MSreg / MSres = F → p-value

SSreg / SStotal = r2

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

how to determine the regression coefficients from the measured data points ?

regression variance
ഥ )𝟐
σ(𝒚 − 𝒚 𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟐
𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑭= = = 𝟑𝟕𝟓. 𝟓
𝟏 𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 (𝟔. 𝟔𝟓/𝟖)

𝒅𝒇 = 𝟏, 𝟖
residual variance
σ(𝒚 − 𝒚′ )𝟐 𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
𝑴𝑺𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 =
𝒏−𝟐

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024

 Regression: and correlation

BIO203.01 - Biostatistics shf - 2024