18

Limits and
Derivatives
Limits IN THIS CHAPTER ....
Let y = f ( x ) be a given function defined in the neighbourhood of x = a but not Limits
necessarily at the point x = a. The limiting behaviour of the function in the Indeterminate Forms
neighbourhood of x = a when| x - a| is small, is called the limit of the function
when x approaches a and we write this as lim f ( x ). Fundamental Theorems on
x ®a Limits
Let lim f ( x ) = l. It would simply mean that when we approach the point Evaluation of Algebraic Limit
x ®a
Squeeze Play Theorem
x = a from the values which are just greater than or just smaller than x = a , (Sandwich Theorem)
f ( x ) would have a tendency to move closer to the value l.
Some Useful Expansions
Formal Approach of Limit Evaluations of Trigonometric
Limits
Let a be a real number and let d be a positive real number. Then, the set of
all real numbers lying between a - d and a + d is called the neighbourhood of Exponential Limits
a of radius d and is denoted by N d ( a ). L’Hospital’s Rule
Thus, N d ( a ) = ( a - d, a + d) = { x Î R|a - d < x < a + d|} Derivative
The set N d ( a ) - { a } is called nbd of a of radius d. Derivative from First Principle
The set ( a - d, a ) is called the left nbd of a and the set ( a , a + d) is know as the Differentiation of Some Important
right nbd of a. If d is very small and x lies in the interval ( a - d, a ), then x is Functions
said to approach to a from the left and we write x ® a - . If x Î ( a , a + d), then x
Algebra of Derivative of Functions
is said to approach to a from the right which is denoted by x ® a + .
Consider the statement|x - a| < d. We have
|x - a| < d Û - d < x - a < d Û a - d < x < a + d Û x Î N d ( a )
Thus,|x - a| < d mean that x lies in the nbd of ‘a’ of radius as shown in figure
a–d a a+d
446 JEE Main Mathematics

Let f ( x ) be a function with domain D and let ‘a’ be a point 2

Þ 2m - 3 = Þ 2m2 - 3m - 2 = 0
such that every nbd of a contains infinitely many points m
of D. A real number l is limit of f ( x ) as x tends to a, if for 1
\ m = - ,2
every nbd of l, there exists a nbd of ‘a’ such that images 2
of all points in the deleted nbd of a are in the nbd of l.
x -2
Example 2. lim is equal to
Right Hand Limit x ® 2| x - 2|
A function f is said to approach l as x approaches a from (a) 1 (b) –1
right, if corresponding to an arbitrary positive number e, (c) 0 (d) does not exist
there exists a positive number d, such that| f ( x ) - l| < e
whenever a < x < a + d. ìx - 2 , if x ³ 2
Sol. (d) Q | x - 2| = í
It is written as lim f ( x ) = l or f ( a + 0) = l. î-( x - 2), if x < 2
x ® a+ æ x -2ö
Now, RHL = lim ç ÷ = lim+ 1 = 1
+ x-2
The working rule for finding the right hand limit is ‘put x ®2 è ø x ®2
a + h for x in f ( x ), where h is positive and very-very small æ x-2 ö
and make h approach zero. and LHL = lim ç ÷
x ® 2- è -( x - 2) ø
i.e. f ( a + 0) = lim f ( a + h ) æ x - 2ö
h ®0 = - lim çç ÷÷ = -1
x ® 2 è x - 2ø
-

Left Hand Limit Since, lim f( x ) ¹ lim f ( x )

A function f is said to approach l as x approaches a from x ® 2+ x ® 2-
the left, if corresponding to an arbitrary positive number Therefore, the limit does not exist.
e, there exists a positive number d, such that
Uniqueness of Limit If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
| f ( x ) - l| < e, whenever a - d < x < a. x ®a
There cannot be two distinct numbers l1 and l2 such that
It is written as lim f ( x ) = l or f ( a - 0) = l . when x tends to a, the function f ( x ) tends to both l1 and l2.
x ® a-

The working rule for finding the left hand limit is put Indeterminate Forms
a - h for x in f ( x ), where h is positive and very-very small
and make h approach zero. If a function f ( x ) takes any of the following forms at
0 ¥
i.e. f ( a - 0) = lim f ( a - h ) x = a ; , , ¥ - ¥ , 0 ´ ¥ , 00 , ¥ 0 , 1¥ , then f ( x ) is said to be
h ®0 0 ¥
Existence of Limit indeterminate at x = a and these forms are called
If both right hand limit and left hand limit exist and are indeterminate forms.
equal, then their common value, evidently will be the
limit of f as x ® a Fundamental Theorems on Limits
i.e. If lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = l , then lim f ( x ) = l , If f ( x ) and g( x ) be two functions of x such that lim f ( x )
x ® a+ x ® a- x ®a x ®a
and lim g( x ) both exist, then
x ®a
If however, either both of these limits do not exist or both
these limits exist but are not equal in value, then (i) lim [ f ( x ) ± g( x )] = lim f ( x ) ± lim g( x )
lim f ( x ) does not exist. x ®a x ®a x ®a
x ®a (sum and difference rule)
Example 1. For what values of m does the lim f ( x) exist, (ii) lim [kf ( x )] = k lim f ( x ), where k is a fixed real
x®2 x ®a x ®a
number. (constant multiple rule)
ì mx - 3, when x <2
ï
when f ( x) = í x (iii) lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) (product rule)
ïî m , when x ³2 x ®a x ®a x ®a

lim f ( x )
1 1 f(x) x ® a
(a) ,1 (b) - ,2 (iv) lim = , lim g( x ) ¹ 0 (quotient rule)
2 2 x ®a g( x ) lim g( x ) x ® a
x ®a
(c) -1, 1 (d) None of these
lim g ( x ) lim { f ( x ) - 1} g ( x )
(v) lim [ f ( x )] g ( x ) = é lim f ( x )ù
x ®a
Sol. (b) lim f ( x) = lim (mx - 3) = 2m - 3; = ex ® a
x ® 2- x ® 2- x ®a ëêx ® a ûú
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim = (vi) lim g[ f ( x )] = g é lim f ( x )ù , provided g is continuous
x ® 2+ x ® 2+ m m x ®a êëx ® a úû
lim f ( x) exists when lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) function at x = lim f ( x )
x ®2 x ® 2- x ® 2+
x ®a
Limits and Derivatives 447

(vii) lim log f ( x ) = log é lim f ( x )ù , provided lim f ( x ) > 0 x4 - 1 x3 - k3

Example 3. If lim = lim 2 , then k is
x ®a ëêx ® a ûú x ®a x ®1 x -1 x ® k x - k2
lim f ( x )
(JEE Main 2019)
(viii) lim e f ( x ) = ex ® a (a)
4
(b)
3
(c)
3
(d)
8
x ®a
3 8 2 3
(ix) If f ( x ) £ g( x ) for every x excluding a, then
x4 - 1 x3 - k3
lim f ( x ) £ lim g( x ). Sol. (d) Given, lim = lim 2
x ®1 x - 1 x ® k x - k2
x ®a x ®a
( x - 1)( x + 1)( x2 + 1) ( x - k)( x2 + k2 + xk)
(x) If f ( x ) £ g( x ) £ h( x ) for every x excluding a, then Þ lim = lim
x ®1 x -1 x ®k ( x - k)( x + k)
lim f ( x ) = l = lim h( x ), then lim g( x ) = l.
x ®a x ®a n® a 3k2
Þ 2 ´2 =
(xi) lim | f ( x )| =| lim f ( x )| 2k
x ®a x ®a
8
1 Þ k=
(xii) If lim f ( x ) = + ¥ or - ¥, then lim =0 3
x ®a x ®a f(x)
(xiii) lim ( mx + c) = ma + c
Method of Rationalisation
x ®a Rationalisation method is used when, we have radical
n
(xiv) lim [ f ( x )] = [ lim f ( x )] n 1 1
signs in an expression (like , etc.,) and there exists a
x ®a x ®a 2 3
n negative sign between two terms of an algebraic
(xv) lim x =n a
x ®a expression.
After rationalisation, the terms are factorised which on
Evaluation of Algebraic Limits cancellation gives the required result.
Let f ( x ) be an algebraic function (polynomial or rational) 3x - a - x + a
Example 4. The value of lim is
and ‘a’ be a real number, then lim f ( x ) is known as an x® a x-a
x ®a
algebraic limit. 1 1 1 1
(a) - (b) (c) (d)
x3 - 1 1+ x - 1-x 2a 2a 3a 2
e.g. lim , lim etc.
x ®1 x - 1 x ® 0 x 3x - a - x + a
Sol. (b) lim
The limit of algebraic functions can be evaluated by the x ®a x-a
following methods. 3x - a - x + a 3x - a + x + a
= lim ´
x ®a x-a 3x - a + x + a
Method of Direct Substitution
(3x - a) - ( x + a)
lim f ( x ) can be evaluated by method of direct = lim
x ®a x ®a ( x - a)( 3 x - a + x + a)

substitution, if f ( x ) exists finitely for x = a [rationalising the numerator]

2 2 2( x - a)
x + 2x + 3 (1) + 2(1) + 3 6 = lim
e.g. lim = = =2 x ® a ( x - a)( 3 x - a + x + a)
x ®1 x2 + x + 1 (1)2 + 1 + 1 3
2
=
Method of Factorisation 3a - a + a + a
2 1
f(x) = =
Consider lim . If by putting x = a the rational 2 2a 2a
x ®a g( x )
f( x) 0 ¥
function takes the form , etc., then ( x - a ) is a 1 + 1 + y4 - 2
g( x ) 0 ¥ Example 5. lim
y ®0 y4 (JEE Main 2019)
factor of both f ( x ) and g( x ). In such a case we factorise 1
the numerator and denominator and then cancel out (a) exists and equals
the common factor ( x - a ). After cancelling out the 4 2
common factor ( x - a ), we again put x = a in the given (b) does not exist
1
expression and see whether we get a meaningful (c) exists and equals
number or not. This process is repeated till we get 2 2
a meaningful number. 1
(d) exists and equals
2 2( 2 + 1)
448 JEE Main Mathematics

1 + 1 + y4 - 2 If f ( x ) £ g ( x ) £ h( x ), " x Î ( a , b) - { a }
Sol. (a) Clearly, lim
y ®0 y4 and lim f ( x ) = l = lim h(x)
x ®a x ®a
1 + 1 + y4 - 2 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 then, lim g ( x ) = l , where a Î( a, b).
= lim ´ x ®a
y ®0 y4 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 [r] + [2r] + K + [nr]
[rationalising the numerator]
Example 7. The value of lim , where r is
n2n®¥

(1 + 1 + y 4 ) - 2 non-zero real number and [r] denotes the greatest integer less
= lim than or equal to r, is equal to (JEE Main 2021)
y ®0
y 4( 1 + 1 + y 4 + 2)
r
[Q( a + b) ( a - b) = a2 - b 2] (a) (b) r (c) 2r (d) 0
2
1 + y4 - 1 1 + y4 + 1 Sol. (a) r £ [r ] < r + 1
= lim ´
y ®0 4
y ( 1 + 1 + y + 2) 4 1 + y4 + 1 2r £ [2r ] < 2r + 1
3r £ [3r ] < 3r + 1
[again, rationalising the numerator]
M M M
y4
= lim nr £ [nr ] < nr + 1
y ®0
y 4( 1 + 1 + y 4 + 2) ( 1 + y 4 + 1)
r + 2r + K + nr £ [r ] + [2r ] + K + [nr ] < (r + 2r + K + nr) + n
1 n (n + 1) n (n + 1) r
= ×r +n
2 2 ´2 2 [r ] + [2r ] + K + [nr ] 2
£ <
[by cancelling y 4 and then by direct substitution] n2 n2 n2
1 [Q divide by n 2 ]
=
4 2 n (n + 1) r r
Now, lim =
n ®¥ 2n 2 2
Evaluation of Limits Using Standard Results n (n + 1) r
+n
xn - an 2 r
lim = lim ( x n - 1 + x n - 2a + x n - 3 a + . . . + a n - 1 ) and lim 2
=
x ®a x - a x ®a n ®¥ n 2
[using expansion] So, by Sandwich theorem, we can conclude that
xn - an n -1 n -1 n -1 [r ] + [2r ] + K + [nr ] r
Þ lim =a +a +a + . . . + an - 1 lim =
x ®a x - a n ®¥ n2 2
xn - an
\ lim = na n - 1
x ®a x - a Some Useful Expansions
Many limits can be evaluated very easily by applying
( x + 2) 5/3 - ( a + 2) 5/3 expansion series. Some of the standard expansions are
Example 6. lim is equal to
x®a x-a
x 2 x3
5 3 3 5 (i) ex = 1 + x + + +K
(a) ( a + 2) 2/3 (b) ( a + 3)5 /3 (c) ( a + 3)1/ 2 (d) ( a + 2)3 / 2 2! 3!
3 5 5 3
x2 x3
( x + 2)5 /3 - ( a + 2)5 /3 (ii) a x = 1 + x log a + (loge a )2 + (loge a )3 + K
Sol. (a) lim 2! 3!
x ®a x- a
( x + 2)5 /3 - ( a + 2)5 /3 y5 /3 - b5 /3
x 2 x3 x 4
= lim = lim , (iii) log(1 + x ) = x - + - + ... ,|x| < 1
x ®a ( x + 2) - ( a + 2) x ®a y-b 2 3 4
n( n - 1) 2
where x + 2 = y and a + 2 = b (iv) (1 + x )n = 1 + nx + x +K
2!
5 5 5
= b5 /3 -1 = b 2/3 = ( a + 2) 2/3 x3 x5
3 3 3 (v) sin x = x - + - ... , x Î R
3! 5!
Squeeze Play Theorem x2 x4
(vi) cos x = 1 - + - ... , x Î R
(Sandwich Theorem) 2! 4!
x3 2x5
(vii) tan x = x + + + ...
y = h(x) 3 15
y = g(x)
12 3 12 × 32 5 12 × 32 × 52 7
y = f(x) (viii) sin-1 x = x + x + x + x + K,
3! 5! 7!
| x| < 1
-1 x3
x=a x=a x=b (ix) cos x = x - + K ;| x| < 1
6
Limits and Derivatives 449

