Chapter 1 Key Terms and Concepts in Managing and -It is the language process change by which words

Implementing Standards-based Grammar Teaching representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs)
become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.)
Concepts on Grammar:
which results in the creation of function words through
1. Form
a process other than deriving them from existing bound
2. Meaning
and inflectional constructions, but instead derive them
3. Use
from content words.
•Grammar ability needs to be - accurate, meaningful
Grammaticalization involves reduction and increased
appropriate
dependency.
* Important parts of grammar knowledge -Reduction also known as phonetic erosion or
1. (Semantics) component of meaning phonological reduction is an expression in linguistics
that loses phonetic substance if it undergoes
2. (Pragmatics) use grammaticalization.
Standard - is the regularization of the grammar, spelling, Error Correction vs. feedback
language, and not to minimal desirability or
interchangeability. Mistakes usually refer to slips students commit which
they can correct themselves once pointed out to them.
• Teaching and learning a language serve as a liberating But when it comes to errors these are mistakes which
factor because it educates people in what language and the students can not correct themselves and therefore
linguistic manners are all about hence, we need to study need an explanation.
the different key terms and concepts in study of
grammar. Positive feedback confirms a student's response
correctness.
a. Grammar and Grammaring
A negative feedback (Error Correction) corrects the
Grammar is what one knows about a language - the faulty language behavior of students.
phonology, svntax, semantics and pragmatics while
language skills are what we do with language including d. Spoken vs. Written Grammar The spoken grammar
speaking, listening, writing and reading. has a distinct approach from the one used in written
grammar. e. Grammatical Assessment Assessing
Grammar was then considered a method of teaching grammar is a fundamental aspect of teaching that helps
and learning a language in what we called Grammar- determine student proficiency in language.
Translation Approach which viewed grammar as the
core of the language.
- the notion of grammar has changed with a shift from
philology to linguistics. The outburst of modern
linguistics described grammar as a system of structures
besides vocabulary and pronunciation.
-The shift from structuralism to transformational
grammar has become a system of rules every native
speaker of a language acquired and then later on
described as competence.

Larsen-Freeman (2001) gave a convincing argument on

Grammaring involves sensitivity to usage because

b. Grammaticalizing/Grammaticalization
French linguist Antoine Millet introduced the concept of
grammaticalization in his 1912 study “L'evolution des
forms grammaticales. In its broadest sense,
grammaticalization is described as the process by which
grammar is created (Croft, 2006) or the study of this
process.
Chapter 2 Methods of Teaching Grammar 7. Situational contexts
-Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2011) said context can
1. Diagramming sentences
be linguistic and situational. Linguistic context is about
- is visualizing how to fit together the different parts of a
the information that was formally written or spoken and
sentence.
situational context is the general knowledge that a
-is valuable for both English grammar students and
person has of the world.
teachers. To put in a diagram words in sentences forces
the learners to identify the logical connections between 8. Using texts, stories, songs and rhymes
different parts of the sentence. -At the primary level of singing the song, the prosodie
-It is a form of sentence analysis which requires one to features of the language is emphasized. At the higher
take the sentence apart and show relationship of each levels, where the practice of grammar points is at the
word to the rest of the sentence. foreground, songs can be used with several techniques.
- helps students understand how a sentence works by
9. PPP
breaking it down to the component pieces
A deductive approach often fits into a lesson structure
-it is like a puzzle
known as PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production)
f. Pedagogical Issues -Presentation involves building a situation that requires
-refer to issues in teaching grammar and one of these a natural and logical use of a new language. It is in the
issues is if grammar should be taught and if so what presentation stage that student know what they will
grammar, when and how. This serves as the valuable learn and why.
purpose of problematizing this aspect of language - Practice involves testing the procedure so students can
pedagogy. be familiar with the language. In this stage that students
win be provided with activities that can make them use
2. Learning through writing
the new language.
- Writing to communicate or transactional writing
- Production stage, being the most important stage,
means writing to accomplish something such as to
students here shall have made the transition from
inform, instruct, or persuade but writing to learn is
"learners" to becoming "users" of the language.
different.
-This stage involves creating situations using the
3. Inductive teaching language that was introduced in the presentation to
-The main goal of the inductive teaching method is the help student communicate meaning using the new
retention of grammar concepts, with teachers using language.
techniques that are known to work cognitively and
make an impression on students' contextual memory.
Modes for Teaching Grammar
4. Deductive teaching
-The deductive method of teaching grammar focuses on 1. Linguistic mode
instruction before practice. Students must be familiar about the use of structures so
-This type of teaching, has many people rethink such that they will understand
methods, as more post-secondary level students are
Larsen-Freeman (2002, 2014) maintained that students
revealing sub-par literacy skills in adulthood.
must know about the use of structures so that they will
-Deductive teaching methods drive many students away
understand the consequences of their choices because
from writing because of the tediousness of rote learning
the grammatical system offers its users choices in how
and teacher-centered approaches.
they wish to realize meanings and positions themselves
5. Interactive teaching ideologically and socially.
-This method allows teachers to tailor their lessons to
2. Story-telling mode
the different learning styles of students.
A grammar lesson is not complete without an
6. Functional-notional approach application stage. Ur (1988) shared that application is
-When designing a lesson, teachers often choose a real- believed to require "volume and repetition"; that is,
world situation as their "notion," and choose learners need to be given adequate opportunities to use
corresponding functions to teach to prepare students to the items to be learnt as much as possible.
communicate in that situation in the lesson. For
example, a lesson might be about how to buy
something at a shop, in which case its notion is
shopping and one of its functions might be asking
prices.