x3 x5 Example 8. Let [ x] denote the greatest integer less than or

(x) tan-1 x = x - + - K ;| x| < 1
3 5 tan( p sin2 x) + (| x| - sin( x[ x])) 2
n n equal to x. Then, lim
x -a x2
(xi) = x n - 1 + x n - 2a + x n - 3 a 2 + ... + a n - 1 x® 0
x-a (JEE Main 2019)
1/ xì x 11 2 ü (a) equals p (b) equals p + 1
(xii) (1 + x ) = e í 1 - + x -K ¥ý
î 2 24 þ (c) equals 0 (d) does not exist
x2 5 4 61 6 p tan( p sin 2 x) + (| x| - sin( x [ x])) 2
(xiii) sec x = 1 + + x + x + K ¥ ;| x| < Sol. (d) At x = 0, RHL = lim
2 12 720 2 x ® 0+ x2
1 x 7 3 31 5 tan( p sin 2 x) + ( x - sin( x × 0)) 2
(xiv) cosec x = + + x + x + K ¥; = lim
x 6 360 15120 x ®0 +
x2
0 <| x| < p
1 x x3 2 5 é Q| x| = x for x > 0 ù
(xv) cot x = - - - x - K ¥ ; 0 <| x| < p êand [ x] = 0 for 0 < x < 1ú
x 3 45 945 ë û
p 1 1 1 1 tan ( p sin 2 x) + x2
(xvi) tan-1 x = ± - + 3 - 5 + 7 - K ¥ ; = lim
2 x 3x 5x 7x x ® 0+ x2
ì + if x ³ 1 æ tan( p sin 2 x) p sin 2 x ö
í = lim çç . + 1÷÷
î - if x £ - 1 x ® 0+ è p sin 2 x x2 ø
tan ( p sin 2 x) sin 2 x
Evaluation of Trigonometric Limits = p lim
x ® 0+ p sin 2 x
. lim
x ® 0+ x2
+1
To evaluate trigonometric limits, reduce the terms of the tan x
é ù
function in terms of sin q and cos q. Remove the positive êQ xlim ®0 x
=1 ú
and negative signs in between two terms i.e., express the = p +1 ê ú
function in product form. Arrange terms and take help of êand lim sin x = 1 ú
the following standard results. êë x ®0 x úû
2 2
tan ( p sin x) + (| x| - sin ( x [ x])
Trigonometric Limits and LHL = lim
x ® 0- x2
sin x x tan ( p sin 2 x) + ( - x - sin( x ( - 1)) 2
(i) lim = 1 = lim = lim
x ®0 x x ® 0 sin x
x ®0 -
x2
tan x x
(ii) lim = 1 = lim é Q| x| = - x for x < 0 ù
x ®0 x x ® 0 tan x êand [ x] = - 1 for - 1 < x < 0 ú
ë û
sin-1 x x
(iii) lim = 1 = lim tan( p sin 2 x) + ( x + sin( - x)) 2
x ®0 x x ® 0 sin-1 x = lim
x ®0 -
x2
tan-1 x x tan( p sin x) + ( x - sin x) 2
2
(iv) lim = 1 = lim = lim
x ®0 x x ® 0 tan-1 x x ® 0- x2
[Q sin ( - q) = - sin q]
sin x ° p
(v) lim = æ tan( p sin 2 x) + x2 + sin 2 x - 2x sin x ö
x ®0 x 180 = lim çç ÷
-
x ®0 è x2 ÷
(vi) lim cos x = 1 ø
x ®0
æ tan( p sin 2 x) sin 2 x 2x sin x ö
sin( x - a ) = lim çç + 1+ - ÷
(vii) lim =1 x ® 0- è x2 x2 x2 ÷ø
x ®a x-a
æ tan ( p sin 2 x) p sin 2 x
tan( x - a ) = lim çç . +1
(viii) lim =1 -
x ®0 è p sin 2 x x2
x ®a x-a
sin 2 x sin x ö
(ix) lim sin-1 x = sin-1 a ,|a| £ 1 -2
+ ÷
x ®a x2
x ÷ø
(x) lim cos-1 x = cos-1 a ,|a| £ 1 tan( p sin 2 x) p sin 2 x
x ®a = lim . lim
x ® 0- p sin 2 x x ® 0- x2
(xi) lim tan-1 x = tan-1 a , - ¥ < a < ¥
x ®a sin 2 x sin x
+1 + lim 2
- 2 lim
sin x cos x x ®0 -
x x ®0 - x
(xii) lim = lim =0
x ®¥ x x ®¥ x = p + 1+ 1- 2 = p
sin 1/ x Q RHL ¹ LHL
(xiii) lim =1
x ®¥ 1/ x \ Limit does not exist.
450 JEE Main Mathematics

Example 9. If a is the positive root of the equation, æ x3 ö 1æ 2 ö 1

= 1 + çç x + + K÷÷ + ç x2 + x4 + K÷ + ( x3 + K )
1 - cos( p( x)) è 3 ø 2è 3 ø 6
p( x) = x 2 - x - 2 = 0, then lim is equal to
x® a + x+ a -4 x2 æ 1 1 ö
(JEE Main 2020) =1+ x + + x3 ç + ÷ + K
1 1 3 3 2 è3 6ø
(a) (b) (c) (d) x2 1 3
2 2 2 2 =1+ x + + x +K
2 2
Sol. (c) Given equation p( x) = x2 - x - 2 = ( x - 2)( x + 1) having a
x2 x3
positive root a, so a = 2. and ex = 1 + x + + +K
p( x) ö½ 2! 3!
½ 2 sinæç
½
÷½
1 - cos( p( x)) æ 1 1ö
Now, lim = lim ½
è 2 ø½ \ etan x - ex = x3 ç - ÷ + K
x ®a + x+ a -4 x ®2+ x-2 è2 3ø
x3
é æ ( x - 2)( x + 1) ö ù = + Higher powers of x
ê sinç ÷ú 6
è 2 ø ú [Q sin q > 0, if q ® 0 + ]
= lim ê 2 x3 2 5
x ®2+ ê x-2 ú Similarly, tan x - x = + x + Higher powers of x
êë úû 3 15
3
x
( x 2 )( x 1) + Higher powers of x
é æ - + ö ù etan x - ex 1
ê sinç ÷ ú \ lim = lim 63 =
= lim ê 2 è 2 ø ´ æ x + 1ö ú = 2 æ 3 ö = 3 x ® 0 tan x - x x ®0 x 2
ç ÷ ç ÷ + Higher powers of x
+
x ®2 ê ( x - 2)( x + 1) è 2 øú è2ø 2 3
êë 2 úû
Logarithmic Limits
Exponential Limits x 2 x3
2 3 We use the series log(1 + x ) = x - + - … ¥,
x x 2 3
We use the series ex = 1 + x + + + …¥
2! 3! where -1 < x £ 1 and expansion is true only, if base is e.
ex - 1 ax - 1 (i) lim
log(1 + x )
=1 (ii) lim loge x = 1
(i) lim =1 (ii) lim = loge a
x ®0 x x ®0 x x ®0 x x®e

e lx - 1 loge (1 - x )
(iii) lim = l, where ( l ¹ 0) (iii) lim = -1
x ®0 x x ®0 x
loga (1 + x )
( 1 + x2 + x4 - 1)/ x (iv) lim = loga e, a > 0, ¹ 1
x( e - 1) x ®0 x
Example 10. lim
x® 0 2 4 (JEE Main 2020) (v) If lim f ( x ) exists and positive , then
1+ x + x -1
x ®a
(a) is equal to e (b) is equal to 1 lim f ( x ) log f ( x )
lim [ f ( x )]f ( x ) = ex ® a
(c) is equal to 0 (d) does not exist x ®a
2 4 2 4
x( e( 1+ x + x –1)/ x
– 1) e( 1+ x + x –1)/ x
–1 ln(cos 2 x) sin2 2 x
Sol. (b) lim
x ®0 = lim
x ®0 =1 Example 12. Let p = lim , q = lim and
1 + x2+ x4 – 1 ( 1 + x2+ x4 – 1) / x x® 0 3x 2 x® 0 x(1 - e x)
é (1 + x2 + x4)1/ 2 – 1 ey – 1 ù x -x
iml
= 0 and lim
= 1ú r = lim . Then p, q, r satisfy
êQ x ®0
x
y ®0
y x®1 ln x
ë û
(a) p < q < r (b) q < r < p (c) p < r < q (d) q < p < r
e tan x - e x ln(1 + cos 2x - 1)
Example 11. lim is equal to Sol. (d) Clearly, p = lim
x ® 0 tan x - x x ®0 3x2
1 1 ln(1 + cos 2x - 1) cos 2x - 1 2
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 = lim × 2
=-
2 3 x ®0 (cos 2x - 1) 3x 3
tan 2 x sin 2 2x 4x2
Sol. (b) Since, etan x = 1 + tan x + +K q = lim × = -4
2! x ®0 4x2 x (1 - ex)
x3 2 5 x-x x(1 - x)
But we know that, tan x = x + + x +K and r = lim = lim
3 15 x - 1) x®1 æ1 + x - 1ö
x ®1 ln(1 +
é ì 2 lnç ÷ × ( x - 1)
x3 ü 1ì x3 ü è x -1 ø
\ etan x = ê1 + íx + + Ký + íx + + Ký
ê î 3 þ 2î 3 þ x (1 - x ) 1
ë = lim =-
3 ù x ®1 æ 1 + ( x - 1) ö 2
1ì x3 ü lnç ÷ × ( x - 1)(1 + x)
+ í x + + Ký + ...ú è x -1 ø
6î 3 þ ú
û Hence, q < p < r.
Limits and Derivatives 451

1 æç 3 x 2 + 2 - 7 x 2 - 2 ö÷
Exponential Limits of the Form 1 ¥ lim
x ®0 x 2 çè 7x2 + 2 ÷
ø
Þ P=e
To evaluate the exponential limits of the form 1¥ , we use
1 æç 4 x 2 ö÷ -4
the following results, lim - lim
x ®0 x 2 çè 7 x 2 + 2 ÷ø x ®0 7 x 2 + 2
=e =e
If lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = 0,
x ®a x ®a On applying limit, we get
f (x ) 1
lim P = e- 4 / 2 = e- 2 =
then lim { 1 + f ( x )}1/ g ( x ) = e x ®a g ( x ) e2
x ®a

or If lim f ( x ) = 1 and
x ®a
lim g( x ) = ¥
x ®a
L’Hospital’s Rule
Then, lim { f ( x )} g ( x ) = lim { 1 + f ( x ) - 1} g( x¢ ) If f ( x ) and g( x ) be two functions of x such that
x ®a x ®a
(i) lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = 0
lim { f ( x ) - 1} g ( x ) x ®a x ®a
x®a
=e (ii) both are continuous at x = a
1 x
æ 1ö (iii) both are differentiable at x = a
(i) lim (1 + x ) x = e (ii) lim ç 1 + ÷ = e
x ®0 x ®¥ è xø (iv) f ¢ ( x ) and g¢ ( x ) are continuous at the point x = a ,then
1 x f(x) f¢ (x)
æ lö lim = lim provided that g( a ) ¹ 0
(iii) lim (1 + lx ) x = el (iv) lim ç 1 + ÷ = el x ® a g( x ) x ® a g¢ ( x )
x ®0 x ®¥ è xø
ì 0, 0 £ a <1 Above rule is also applicable, if lim f ( x ) = ¥ and
x ®a
ï 1, a =1 lim g( x ) = ¥.
ï
(v) lim a x = í x ®a

ï ¥, a >1
x ®¥ f¢ (x) 0 ¥
If lim assumes the indeterminate form or and
ïî does not exist, a<0 x ®a g¢ ( x ) 0 ¥
1/ x f ¢ ( x ), g¢ ( x ) satisfy all the conditions embodied in
æ æp öö L’Hospital’s rule, we can repeat the application of this
Example 13. lim ç tanç + x÷÷ is equal to
x ® 0è è4 øø (JEE Main 2020)
f¢ (x) f¢ (x) f¢ ¢ (x)
(a) e (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) e2
rule on to get lim = lim .
g¢ ( x ) x ® a g¢ ( x ) x ® a g¢ ¢ ( x )
1/ x
æ æp öö
Sol. (d) Given, limç tanç + x÷ ÷ [Having 1¥ form] Example 15. Let f : R ® R be a differentiable function
x ®0 è è4 øø
1
lim ì1 é æp ö ù ü
= ex ®0í ê tanç + x÷ - 1ú ý æ 1 + f (3 + x) - f (3) ö x
satisfying f ¢ (3) + f ¢ (2) = 0. Then, limçç ÷ is
îx ë è 4 ø û þ x® 0è 1 + f (2 - x) - f (2) ÷
ø
lim ì1 æ 1 + tan x öü
= ex ®0í ç - 1÷ ý equal to (JEE Main 2019)
î x è 1 - tan x ø þ (a) e (b) e-1 (c) e2 (d) 1
tan A + tan B lim æ 1 2 tan x ö 1
As, tan( A + B) = = ex ®0 çç ´ ÷÷ æ1 + f (3 + x) - f (3) ö x
1 - tan A tan B è x 1 - tan x ø Sol. (d) Let l = lim çç ÷ [1¥ form]
x ®0 è 1 + f (2 - x) - f (2) ÷
ø
é tan x ù
= e2 êëQ xlim = 1ú 1 æç 1 + f (3 + x ) - f (3 ) ö
®0 x û lim ç - 1 ÷÷
x ®0 x è 1 + f ( 2 - x ) - f ( 2) ø
Þ l=e
1/ x2 é 1 + f (3 + x ) - f (3 ) - 1 - f ( 2 - x ) + f ( 2) ù
æ 3x 2 + 2 ö lim ê ú
Example 14. lim çç 2 ÷ is equal to (JEE Main 2020) =e x ®0 ë x(1 + f ( 2 - x ) - f ( 2)) û
x ® 0 7x + 2 ÷
è ø é f (3 + x ) - f ( 2 - x ) - f (3 ) + f ( 2) ù
lim ê ú
1 1 x(1 + f ( 2 - x ) - f ( 2))
(a) e2 (b) e (c) (d) =e x ®0 ë û
e2 e
On applying L’Hopital rule, we get
1/ x 2
æ 3x2 + 2 ö é f ¢( 2 - x ) + f ¢(3 + x ) ù
Sol. (c) Given limit limçç 2 ÷ = P (let), having1¥ form, lim ê
x ®0 ë 1 - xf ¢( 2 - x ) + f ( 2 - x ) - f ( 2) û
ú
x ®0 7 x + 2 ÷ l=e
è ø
1 æ 3x2 + 2 ö
On applying limit, we get
lim ç - 1÷
x ®0 x 2 çè 7 x 2 + 2 ÷
æ
\ P=e ø
ç f ¢( 2) + f ¢(3 ) ö÷
ç 1 - 0 + f ( 2) - f ( 2) ÷
[Q If lim( f ( x)) g( x )
have indeterminant form1 , ¥ l =eè ø
= e0 = 1
x ®a 1
lim g( x )( f ( x ) - 1)
then lim( f ( x)) g( x )
=e x ®a ] æ1 + f (3 + x) - f (3) ö x
So, lim çç ÷ =1
x ®a x ®0 è 1 + f (2 - x) - f (2) ÷
ø
452 JEE Main Mathematics

log log (1 - x 2)
Example 16. lim
x ® 0 log log cos x
is equal to Derivative
Suppose, f is a real valued function, the function defined
(a) 0 (b) 1 f( x + h ) - f( x)
1 by lim , wherever the limit exists is
(c) (d) ¥ h ®0 h
2
defined to be the derivative of f at x and is denoted by
Sol. (b) We have,
f ¢ ( x ). This definition of derivative is also called the first
log log (1 - x2) principle of derivative.
lim (form ¥ / ¥ )
x ® 0 log log cos x
f( x + h ) - f( x)
1 1 Hence, f ¢ ( x ) = lim
× × ( -2x) h
h ®0
log 1 - x ) 1 - x2
2
d
= lim Sometimes f ¢ ( x ) is denoted by [ f ( x )] or if y = f ( x ), it is
x ®0 1 1
× × ( - sin x) dx
log cos x cos x dy
denoted by . This is referred to as derivative of f ( x ) or
x cos x log cos x dx
= 2 lim
x ®0 sin x × (1 - x2) log (1 - x2) y w.r.t. x. It is also denoted by D [ f ( x )]. Further the
x cos x log cos x derivative of f at x = a is denoted by
= 2 lim × lim × lim æ df ö æ df ö
sin x x ® 0 1 - x2 x ® 0 log (1 - x2)
x ®0
ç ÷ or ç ÷
log cos x è dx øa è dx øx = a
= 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ lim (from 0/0)
x ® 0 log (1 - x2)

1 Derivative from First Principle

× ( - sin x)
cos x Let f ( x ) be a function finitely differentiable at every point
= 2 lim
x ®0 1 on the real number line. Then, its derivative is given by
× ( -2x)
1 - x2 the first principle is
f(x + h ) - f(x)
1 æ sin x 1 - x2 ö f ¢ ( x ) = lim .
=2 ´ × lim çç × ÷ =1 h ®0 h
2 x ®0 è x cos x ÷ø x +1
Example 18. Find the derivative of a function f ( x) = by
x -1
Example 17. The value of the constants a and b such that
the first principle.
æ x2 + 1 ö
lim çç - ax - b ÷÷ = 0 are, respectively 2 -2 -2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x®¥
è x +1 ø ( x - 1) 2 ( x - 1) 2 x -1 (1 - x) 2
(a) (1, 1) (b) ( - 1, 1) x+1
(c) (1, - 1) (d) (0 , 1) Sol. (b) Let f ( x ) =
x -1
æ x2 + 1 ö f ( x + h) - f ( x)
Sol. (c) Given, lim çç - ax - b ÷÷ = 0 We have, f ¢ ( x) = lim
h ®0 h
x ®¥
è x+1 ø
x+ h +1 x+1
æ x + 1 - a ( x2 + x ) - b( x + 1) ö
2
-
Þ lim çç ÷ =0
÷ x + h -1 x -1 é x + 1ù
x ®¥
è x+ 1 ø Þ f ¢ ( x) = lim êQ f ( x) = ú
h ®0 h ë x - 1û
æ 2x - a (2x + 1) - b(1) ö
Þ lim ç ÷ =0 ( x + h + 1)( x - 1) - ( x + 1)( x + h - 1)
x ®¥
è 1 ø = lim
h ®0 ( x + h - 1)( x - 1)h
[using L’Hospital’s rule]
( x2 - x + hx - h + x - 1) - ( x2 + hx - x + x + h - 1)
If this limit is zero, then the function = lim
h ®0 ( x + h - 1)( x - 1)h
2x - a (2x + 1) - b = 0
Þ x(2 - 2a ) - ( a + b) = 0 x2 + hx - h - 1 - x2 - hx - h + 1
= lim
Equating the coefficient of x and constant terms, we get h ®0 ( x + h - 1)( x - 1)h
2 - 2a = 0 - 2h
= lim
h ®0 ( x + h - 1)( x - 1)h
and a + b =0
Þ a = 1, b = - 1 -2 -2
= =
( x + 0 - 1)( x - 1) ( x - 1) 2
Limits and Derivatives 453

Differentiation of Some Algebra of Derivative of Functions

Important Functions Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are defined in
d a common domain. Then,
(i) ( c) = 0, c is independent of x
dx (i) Derivative of sum of two functions is sum of the derivatives of the
functions.
d
(ii) ( x n ) = nx n - 1 i.e.
d
[ f ( x ) + g( x )] =
d
f(x) +
d
g( x )
dx dx dx dx
d (ii) Derivative of difference of two functions is the difference of the
(iii) (sin x ) = cos x
dx derivatives of two functions.
d d d d
(iv) (cos x ) = - sin x i.e. [ f ( x ) - g( x )] = f(x) - g( x )
dx dx dx dx
(iii) Derivative of product of two functions is given by the following
d ì pü
(v) (tan x ) = sec2 x , í x ¹ np + ý product rule.
dx î 2þ d d d
[ f ( x ) × g( x )] = g( x ) f(x) + f(x) × g( x )
d dx dx dx
(vi) (cot x ) = - cosec2 x , { x ¹ np}
dx (iv) Derivative of quotient of two functions is given by the following
d ì pü quotient rule (whenever the denominator is non-zero)
(vii) ( sec x ) = sec x tan x , í x ¹ np + ý d d
dx î 2þ g( x ) × f(x) - f(x) × g( x )
d é f(x)ù dx dx
\ =
(viii)
d
( cosec x ) = - cosec x cot x , { x ¹ np} dx êë g( x ) úû [g( x )]2
dx
Example 19. Find the derivative of (3 cot x + 4 cosec x).
d
(ix) ( a x ) = a x loge a (a) - 3 cosec2 x - 4 cosec x cot x (b) 3 cosec2 x - 5 cosec x cot x
dx
2
(c) - 3 cosec x + 5 cosec x cot x (d) None of these
d x
(x) ( e ) = ex
dx Sol. (a) Let y = 3 cot x + 4cosec x
d 1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(xi) (loge x ) = , ( x > 0) d d
dx x (y) = (3 cot x + 4 cosec ( x )
dx dx
d 1 3d d
(xii) (loga x ) = = (cot x ) + 4 ( cosec x)
dx x loge a dx dx

= - 3 cosec2 x - 4 cosec x cot x

454 JEE Main Mathematics

Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems

Limits of Algebraic Function 8. Find lim f ( x) and lim f ( x), where

x®0 x ®1
1. Let [ t ] denote the greatest integer £ t. If for some ì 2 x + 3, x £ 0
f ( x) = í .
1 - x + |x| î 3( x + 1), x > 0
l Î R - {0, 1}, lim = L, then L is equal to
x®0 l - x + [x] (a) 3, 5 (b) 3, 6 (c) 4, 7 (d) 3, –6
(JEE Main 2020)
æ1 - 1 ö æ1 - 1 ö . . . æ1 - 1 ö
1 ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
9. lim è 22 ø è 32 ø è n2 ø is equal to
2
n®0 æ1 - 1 ö æ1 - 1 öKæ1 - 1 ö
( a + 2 x)1/ 3 - (3x)1/ 3 ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
2. lim ( a ¹ 0) is equal to è 2 øè 3ø è nø
x®a (3a + x)1/ 3 - ( 4 x)1/ 3 1 1
(JEE Main 2020) (a) - (b) (c) 2 (d) - 2
2 2
4/3 4/3
æ2ö æ2ö ì 1 2 n ü
(a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷ 10. lim í
è3ø è9ø 2
+ 2
+K+ ý is equal to
n®¥
î1 - n 1-n 1 - n2 þ
1/3 1/3
æ2ö æ2ö æ2ö æ2ö 1 1
(c) ç ÷ ç ÷ (d) ç ÷ ç ÷ (a) 0 (b) - (c) (d) 1
è9ø è3ø è3ø è9ø 2 2
[ x ] + [ 2 x ] + [3x ] + K + [ nx ]
3. lim , where [×] denotes 3 7 + x2 - 3 + x2
n®¥ n2 11. The value of lim is
x ®1 x -1
the greatest integer function, is equal to
x 1 3 1 1
(a) (b) x (a) – (b) (c) - (d)
2 3 2 4 4
(c) 2x (d) None of these x-2 + x - 2
12. The value of lim is
éx + 1 3 ù x®2 x2 - 4
4. If lim ê 2 - ( ax + b) ú = 2 , then
x®¥ x + 1 1 1
ë û (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 4
(a) a = 1 and b = 1 (b) a = 1 and b = - 1
(c) a = 1 and b = - 2 (d) a = 1 and b = 2
Limits of Trigonometric Function
[x] - 3
5. lim , is equal to 1 - cos x
x ® 3 ( x - 3) 13. lim is equal to
x®0 x
(a) 0 (b) 2
1 1
(c) 3 (d) does not exist (a) - (b)
2 2
( x + 1)10 + ( x + 2)10 + K + ( x + 100)10 (c) 0 (d) does not exist
6. lim is equal to
x®¥ x10 + 1010 (1 - cos 2 x) sin 5 x
14. The value of lim is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 100 x®0 x 2 sin 3x
4
x -4 10 3 6 5
7. The value of lim is (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 10 5 6
x® 2 x + 3 2x - 8
1
(a) -
8
(b)
7 x 4 × sin æç ö÷ + x 2
5 5 15. lim èxø equals
8 x®¥ 1 + |x |3
(c) (d) None of these
5 (a) 0 (b) - 1 (c) 2 (d) 1
Limits and Derivatives 455

æ 1 - tan x ö ( 1 - sin x) tan ( p cos2 q)

ç ÷ 26. The value of the limit lim is equal to
16. lim è 2ø is equal to q®0 sin ( 2 p sin 2 q)
x®
p æ xö 3 (JEE Main 2021)
2 ç 1 + tan ÷ ( p - 2 x) 1 1 1
è 2ø (a) - (b) - (c) 0 (d)
1 1 2 4 4
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) ¥
8 32
Limits of Exponential and
sin 2 x
17. lim
x ®0 2 - 1 + cos x
equals Logarithmic Function
(JEE Main 2019)
27. Let p = lim+ (1 + tan 2 x )1/ 2 x , then log p is equal to
(a) 4 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 4 x®0 (JEE Main 2016)
(1 - cos 2 x) (3 + cos x) 1 1
18. lim is equal to (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
x®0 x tan 4 x (JEE Main 2013) 2 4
1 1 1/ x 1/ x
(a) - (b) (c) 1 (d) 2 é f ( x) ù é f ( x) ù
28. If lim ê1 + x + = e3, then lim ê1 + is
4 2 x ®0
ë x úû x ®0 ë x úû
x cot( 4 x) equal to
19. lim is equal to
x®0 sin 2 x cot 2 ( 2 x) (JEE Main 2019) (a) e (b) e2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2 (c) e3 (d) None of these
2
sin( cx + bx + a) 29. lim (log 2 2 x) log x 5 is equal to
20. The value of lim (where a and b x ®1
1 xa - 1
x®
a (a) log 2 5 (b) elog 2 5 (c) e (d) 0
2 m
are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0) is x ö
30. lim æç cos ÷ is equal to
æb - a ö æb - a ö 1 c æ 1 1ö m ®¥ è mø
(a) c çç ÷÷ (b) ç ÷ (c) (d) çç - ÷÷
è ab ø è a ø a a è a bø 1
(a) 0 (b) e (c) (d) 1
e
x tan 2 x - 2 x tan x
21. lim is equal to n ( n - 1)
x®0 (1 - cos 2 x) 2 æ n2 - n + 1 ö
31. lim çç 2 ÷ is equal to
1 1 2 n®¥ n - n -1÷
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0 è ø
2 4 3 (a) e (b) e2 (c) e-1 (d) 1
cot x - cos x sin [log e (1 + x)]
22. lim is equal to 32. The value of lim is
x®
p ( p - 2 x) 3 x ® 0 log (1 + sin x)
2
p 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 16 2 4
2
ì 4 æ1ö 2ü 2
33. The value of lim ìí 3 (tan x - sin x) üý x is
2
ïï x sin çè x ÷ø + x ïï x®0 îx
23. lim í þ
ý is
x®¥
ï 1 + |x |3 ï 1
(a) e2 (b) e (c) (d) -1
ïî ïþ e
æ px ö
(a) 2 (b) 1 l
l tan ç ÷
1
(c) –1 (d) does not exist 34. If lim æç 2 - ö÷ è 2l ø
= , then l is equal to
x®lè xø e
ì sin [ x ] p 2
, [x] ¹ 0
24. If f ( x) = ïí [ x ] , where [ x ] denotes the (a) -p (b) p (c)
2
(d) -
p
ïî 0, [x] = 0 1/ x
nx
1 æ + 21/ x + × × × + n1/ x ö÷
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then 35. The value of lim ç is
x®¥ç n ÷
è ø
lim f ( x) equals (a) en (b) n !
x®0
(c) e1/ n (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 0 cosec x
(c) –1 (d) does not exist æ 1 + tan x ö
36. The value of lim çç ÷ is
x + 2 sin x x ® 0 1 + sin x ÷
25. lim is è ø
x®0 x 2 + 2 sin x + 1 - sin 2 x - x + 1 1
(a) e (b)
(JEE Main 2019) e
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
456 JEE Main Mathematics

sin ( ex - 2 - 1) é 1
sin x ù
37. The value of lim is 47. For x > 0, lim ê(sin x)1/ x + æç ö÷ ú is equal to
x ® 2 log ( x - 1) x®0 èxø
e êë úû
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
é 1 ù
38. The value of lim êx - x 2 × log æç 1 + ö÷ú is Simple Differentiation
x®¥ë è x øû
3
1 3 1 1ö
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 48. The derivative of æç x + ÷ is
2 2 3 è xø
pö 3 3
39. If a n Î éê0 , ÷ is a root of equation tan a + cot a = n, (a) 3x 2 + 4 + 3 + 2
ë 4ø x x
3 3
n ³ 2, then lim (sin a n + cos a n ) n is (b) 3x 2 - 4 + 3 - 2
n®¥ x x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) e 3 3
(c) 3x 2 + 4 + 3 _ 2
x x x
æ x + 1ö
40. Let l = lim çç ÷ , then { l } (where, { x } denotes the (d) None of the above
÷
x®¥ x -1
è ø
49. The derivative of (3x + 5)(1 + tan x) is
fractional part of x), is
(a) 3x sec 2 x - 6 sec 2 x - 3 + 3 tan x
(a) 8 - e2 (b) 7 - e2
(c) e2 - 6 (d) e2 - 7 (b) 3x sec 2 x - 5 sec 2 x - 3 - 3 tan x
(c) 3x sec 2 x + 5 sec 2 x + 3 + 3 tan x
41. The value of lim (1 + log 2 x cos x) 2 is (d) None of the above
x®0 cos
2
x 5 - cos x
(a) 4 (b) 9 50. The derivative of is
sin x
(c) 289 (d) non-existent
px 5x4 sin x - 1 - x 5 cos x
px ö
tan (a)
42. The value of lim æç tan sin 2 x
2
÷ is
x ®1 è 4 ø 5x4 sin x + 1 - x 5 cos x
-2 -1 (b)
(a) e (b) e (c) e (d) 1 sin 2 x
cosec 2 x cosec 2 x cosec 2 x sin 2 x 5x 4 sin x - 1 - x 3 cos x
43. lim (1 +2 +K+ n ) is
(c)
x®0
sin 2 x
1
(a) 1 (b) (d) None of the above
n
(c) n (d) 0 51. The derivative of ( ax 2 + cot x)( p + q cos x) is
2/ x
æ a x + bx + cx ö (a) ax 2 cot x (- q sin x) + ( p + q cos x)(2ax - cosec 2 x)
44. The value of lim çç ÷
÷
; ( a , b , c > 0) is (b) ax 2 cot x (q sin x) + ( p + q cos x)(2ax - cosec 2 x)
x®0
è 3 ø (c) ax 2 cot x (- q sin x) + ( p - q cos x)(2ax + cosec 2 x)
(a) (abc)3 (b) abc (d) None of the above
(c) (abc)1/ 3 (d) None of these
52. The derivative of ( x 2 sin x + cos 2 x) is
5 3 2 2
45. If f ( x) = ( x - 1) ( x + 1), g ( x) = ( x - 1)( x - x + 1) (a) x 2 cos x + 2x sin x - sin 2x
and h( x) be such that f ( x) = g ( x) h( x), then lim h( x) (b) x 2 cos x + 2x sin x - 2 sin 2x
x ®1
is equal to (c) x 2 cos x + x sin x - 2 sin 2x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 5 (d) x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 sin 2x

46. If l1 = lim+ ( x + [ x ]), l2 = lim- ( 2 x - [ x ]) and 53. The derivative of sin 3 x cos3 x is
x®2 x®2
3 3
cos x (a) sin 2 2x cos 2x (b) sin 2 2x cos 2x
l3 = lim , then 5 4
x ® p / 2 ( x - p / 2) 3 3
(c) sin 2x cos 2 2x (d) sin 2 2x cos 2x
(a) l1 < l2 < l3 4 2
(b) l2 < l3 < l1 1 dy
54. If y = x + , then at x = 1 is
(c) l3 < l2 < l1 x dx
(d) l1 < l3 < l2 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0
2 2
Limits and Derivatives 457

ROUND II Mixed Bag

Only One Correct Option ( 4 x - 1) 3
9. The value of lim is
x 2 - ax + b x®0 æ xö æ x2 ö
1. If lim = 5, then a + b is equal to sin çç ÷÷ × log ç 1 + ÷
pø ç 3 ÷ø
x ®1 x -1 (JEE Main 2019) è è
(a) 9 p (log e 4) (b) 3 p (log e 4)3
(a) - 4 (b) 1 (c) - 7 (d) 5
(c) 12 p (log e 4)3 (d) None of these
2. Let f ( x) = 5 -|x - 2|and g ( x) =|x + 1,
| x Î R. If f ( x) sin (6 x 2 )
attains maximum value at a and g ( x) attains
10. The value of lim is
x®0 log e [cos ( 2 x 2 - x)]
( x - 1) ( x 2 - 5 x + 6)
minimum value of b, then lim (a) 12 (b) -12 (c) 6 (d) -6
x ® - ab x2 - 6 x + 8
is equal to (JEE Main 2019)
p - 2 sin - 1 x
11. lim- is equal to
(a) 1/2 (b) - 3 / 2 (c) - 1 / 2 (d) 3/2 x ®1 1-x (JEE Main 2019)

3. For each x Î R, let [ x ] be the greatest integer less p 2 1

(a) (b) (c) p (d)
x ([ x ] + |x |) sin [ x ] 2 p 2p
than or equal to x. Then, lim is 1
x ® 0- |x | x 3 × sin æç ö÷ + x + 1
12. The value of lim èxø is
equal to (JEE Main 2019)
x®¥ x2 + x + 1
(a) 0 (b) sin 1
1
(c) - sin 1 (d) 1 (a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
2
4. For each t Î R, let [ t ] be the greatest integer less
13. Let a and b be the distinct roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
than or equal to t. Then,
p 1 - cos ( ax 2 + bx + c)
(1 -|x|+ sin|1 - x|) sinæç [1 - x ] ö÷ then the value of lim
x®a ( x - a) 2
is
lim è2 ø
2
x ® 1+ |1 - x|[1 - x ] a
(a) (a - b )2 (b) 0
(JEE Main 2019) 2
(a) equals 0 (b) does not exist a2 1
(c) (a + b )2 (d) (a - b )2
(c) equals - 1 (d) equals 1 2 2
cot 3 x - tan x (1 - cos 2 x) (3 + cos x)
5. lim is 14. The value of lim is
p p x®0 x tan 4 x
x®
4 cos æç x + ö÷ 1 1
è 4ø (JEE Main 2019) (a) – (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
4 2
(a) 4 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8 2
15. Let f : R ® R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ¢ (1) = 6,
tan [ e2 ] x 2 - tan [ - e2 ] x 2 1
6. lim is equal to
x®0 sin 2 x ì f (1 + x) ü x
then lim í ý equals
(a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 13 (d) 12 x®0
î f (1) þ
2 1
f ( 2 h + 2 + h ) - f ( 2)
7. lim [given that f ¢ ( 2) = 6 and (a) 1 (b) e2 (c) e2 (d) e3
h®0 f ( h - h2 + 1) - f (1)
16. For each t Î R, let [ t ] be the greatest integer less
f ¢ (1) = 4 ]
than or equal to t.
3
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to - æ 1 2 15 ö
2 Then, lim xç éê ùú + éê ùú + ¼ + éê ùú ÷
3 x ®0 + è ë x û x
ë û ë x ûø [JEE Main 2018]
(c) is equal to (d) is equal to 3
2 (a) is equal to 0 (b) is equal to 15
1/ x
æ ex log ( 2 x (c) is equal to 120 (d) does not exist (in R)
- 1)
- ( 2 x - 1) x sin x ö÷
8. The value of lim ç is cot x - cos x
x®0 ç ex log x ÷ 17. lim equals
è ø x ®p/ 2 ( p - 2 x) 3 (JEE Main 2017)
1
(a) e (b) log 2 1 1 1 1
e (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) e log 2 (d) None of these 24 16 8 4
458 JEE Main Mathematics

18. The value of lim (1 + [ x ]) log(tan x )

(where, [×] Numerical Value Type Questions
x ®p/4
x + x 2 + x 3 +. . . . + x n - n
denotes greatest integer function) is 27. If lim = 820, ( nÎ N)
x ®1 x -1
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) then the value of n is equal to ………
e (JEE Main 2020)
ì tan 2 { x }
ï 2 2
, x >0 28. If lim
ï x - [x]
x®0
19. If f ( x) = í 1 , x =0 ïì 1æ x2 x2 x2 x 2 öïü
í 8ç 1 - cos - cos + cos cos ÷ý = 2 - k, then
ï ç
ïî x 2 4 2 4 ÷øïþ
ï { x } cot{ x } , x < 0 è
î the value of k is .......... . (JEE Main 2020)
where, [ x ] is the integral part of x and { x } is the
3x + 33 - x - 12
fractional part of x, then 29. lim is equal to ……… .
(a) lim f (x) = 1 (b) lim f (x) = cot 1
x ®2 3- x / 2 - 31 - x (JEE Main 2020)
x ®0 x ® 0-
n
æ 1 ö
S æç x - 1 ö÷ × çç x -
-1
(c) cot [ lim f (x)]2 = 1 (d) None of these 30. If f ( x) = ÷, then the value of
x ® 0-
lø è
l=1 è l + 1 ÷ø
æ n sin q ù é n tan q ù ö
20. The value of lim ç éê + ÷ , where [ × ] lim f (0) is ……… .
q®0 èë q úû êë q úû ø n®¥
31. If lim f ( x) exists, is finite, non-zero and
is greatest integer function and n Î N , is x®¥

(a) 2n (b) 2n + 1 é 3 f ( x) - 1 ù
lim ê f ( x) + ú = 3, then the value of
(c) 2n - 1 (d) Does not exist x®¥
ë f 2 ( x) û
[12 x ] + [ 2 2 x ] + × × × + [ n2 x ] lim f ( x) is ……… .
21. The value of lim is x®¥
n®¥ n3 ì x 3 + a, x < -1
x x x ï
(a) x (b) (c) (d) 32. If limit of f ( x) = í bx + x, -1 £ x < 1 exits at x = 1 ,
2 3 6 ï cx 2 ,
î x ³1
22. The value of lim+ log æxö
sin x is equal to
x®0 sin ç ÷ x = - 1 and both are equal, then the value of
è2ø
1 a + b + c is ……… .
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d)
4 2 2 - (cos x + sin x) 3
1 33. If f ( x) = , then the value of
x 5 tan æç 2 ö÷ + 3|x |2 + 7 1 - sin 2 x
23. lim è px ø is equal to é ù
x®- ¥ |x |3 + 7 |x |+ 8 2 ê lim f ( x) ú is ……… .
ë x ® p / 4 û
1
(a) - (b) 0 (c) ¥ (d) does not exist 34. If lim ( x -3 sin 3x + ax -2 + b) exists and is equal to
p x®0
x-4
24. If f ( x) = , then f ¢ (1) is zero, then the value of| 2 ( a + b)|is ……… .
2 x
5 4 c
1 æ 5b ö
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 0 35. If lim (1 + ax + bx 2 ) x -1 = e3, then ç ÷
4 5 x ®1 17 ç a + 4 bc ÷ is
è ø
sin ( x + 9) dy
25. If y = , then at x = 0 is equal to ……… .
cos x dx 1
(a) cos 9 (b) sin 9 (c) 0 (d) 1 36. If lim [cos x + a 3 sin ( b6 x)] x = e512 , then the value of
x®0
x2 x100
26. If f ( x) = 1 + x + +... + , then f ¢ (1) is equal to ab2 is ……… .
2 100
1 é tan x ù
(a) (b) 100 37. The value of lim êlog (1 + x) × ú (where, [×]
100 x®0
ë |x| û
(c) does not exist (d) 0
denotes the greatest integer function) is ……… .
Limits and Derivatives 459

Answers
Round I
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d)

Round II
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (40) 28. (8) 29. (36) 30. (1)
31. (1) 32. (0) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (1) 36. (8) 37. (0)

1
Round I 1/3 1- 1/3
æ3ö 4 4 3 42/3 24/3 2 æ 2 ö
1. For some l Î R - {0, 1} =ç ÷ 2
= 1
= 5/3 = 5/3 = ç ÷
è4ø (3) 2- 3 3 3 è9ø
3 3
1 - x + |x|
lim =L
x ®0 l - x + [x] 3. We know that, x - 1 < [x] £ x
n
1 -x- x 1-x+ x
Þ L = lim = lim Þ x + 2x + K + nx - n < å [rx] £ x + 2x + K + nx
x ® 0- l -1 x ® 0+ l -0 r =1
n
1 1 x × n (n + 1) x × n (n + 1)
Þ L= = Þ - n < å [rx] £
|l - 1| |l| 2 r =1 2
1 n
Q |l - 1| = |l|Þ = xæ 1ö 1 1 xæ 1ö
2 Þ ç1 + ÷ - < 2
2è nø n n
å [rx] £ ç1 + ÷ .
2è nø
\ L =2 r =1
1/3
(a + 2x) - (3x) 1/3
é0 ù æ 1ö x
x
2. lim , (a ¹ 0) Now, lim
ç1 + ÷ =
x ®a (3a + x)1/3 - (4x)1/3 ê 0 formú n®¥ 2
è nø 2
ë û
xæ 1ö 1 x
Put x = a + h and lim ç1 + ÷ - =
n®¥ 2 è nø n 2
(a + 2a + 2h )1/3 - (3a + 3h )1/3
So, lim Using Sandwich theorem, we find that
h®0 (3 a + a + h )1/3 - (4 a + 4 h )1/3
[x + [2x] + K + [nx]] x
éæ 1/3 1/3 ù lim =
2h ö æ 3h ö x ®¥ n2 2
(3a )1/3 ê ç1 + ÷ - ç1 + ÷ ú
êë è 3a ø è 3h ø úû é x3 + 1 ù
= lim 1/3 1/3 ù 4. Given that, lim ê 2 - (ax + b)ú = 2
h®0 é æ hö æ 4h ö x ®¥ x + 1
(4a )1/3 ê ç1 + ÷ - ç1 + ÷ ú ë û
êë è 4a ø è 4a ø úû
é x3 (1 - a ) - bx2 - ax + (1 - b) ù
Þ lim ê ú =2
é 2h 3h ù x ®¥ x2 + 1
ê 1+ -1 - + higher ú ë û
9a 9a
1/3 ê ú é a (1 - b ) ù
æ3ö
= limç ÷ ê
degree terms ú ê x(1 - a ) - b - x + x2 ú
h®0 è 4 ø ê h 4h ú Þ lim ê ú =2
ê 1 + - 1 - + higher ú x ®¥
ê 1 ú
12 a 12 a 1+ 2
ê ú êë x úû
êë degree terms úû
This limit will exist, if
æ 2 3 ö æ -1 ö 1 - a = 0 and b = -2
1/3 ç - ÷ 1/3 ç ÷
æ3ö ç 9 9 ÷ = æç 3 ö÷ ç 9 ÷
=ç ÷ Þ a = 1 and b = -2
è4ø ç 1 - 4 ÷ è 4 ø ç -3 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 12 12 ø è 12 ø
460 JEE Main Mathematics

[x] - 3 æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1ö
5. lim ç1 - 2 ÷ ç1 - 2 ÷ ... ç1 - 2 ÷
x ®3 x-3 è 2 ø è 3 ø è n ø
9. lim
Towards the right of x = 3, [x] = 3 n ®0 æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ... ç1 - ÷
Þ [x] - 3 = 0, in the right neighbourhood of x = 3 è 2ø è 3ø è nø
[x] - 3 æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
Þ lim =0 ç1 + ÷ ç1 + ÷ ... ç1 + ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷... ç1 - ÷
2ø è 3ø è nø è 2ø è 3ø è nø
x ®3 + 0 x - 3 = lim è
n ®0 æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
Towards the left of x = 3, [x] = 2 ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷... ç1 - ÷
è 2ø è 3ø è nø
Þ [x] - 3 = - 1, in the left neighbourhood of x = 3
3 4 n+1 n+1 1
[x] - 3 -1 = lim ´ ´ ... ´ = lim =
Þ lim = lim =¥ n ®0 2 3 n n ®0 2 2
x ®3 - 0 x - 3 x ®3 - 0 x - 3
æ 1 2 n ö
[x] - 3 10. lim çç + +K+ ÷
Thus, lim
x ®3 x-3
does not exist. n ® ¥ 1 - n2
è 1 - n2 1 - n 2 ÷ø
1+2+3+K+ n
(x + 1)10 + (x + 2)10 + ... + (x + 100)10 = lim
6. lim n®¥ 1 - n2
x ®¥ x10 + 1010 1
1+
10 10 10 Sn n (n + 1) n 1
éæ 1ö æ 2ö æ 100 ö ù = lim = lim = lim =-
x10 × ê ç1 + ÷ + ç1 + ÷ + ... + ç1 + ÷ ú n ® ¥ 1 - n2 n ® ¥ 2 (1 - n 2 ) n®¥ é 1 ù 2
êë è xø è xø è x ø úû 2 ê 2 - 1ú
= lim ën û
x® ¥ é 10 ù
10
x10 ê1 + 10 ú 3 7 + x2 - 3 + x 2
ë x û 11. lim
x ®1 x-1
éæ 10 10 10
1ö æ 2ö æ 100 ö ù æ0ö
ê ç1 + ÷ + ç1 + ÷ + ... + ç1 + ÷ ú It is an indeterminate ç ÷ form.
êè xø è xø è x ø úû è0ø
= lim ë 10 ù
= 100
x® ¥ é 10 On applying L’ Hospital’s rule, we get
ê1 + 10 ú -2 -1
ë x û 1 1
(7 + x2) 3 × 2x - (3 + x2) 2 × 2x
x4 - 4 (x + 2 )(x - 2 )(x2 + 2) lim 3 2
7. lim = lim x ®1 1 -0
x® 2 x2 + 3 2 x - 8 x ® 2 (x - 2 )(x + 4 2 )
-2 -1
(x + 2 )(x2 + 2) 1 2 2 2
= lim = (8) 3 × 2 - (4) 2 = (2)-2 - (2)-1
x® 2 (x + 4 2 ) 3 2 3 2
2 é1ù 1 1
( 2 + 2 )(2 + 2) 8 2 8 = ê ú- =-
= = = 3 ë4û 2 3
( 2 + 4 2) 5 2 5
x-2 + x - 2
ì 2x + 3, x £ 0 12. lim
8. We have, f (x) = í x ®2
x2 - 4
î3(x + 1), x > 0
æ0ö
At x = 0, RHL = lim f (x ) = lim f (0 + h ) At x ® 2, it is an indeterminate ç ÷ form.
x ®0 + h®0 è0ø
= lim 3(0 + h + 1) On applying L’ Hospital’s rule, we get
h®0
1 1 1é 1 1 ù
= 3 (0 + 0 + 1) = 3 ´ 1 = 3 ×1 + -0 ê + ú
2 x-2 2 x 2 ê x-2 x úû
LHL = lim f (x ) = lim f (0 - h ) lim = lim ë
h ® 0- h®0 x ®2 1 x ®2 x
× 2x
2 x - 2 x+2
= lim 2(0 - h ) + 3 2 x -4
h®0
= 2(0 - 0) + 3 = 3 1 é x + x -2ù
ê ú
Þ RHL = LHL = 3 2 êë x x - 2 úû
= lim
At x = 1, RHL = lim f (x ) = lim f (1 + h ) x ®2 x
+ h®0
x ®1 x-2 x+ 2
= lim 3(1 + h + 1) [putting x = 1 + h]
h®0 1 é x + x -2ù
= lim
ê ú x+2
= 3 (1 + 0 + 1) = 6 x ®2 2
êë x x úû
LHL = lim f (x ) = lim f (1 - h )
x ® 1- h®0 1 é 2 ù
[ putting x = 1 - h] = ê ú 2+2
2 ë2 2 û
= lim 3(1 - h + 1) = 6
h®0 1 é1ù 1
= × ê ú ×2 =
\ LHL = RHL = 6 2 ë2û 2
Limits and Derivatives 461

ì x sin 2 x é0 ù
ïï- 2 sin 2 , x<0 17. Given limit is lim ê 0 formú
13. 1 - cos x = í x ®0 2 - 1 + cos x ë û
ï 2 sin x , x³0 sin 2 x é 2 xù
ïî 2 = lim êQ 1 + cos x = 2 cos 2 ú
x ®0 x ë û
x 2 - 2 cos
- 2 sin 2
1 - cos x 2 1
Therefore, lim = lim =- . sin 2 x sin 2 x
x ® 0- x x ® 0- x 2 = lim = lim
x ®0 æ x ö x ®0 æ xö
2 sin
x 2 ç1 - cos ÷ 2 ´ 2 sin 2ç ÷
1 - cos x 2 1 è 2 ø è4ø
lim = lim = x
x ® 0+ x x ® 0+ x 2 é 2 xù
êQ 1 - cos 2 = 2 sin 4 ú
1 - cos x 1 - cos x ë û
Since, lim ¹ lim , x2 16
x ® 0- x x ® 0+ x = lim = =4 2 [lim sin x = lim x]
2
1 - cos x x ®0 æ xö 2 2 x ®0 x ®0
lim does not exist. 2 2ç ÷
x ®0 x è4ø
(1 - cos 2x)sin 5x 2 sin 2 x sin 5x (1 - cos 2x) (3 + cos x) x
14. lim = lim 18. Let I = lim × ×
x ®0 2
x sin 3x x ®0 x2 sin 3x x ®0 x2 1 tan 4x
æ sin 5x ö 2 sin 2 x 3 + cos x x
ç ÷ = lim × ×
æ 2 sin 2 x ö è x ø x ®0 x2 1 tan 4x
= lim ç ÷
x ®0 ç 2 ÷ æ sin 3x ö 2
è x øç ÷ æ sin x ö 4x
è x ø = 2 lim ç ÷ × lim (3 + cos x) × lim
x ®0 è x ø x ®0 x ® 0 4 tan 4 x

æ sin 5x ö sin q q
2 5 lim ç ÷ Q lim = 1 and lim =1
æ sin x ö x ® 0 è 5x ø
q®0 q q ® 0 tan q
= lim 2 ç ÷ ´
x ®0 è x ø æ sin 3x ö 1
3 lim ç ÷
x ® 0 è 3x ø Þ I = 2 × (1)2 × (3 + cos 0° ) × (1)
4
2 ´ 5 10 é sin x ù 1 1
= = êQ xlim = 1ú = 2 × 1 × (3 + 1) × = 2 × 4 × = 2
3 3 ë ® 0 x û 4 4
æ1ö é æ1ö 1 ù x cot 4x x 1 tan 2 2x
x4 × sin ç ÷ + x2 19. lim = lim .
ê x sin ç x ÷ + x ú 2 2
x ®0 sin x × cot 2 x x ®0 tan 4 x sin 2 x 1
15. lim è xø = lim ê è ø ú 2 2
x ®¥ 1 + | x|3 x ®¥ ê 1 | x|3 ú = lim
1 4x x
.
tan 2x
êë x3 + úû
x3 x ®0 4 (tan 4 x) sin 2 x x2
2 2
[dividing numerator and denominator by x3 ] 1 4x æ x ö æ tan 2x ö 4
= lim ç ÷ .ç ÷ .
æ1ö x ®0 4 (tan 4 x) è sin x ø è 2x ø 1
sin ç ÷
lim è x ø + lim 1 1 4 é x tan x ù
= ×1 ×1 ×1 × êQ lim = 1 = lim
x ®¥ 1 x ®¥ x 4 1 ë x ®0 sin x x ®0 x úû
= x =1
1 | x|3
lim 3 + lim 3 20. Q Roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are a and b,
x ®¥ x x ®¥ x
1 -0 1 1
= =1 so roots of cx2 + bx + a = 0 are and .
0+1 a b
æ 1öæ 1ö
16. Put x =
p p
- h as x ® , h ® 0 \ cx2 + bx + a = c ç x - ÷ çç x - ÷÷
2 2 è a øè b ø
æ p hö é æ 1ö æ 1öù
1 - tan ç + ÷ (1 - cos h ) sin ê cç x - ÷ çç x - ÷÷ ú
è4 2ø ë è aø è bøû æ 1ö
Given, limit = lim Now, lim × cçç x - ÷÷
h®0 æ p hö 1 æ 1 öæ 1 ö è bø
1 + tan ç + ÷ (2h )3 x®
a acç x - ÷ çç x - ÷÷
è2 2ø è aø è bø
æ hö
2 × sin 2ç ÷ é ì æ 1 öæ 1 ö üù
æ hö è2ø ê sin íc ç x - ÷ çç x - ÷÷ ýú
= lim tan ç ÷ lim c î è a øè b ø þú æ 1ö
h®0 2
è ø h ® 0 8 h3 = lim ê × lim ç x - ÷÷
a x® 1 ê æ 1öæ 1 ö ú x ® 1 çè bø
æ hö æ hö
2
a ê c ç x - ÷ çç x - ÷÷ ú a
tan ÷ ç sin ÷ êë è a ø è b ø úû
1 çç 2 ÷ ´ lim ç 2 ÷ ´1 = 1
= lim c æ 1 1ö
h®0 4 ç h ÷ h®0 ç h ÷ 4 32 = çç - ÷÷
ç2´ ÷ ç ÷ a è a bø
è 2 ø è 2 ø
462 JEE Main Mathematics

x tan 2x - 2x tan x Q lim f (x) ¹ lim f (x)

21. lim x ® 0- x ® 0+
x ®0 (1 - cos 2x)2
\ lim f (x) does not exist.
ì 8x3 64x5 ü ì x3 2x5 ü x ®0
x í2x + + + Ký - 2x íx + + + Ký
3 15 3 15 x + 2 sin x é0 ù
= lim î þ î þ 25. Let P = lim
x ®0 2 ê 0 formú 2
x ®0 4 sin 4 x x + 2 sin x + 1 - sin x - x + 1 ë û
ìæ 8 2 ö ü On rationalization, we get
x4íç - ÷ + terms containing positive power of xý
î è3 3ø þ (x + 2 sin x)
= lim P = lim 2
x ® 0 x + 2 sin x + 1 - sin 2 x + x - 1
x ®0 4 sin 4 x

=
1
×2 ´
1
=
1 1 1
´ = ( x2 + 2 sin x + 1 + sin 2 x - x + 1 )
4
4 æ sin xö 2 1 2
lim ç ÷ = lim ( x2 + 2 sin x + 1 + sin 2 x - x + 1 )
x ®0 è x ø x ®0
x + 2 sin x
cot x - cos x ´ lim
22. lim x2 - sin 2 x + 2 sin x + x
x ®0
x®
p (p - 2x)3
2 x + 2 sin x é0 ù
= 2 ´ lim 2 ê 0 formú
p p x ® 0 x - sin 2 x + 2 sin x + x ë û
Let x = t + . If x ® Þ t®0
2 2 Now applying the L¢ Hopital’s rule, we get
t3 t3 1 + 2 cos x
t- +K-t- K P = 2 ´ lim
sin t - tan t 1 3 x ® 0 2 x - sin 2 x +2 cos x + 1
lim = lim
t ®0 -8 t3 t ®0 -8 t3 (1 + 2)
=2 [on applying limit]
t3 0 -0 + 2 + 1
-
= lim 2 = 1 3
t ® 0 -8 t3 16 =2 ´ =2
3
x + 2 sin x
é 4 æ1ö 2ù Þ lim =2
ê x sin ç x ÷ + x ú x ®0
x2 + 2 sin x + 1 - sin 2 x - x + 1
23. lim ê è ø ú
x ®¥ ê (1 + | x|3 ) ú tan (p (1 - sin 2 q))
êë úû 26. lim
q ®0 sin (2p sin 2 q)
x3 é æ1ö 1ù - tan (p sin 2 q)
Let L = lim 3 ê
x sin ç ÷+ ú = lim
x ®- ¥ 1 + | x| ë è xø xû q ® 0 sin (2 p sin 2 q)

é ù æ tan (p sin 2 q) ö æ 2p sin 2 q ö 1

x ê 3
1 ú = lim - çç ÷ ç ÷´
é æ1ö 1ù 2 ÷ ç sin (2p sin 2 q) ÷ 2
= lim 3
ê ú ê x sin ç x ÷ + x ú …(i) q ®0
è p sin q ø è ø
x ® - ¥ | x| ê 1 ú ë è ø û
1+ -1
êë | x| x úû =
2
x3 x3 1
Now, lim = lim = - 1 [Q | x| = - x for x < 0]
x ® - ¥ | x| 3 x ® - ¥ - x3 27. Given, p = lim (1 + tan 2 x ) 2x (1¥ form)
x ® 0+
1 tan 2 x 1
2
lim =0 lim lim
æ tan x ö
ç ÷ 1
x ® - ¥ | x| x x ® 0+ 2x 2 x ® 0+ ç x ÷ø
=e =e è = e2
æ1ö sin y é 1ù 1
and lim x sin ç ÷ = lim =1 ê where y = x ú 1
x ®- ¥ è x ø y ® 0- y ë û \ log p = log e2 =
2
æ 1 ö 1/ x
\ From Eq. (i), L = - 1 çç ÷ (1 + 0) = - 1 é f (x) ù
÷
è1 + 0ø 28. We have, limê1 + x + = e3
x ®0 ë x úû
24. The given function can be restarted as ì f ( x) ü 1
lim í 1 + x + -1 ý
ìsin [x] Þ ex ®0î x þx = e3
ï , if x Î (-¥ , 0) È [1, ¥ ] é f ( x)ù
lim ê1 +
f (x) = í [x] 2 ú f (x)
ï 0, Þ ex ®0 ë x û = e3 Þ lim =2
î if x Î [0, 1] x ®0 x2
sin (- h ) sin (-1) 1/ x é f ( x) ù1
f (x) ù lim ê1 + -1 ú
\ lim f (x) = lim = lim = sin 1 é x ûx
- [- h ] (-1) Now, limê1 + = ex ®0 ë
x úû
x ®0 h®0 h®0
x ®0 ë
and lim f (x) = lim 0 = 0 lim
f ( x)
x ® 0+ h®0 2
= ex ®0 x = e2
Limits and Derivatives 463

é æ x5 öù
29. lim (log 2 2x)log x 5 = lim (log 2 2 + log 2 x)log x 5 2 ê2 ç + x7 and higher powers of x ÷ ú
x ®1 x ®1 ç
êë è 8 ÷ú
øû
log 2 x log x 5 lim
é 1 ù
= ex ® 0 x5
= lim ê (1 + log 2 x) log 2 x ú = e1/ 2 = e
x ®1 ê ú
ë û æ px ö
lim log 2 5 l tan ç ÷
x ®1 log 2 5 æ lö è 2l ø 1
=e =e 34. lim ç2 – ÷ =
x ®l è xø e
m m
æ xö é æ x öù æ px ö é px ù é l ù
30. lim ç cos ÷ = lim ê1 + ç cos - 1÷ ú é lù
l tan ç ÷
è 2l ø
lim l tan ê ú ê 2 - - 1 ú
m®¥ è mø m®¥ ë è m øû = lim ê2 – ú = ex ® l ë 2l û ë x û
m x ®l ë xû
é æ x öù é lù
= lim ê1 - ç1 - cos ÷ ú l ê1 - ú
m®¥ ë è møû lim
ë xû
m é px ù é lù x®l é px ù
lim l tan ê ú ê1 - ú cot ê ú
é x ù ë 2l û ë xû ë 2l û
= lim ê1 - 2 sin 2 ú = ex ® l =e
m®¥
ë 2mû
é px ù
é x ù sin 2 ê ú
lim m ê - 2sin 2 l2 / x 2 æ l2 ö ë 2l û
m ®¥ ë 2múû lim lim ç ÷ ( -1 )
=e x®l é px ù p
- cosec 2 ê ú ×
x ® l çè x 2 ÷
ø æ p ö
ç ÷
2
æ x ö ë 2l û 2l è 2l ø
ç sin ÷ æ x2 ö =e =e
lim - 2ç 2m ÷ ç ÷m
m ®¥ ç x/ 2m ÷ ç 4m2 ÷ é px ù é px ù
ç ÷ è ø - l2 sin 2 ê ú sin 2 ê ú
= e è ø ë 2l û æ –2l ö ë 2l û
lim lim ç ÷
x ® l æ 2l ö æ p ö 2 x®lè p ø 2
x2 2 æ px ö
ç ÷ç ÷ x ç ÷
-2 lim è p ø è 2l ø è 2l ø
m ®¥ 4m =e =e
=e = e0 = 1 -2l
n ( n - 1)
æ n2 - n + 1 ö = e p= e-1
31. lim çç 2 ÷
n ®¥ n - n - 1 ÷ 2
æ ö
è ø Þ - l× ç ÷ = -1
n( n - 1 ) è pø
æ n (n - 1) + 1 ö
= lim çç ÷ p
n ®¥ è n (n - 1 ) - 1 ÷
ø \ l=
n( n - 1 )
2
é 1 ù nx
[n (n - 1)]n( n - 1) ê1 + ú é 11/ x + 21/ x + ××× + n1/ x ù
ë n (n - 1 ) û 35. lim ê ú
= lim n( n - 1 )
x ®¥
ë n û
n ®¥ é ù
1
[n (n - 1)]n( n - 1) ê1 - ú 1
ë n (n - 1) û Let y = , then
n( n - 1 ) x
æ 1 ö n/ y
ç1 + ÷ é 1y + 2y + ××× + n y ù
ç n (n - 1) ÷ø e é æ 1ö
n ù = lim ê
= lim è = = e 2
lim 1 + = eú ú
n( n - 1 ) - 1 ê Q ç ÷ y ®0
ë n û
n ®¥ æ
1 ö e êë n ®¥ è nø úû
ç1 - ÷ n é 1 y + 2y + 3 y + ××× + ny ù
ç n (n - 1) ø÷ lim ê - 1ú
è y ® 0 y êë n úû
=e
sin [log e (1 + x)]
32. lim é 1 y + 2y + 3 y + L + ny - n ù
x ® 0 log (1 + sin x) lim ê ú
y ® 0 êë y úû
æ0ö =e
It is an indeterminate ç ÷ form. é æ 1 y - 1 ö æ 2y - 1 ö æ 3 y - 1 ö æ ny - 1 ö ù
è0ø lim ê ç ÷+ ç ÷+ ç ÷ + ××× + ç ÷ú
1 y ® 0 ê çè y ÷ø çè y ÷ø çè y ÷
ø
ç y ÷ú
è øû
=e ë
cos [log e (1 + x)] × × (1)
(1 + x)
= lim = e(log 1 + log 2+ log 3 + ××× + log n) = e log(1×23× ××× n) = n !
x ®0 1
(0 + cos x) cos x ù 1/cos x
(1 + sin x) é
[using L’ Hospital’s rule] ê æç1 + sin x ö÷ sin x ú
1/sin x êè cos x ø ú
cos (log e 1) × (1) cos 0 1 æ 1 + tan x ö ê úû
= = = =1 36. lim çç ÷ = lim ë
1 × cos 0 cos 0 1 x ® 0 1 + sin x ÷ x ®0 (1 + sin x)1/sin x
è ø
2/ x 2 1/ cos x
ì 2 ü é cos x sin x ù
33. lim í1 + (tan x – sin x) – 1ý lim ×
x ® 0 ëê sin x cos x ûú
x ®0 î x3 þ e
[ 2(tan x –sin x ) – x 3 ] ×2
= 1
lim lim sin x ×sin x
=e x®0 x5 x®0
e
é ìï æ x 3 2x 5 ö æ x3 x5 ö üï ù 1
2 ê 2í ç x – + – L÷ – ç x – + L – x3 ÷ýú lim
êë ïî çè 3 15 ÷ ç 3! 5! ÷ïú
lim
ø è øþû ex ® 0 cos x e1
x®0 x5 = lim 1
= =1
=e e1
ex ® 0
464 JEE Main Mathematics

sin (ex - 2 - 1) 2
41. Consider, lim (1 + log cos x/ 2 cos x)
2
37. lim x ®0
x ® 2 log e (x - 1 )

0 é 2ù 2
It is a indeterminate form. æ log e cos x ö
0 = lim ê1 + ç ÷ ú …(i)
x ®0 ê ç log cos x / 2 ÷ ú
ë è e ø û
cos (ex - 2 - 1) × ex - 2 × 1
Þ lim [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
x ®2 1 Now, consider
× (1 - 0)
(x - 1) 1
(- sin x)
x-2
e x-2
- 1) (x - 1)
cos (e log e cos x cos x
= lim lim = lim
x ® 0 log e cos x /2 x ®0 1 1
x ®2 1 (- sin x/2) ´
cos x/ 2 2
= e cos (e0 - 1) (2 - 1) = 1 cos 0 × (1) = 1
0
[using L’ Hospital’s rule]
é æ 1öù
38. lim ê x - x2 × log ç1 + ÷ ú 2 tan x é0 ù
x ®¥ ë x è
øû = lim ê 0 formú
x ® 0 tan x /2 ë û
1
Let y = , then sec2 x
x = 2 lim
1 1 x ®0 x 1
= lim - 2 log (1 + y) sec2 ×
y ®0 y y 2 2
y - log (1 + y) é0 ù [again using L’ Hospital’s rule]
= lim ê 0 formú
y ®0 y2 ë û sec2 x æ1ö
= 4 lim =4ç ÷ =4
1 x ® 0 sec2 x /2 è1ø
1-
1+ y From Eq. (i), we get
= lim [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
y ®0 2y 2 2 2 2
lim (1 + log cos x/ 2 cos x) = (1 + 4 )
y 1 x ®0
= lim = = (1 + 16)2 = 17 = 289
y ® 0 2 y (1 + y) 2 px
tan
æ px ö 2
39. Here, tan a + cot a = n 42. lim ç tan ÷ [1¥ form]
1 2
x ®0 è 4ø
Þ = n Þ sin 2a = …(i) æ px px ö px px
sin a cos a n ç sin
4
- cos
4 ÷
÷ 2 sin
4
cos
4
lim ç
2 æ
lim ç tan
px ö
- 1 ÷ tan
px x ®1 ç px ÷ px
\ sin 2a n = , as a n is root 4 2 ç cos ÷ cos
n = ex ® 1 è ø
= e è 4 ø 2

lim (sin a n + cos a n )n = lim [(sin a n + cos a n )2]n/ 2 lim 2 sin 2 px

- 2 sin
px
cos
px æ px px ö
n®¥ n®¥ ç 1 - cos - sin ÷
x ®1 4 4 4 2 2 ÷
lim ç
= lim [1 + sin 2a n ]n/ 2 cos
px x ®1 ç
ç cos
px ÷
÷
n®¥ 2 è 2 ø
n/ 2 =e = e
é 2ù
= lim ê1 + ú px p px p
n®¥ ë nû 2 sin 2 ´ - cos ´
lim 2 2 2 2
2 n x ®1 px p
lim × - sin ´
=e n ®¥ n 2
=e = e 2 2 = e-1
x
æ x + 1ö 43. Let y = cosec2 x;
40. We have, l = lim çç ÷
x ®¥ x - 1÷
è ø Required limit = lim (1y + 2y + K n y )1/ y [0 / ¥ form]
x x y ®¥
æ x - 1 + 1 + 1ö é (x - 1) + 2 ù 1/y
= lim çç ÷
÷ = lim ê ú éæ 1 öy æ 2 öy æ n - 1ö
y ù
x ®¥
è x-1 ø x ®¥
ë (x - 1) û = lim (n y )1/ y ê ç ÷ + ç ÷ + K + ç ÷ + 1ú
x
y ®¥ êë è n ø è nø è n ø úû
é 2 ù
= lim ê1 + ú éæ 1 öy æ 2 öy y ù
1/y
x ®¥
ë (x – 1) û æ n - 1ö
= lim n ê ç ÷ + ç ÷ + K + ç ÷ + 1ú
Clearly, it is of the form 1¥ and we know if lim f (x) = 1 y ®¥ êë è n ø è nø è n ø úû
x ®a
lim {f ( x ) - 1 }g( x ) = n × 10 = n × 1 = n
g( x ) x®a
and lim g (x) = ¥, then lim [ f (x)] =e 2/ x
x ®a x ®a æ a x + bx + cx ö
44. Let y = lim ç ÷
ìæ 2 ö ü x ®0 ç 3 ÷
lim í çç 1 + ÷ - 1ý x è ø
x ®¥îè ( x - 1 ) ÷ø þ
\We have, l=e æ a x + bx + cx ö
2
2x Þ log y = lim log ç ÷
lim lim 2 x ®0 x ç 3 ÷
x ® ¥ x -1
e = ex ® ¥ [using L’ Hospital’s rule] è ø
=e 2 log(a x + bx + cx ) - log 3
= 2 lim
Now, { l} = { e2} = {7.389} = 0.389 = e2 - 7 x ®0 x
Limits and Derivatives 465

Apply L’Hospital’s rule, d æ 3 1 3ö

= ç x + 3 + 3x + ÷
a x log a + bx log a + cx log a dx è x xø
a x + bx + cx 3 3
= 2 lim = 3x2 - 4 + 3 - 2
x ®0 1 x x
log y = log (abc) 23
/
49. Let y = (3x + 5)(1 + tan x)
Þ y = (abc) 23
/
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
45. Given, f (x) = (x5 - 1) (x3 + 1) dy d d
= (3x + 5) (1 + tan x ) + (1 + tan x ) (3x + 5)
and g (x) = (x2 - 1) (x2 - x + 1) dx dx dx
Q f (x) = g (x) h (x) = (3x + 5)(0 + sec2 x ) + (1 + tan x )(3)
f (x) = 3x sec2 x + 5 sec2 x + 3 + 3 tan x
\ h (x) =
g (x) x 5 - cos x
5 3 50. Let y =
(x - 1) (x + 1) sin x
lim h (x) = lim
x ®1 x ®1 (x2 - 1) (x2 - x + 1) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
5
(x - 1) (x + 1) (x - x + 1) 2 d d
= lim sin x (x 5 - cos x) - (x 5 - cos x ) (sin x )
dy dx dx
x ®1 (x - 1) (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1) = 2
dx sin x
(x5 - 1) é0 ù
= lim ê 0 formú sin x (5x4 + sin x ) - (x 5 - cos x )(cos x )
x ®1 (x - 1) ë û =
sin 2 x
5 x4
= lim [using L’Hospital’s rule] 5x4 sin x + sin 2 x - x 5 cos x + cos 2 x
x ®1 1 =
sin 2 x
5(1)4
= =5 5x 4 sin x + 1 - x5 cos x
1 =
sin 2 x
46. l1 = lim x + [x] = lim 2 + h + [2 + h ] = 4
x ® 2+ h®0 51. Let y = (ax2 + cot x )( p + q cos x )
l2 = lim (2x - [x]) = lim {2(2 - h ) - (2 - h )} dy d
= (ax2 + cot x ) ( p + q cos x )
x ® 2- h®0
dx dx
d
= lim {2(2 - h ) - 1} = 3 + ( p + q cos x ) (ax2 + cot x )
h®0 dx
l3 = lim
cos x
= lim - sin x = - 1 = (ax2 + cot x )(0 - q sin x ) + ( p + q cos x )
p p x®p (2ax - cosec2 x )
x®
2
x- 2
2 [using L’Hospital’s rule] 2
= (ax cot x )(- q sin x ) + ( p + q cos x )
Thus, l3 < l2 < l1 (2ax - cosec2 x )
sin x
æ1ö 2
æ1ö
sin x log ç ÷ 52. Let y = x sin x + cos 2x
47. Here, lim (sin x)1/ x + lim ç ÷ = 0 + lim e èxø
dy d 2 d
x ®0 x ® 0 è xø x ®0
= (x sin x ) + (cos 2x )
dx dx dx
é ù
êëQ xlim (sin x)1/ x ® 0 as 0 < sin x < 1ú d d 2
®0 û = x2 (sin x ) + sin x (x ) + (-2 sin 2x)
dx dx
æ 1 ö
log (1/ x )
x çç -
è x2 ø
÷÷
= x2 cos x + 2x sin x - 2 sin 2x
lim lim
=e x ® 0 cosec x
=e x ® 0 - cosec x cot x 8 (sin 2x )3
53. Let y = sin3 x cos3 x ´ =
8 8
[using L’Hospital’s rule]
dy 1 2 d
sin x
lim tan x
= 3(sin 2x) (sin 2x )
x®0 x dx 8 dx
=e = e0 = 1
3 3
3 = (sin 2 2x ) ´ cos 2x (2) = sin 2 2x cos 2x
æ 1ö 8 4
48. Let y = ç x + ÷
è xø 1
54. Given, y = x +
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x
3 dy 1 1
dy d æ 1ö On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = -
= çx + ÷ dx 2 x 2x3/ 2
dx dx è xø
dy 1 1 1 1
d ì 3 1 æ 1öü At x = 1, = - = - =0
= íx + 3 + 3 ç x + ÷ ý dx 2 1 2(1 )3/ 2 2 2
dx î x è xø þ
466 JEE Main Mathematics

æp ö
Round II (1 - |h + 1| + sin|- h|) sin ç [- h ]÷
2 è 2 ø
x - ax + b = lim
1. It is given that lim =5 …(i) h ® 0+ |- h|[- h ]
x ®1 x-1
æp ö
Since, limit exist and equal to 5 and denominator is zero (1 - (h + 1) + sin h ) sin ç [- h ]÷
è 2 ø
at x = 1 , so numerator x2 - ax + b should be zero at x = 1, = lim
h ® 0+ h [- h ]
So 1 - a + b =0 Þ a =1 + b …(ii)
[Q |- h| = h and|h + 1 | = h + 1 as h > 0]
On putting the value of ‘a’ from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
æp ö
x2 - (1 + b) x + b ( - h + sin h ) sin ç (- 1)÷
lim =5 è 2 ø
x ®1 x-1 = lim
h ® 0+ h (- 1)
(x2 - x) - b(x - 1) [Q [x] = - 1 for - 1 < x < 0 and h ® 0+ Þ - h ® 0- ]
Þ lim =5
x ®1 x-1 (- h + sinh) æ - pö
(x - 1) (x - b) = lim sin ç ÷
Þ lim =5 h®0 + -h è 2 ø
x ®1 x-1 (- h + sin h ) sin h - h
= lim (-1) = lim
Þ lim (x - b) = 5 h ® 0+ -h h ® 0+ h
x ®1
æ sin h ö æ hö
Þ 1 - b =5 Þ b = -4 …(iii) = lim ç ÷ - lim+ ç ÷ = 1 - 1 = 0
h ® 0+ è h ø h®0 è hø
On putting value of ‘b’ from Eq. (iii) to Eq. (ii), we get é sin h ù
a = -3 êQ lim+ = 1ú
ë h®0 h û
So, a+ b=-7
cot3 x - tan x
2. Given functions are f (x) = 5 - |x - 2| 5. Given, limit = Lt
x ® p/ 4 æ pö
cos ç x + ÷
and g (x) = | x + 1|, where x Î R. è 4ø
Clearly, maximum of f (x) occurred at x = 2, so a = 2. 1 - tan 4 x 1 é 1 ù
and minimum of g (x) occurred at x = - 1, so b = - 1. = Lt
x ® p/ 4 1
´
tan3
x êQ cot x = tan x ú
(cos x - sin x) ë û
Þ ab = - 2 2
(x - 1) (x2 - 5x + 6) (1 - tan 2 x) 2 (1 + tan 2 x)
Now, lim = Lt ´
x ® - ab x2 - 6 x + 8 tan3 x
x ® cos x - sin x
p
(x - 1) (x - 3) (x - 2) 4
= lim [Q ab = - 2]
(x - 4) (x -2) cos 2 x - sin 2 x 2 (sec2 x)
x ®2
= Lt ´ [Q 1 + tan 2 x = sec2 x]
(x - 1) (x - 3) x®
p cos x - sin x cos 2 x tan3 x
= lim 4
x ®2 (x - 4) (cos x - sin x) (cos x + sin x) 2 sec4 x
= Lt ´
(2 - 1) (2 - 3) 1 ´ (- 1) 1 x®
p (cos x - sin x) tan3 x
= = = 4
(2 - 4) (- 2) 2
[Q (a 2 - b2) = (a - b) (a + b)]
x([x] + | x|) sin [x] x([x] - x) sin [x] 4
2 sec x
3. lim = lim = Lt (cos x + sin x)
x ®0 - | x | x ®0 - -x
x®
p tan3 x
4
[Q | x| = - x, if x < 0]
x(- 1 - x) sin (- 1) 2 ( 2 )4 æ 1 1 ö
= lim (Q lim [x] = - 1) = ç + ÷ [on applying limit]
x ® 0- -x x ® 0- (1)3 è 2 2ø
- x(x + 1) sin(- 1)
= lim = lim (x + 1)sin(- 1) æ 2 ö
x ®0 - -x x ® 0-
=4 2 ç ÷ =8
è 2ø
= (0 + 1) sin (- 1) (by direct substitution)
tan [ e2] x2 - tan [- e2] x2
= - sin 1 [Q sin(- q) = - sin q] 6. lim
x ®0 sin 2 x
æp ö
(1 - |x| + sin|1 - x|) sin ç [1 - x]÷ tan 7 x2 + tan 8 x2
è2 ø = lim (Q 7 < e2 < 8)
4. Given, lim x ®0 sin 2 x
x ® 1+ |1 - x|[1 - x]
Put x = 1 + h , then tan 7x2 tan 8x2
2
7+ 8
x ® 1+ Þ h ® 0+ = lim 7x 8x2
x ®0 2
æp ö æ sin x ö
(1 - |x| + sin|1 - x|) sin ç [1 - x]÷ ç ÷
è 2 ø è x ø
\ lim 7+8
x ® 1+ |1 - x|[1 - x] = = 15
1
Limits and Derivatives 467

f (2 h + 2 + h 2) - f (2) lim p - 2 sin -1 x

7. lim 11. Let L = , then
h ®0 f (h - h 2 + 1) - f (1) x® 1 -
1-x
f (2 h + 2 + h 2) - f (2) lim p - 2 sin -1 x p + 2 sin -1 x
´ (2 + 2 h ) L= ´
(2 + 2 h ) x® 1 -
= lim 1-x p + 2 sin -1 x
h ® 0 f (h - h 2 + 1 ) - f (1 )
´ (1 - 2 h ) [on rationalization]
(1 - 2 h )
lim p - 2 sin -1 x 1
f ¢ (2 h + 2 + h 2)(2 + 2 h ) = ´
= lim x ® 1- 1-x p + 2 sin -1 x
h ®0 f ¢ (h - h 2 + 1)(1 - 2 h )
æp ö
f ¢ (2) 2 6 ´ 2 p - 2ç - cos -1 x÷
= × = =3 lim è2 ø ´ 1
f ¢ (1) 1 4 ´ 1 =
x ® 1- 1-x p + 2 sin -1 x
1/ x
ìï ex log( 2x -1) - (2x - 1)x sin x üï pù
8. lim í é -1 -1
x®0 ex log x
ý êQ sin x + cos x = 2 ú
ïî ïþ ë û
1/ x lim 2 cos -1 x lim 1
ì (2x - 1)x - (2x - 1)x sin x ü = ´
= lim í ý x ® 1- 1-x x ® 1- p + 2 sin -1 x
x®0
î xx þ
1 lim 2 cos -1 x é lim -1 pù
2x - 1 = - êQ - sin x= ú
= lim lim (1 - sin x)1/ x 2 p x® 1 1-x ë x® 1 2û
x®0 x x®0
log 2 Put x = cos q, then as x ® 1- , therefore q ® 0+
= log 2 × e-1 = lim
e 1 2q
Now, L = +
(4x - 1)3 2 p q® 0 1 - cos q
9. lim
x ®0 æ xö æ x2 ö 1 lim 2q é 2 qù
sin çç ÷÷ × log ç1 + ÷ = + êQ 1 - cos q = 2 sin 2 ú
è pø ç 3 ÷ø 2 p q® 0 æ qö ë û
è 2 sin ç ÷
æ0ö è2ø
It is an indeterminate ç ÷ form.
è0ø æ qö
2× ç ÷
3 1 è2ø
æ 4x - 1 ö = × 2 lim
lim ç ÷ × x3 2 p q®0 + æ qö
x ®0 ç x ÷ sin ç ÷
= è ø è2ø
æ xö æ x2 ö
sin çç ÷÷ log ç1 + ÷÷ 1 2 é lim q ù
ç 3 ø æ x2 ö = 2 2 = = 1ú
lim è p ø × æç x ö÷ × lim è × çç ÷ 2 p p
êQ x ® 0+
sin q
ë û
x ®0 æ x ö çè p ÷ø x ® 0 x2 ÷
è3ø
çç ÷÷
è pø 3 æ1ö
x3 × sin ç ÷ + x + 1
è xø 1
x3 (log e 4)3 12. We have, lim Put = y
= lim = 3 p (log e 4)3 y ®¥ x2 + x + 1 x
x ®0 x3
1 1 1 é sin y ù
3p × sin( y) + + 1 ê + y + y2ú
y3 y y2 ë y û
sin (6x2) Þ lim = lim
10. lim y ®0 1 1 x ®0 1 é 2 ù
x ®0 log e [cos (2x2 - x)] + + 1 1 + y + y
y2 y y2 ëê ûú
cos (6x2) × 12x sin y
= lim
x ®0 1 + y + y2
[- sin (2x2 - x)] × (4x - 1) y
= lim =1
cos (2x2 - x) y ®0 1 + y + y2
12 [x cos (6x2)]
= lim 1 - cos (ax2 + bx + c)
x ®0 sin (2x2- x) 13. lim
(1 - 4x) x ®a (x - a )2
cos (2x2 - x)
As a and b are two distinct roots.
12x cos (6x2)
= lim \ ax2 + bx + c = a (x - a ) (x - b )
x ®0 sin (2x2 - x) (2x2 - x)
2
× (1 - 4x)
(2x - x) cos (2x2 - x) -b ± b2 - 4ac
i.e. a,b =
12 cos 6x2 2a
= lim = 12
x ®0 (2x - 1) 1 - cos [(x - a ) (x - b ) a ]
(1 - 4 x) = lim
cos(2x2 - x) x ®a (x - a )2
468 JEE Main Mathematics

[(x - a ) (x - b ) a ] cot x - cos x 1 cos x(1 - sin x)

2 sin 2 17. lim = lim ×
= lim 2 (p - 2x)3
x ® p/ 2 x ® p/ 2 8 æp ö
3

x ®a (x - a )2 sin xç - x÷
è2 ø
[(x - a ) (x - b )a ] æp öé æp öù
2 sin 2 2 cos ç - h ÷ ê1 - sin ç - h ÷ ú
2 2 æ x - bö 1
= lim a ç ÷ è2 øë è2 øû
x ®a 2
è 4 ø = lim ×
é (x - a ) (x - b ) a ù h®0 8 æp ö æp p ö
3
ê
ë 2 ú
û sin ç - h ÷ ç - + h ÷
è2 ø è2 2 ø
2 2 1 sin h (1 - cos h )
= lim a (x - b )2 = lim
x ®a 4 8 h®0 cos h × h3
a2 æ hö
sin h ç2 sin 2 ÷
æ hö
sin h × sin 2ç ÷
= (a - b )2
2 1 è 2ø 1 è2ø
= lim = lim
(1 - cos 2x) (3 + cos x) 8 h®0 cos h × h3 4 h®0 h3 cos h
14. lim 2
x ®0 x tan 4x æ hö
1 ç sin ÷
é [1 - (1 - 2 sin 2 x)] (3 + cos x) ù æ sin h ö ç 2 ÷ × 1 ×1 = 1 ´1 = 1
= lim ç ÷
= lim ê ú 4 h ® 0è h ø ç h ÷ cos h 4 4 4 16
x ®0
ë x tan 4x û ç ÷
è 2 ø
2 1
æ sin x ö
2 2ç ÷ (3 + cos x) log (tan x )
(2 sin x) (3 + cos x) x ø 18. We have, lim (1 + [x])
= lim = lim è x®
p
x ®0 æ tan 4x ö x ®0 æ tan 4x ö 4
xç ÷ × 4x 4ç ÷ 1
è 4x ø è 4x ø æ ép ùö é æp öù
Now, lim f (x) = lim çç1 + log ê tan ç - h ÷ ú
æ sin x ö
2
p- p ê 4 - h ú ÷÷ ë è4 øû
lim ç ÷ × lim (3 + cos x) x® x® -hè ë ûø
4
2 x ®0 è x ø x ®0 2 4
= = ×4 = 2 1
4 tan 4x 4 é æp ö ù
lim = lim (1 + 0) 0 êQ ç 4 - h ÷ = 0ú
x ®0 4x h®0 ë è ø û
1/ x
lim í
1 ì f (1 + x ) ü
- 1ý
= 1¥ = 1
ì f (1 + x) ü x®0 xî f (1 ) þ 1
15. lim í ý =e æ
x ® 0 î f (1 ) þ ép ùö æp ö
log tan ç + h ÷
and lim f (x) = lim çç1 + ê + h ú ÷÷ è4 ø
ì f (1 + x ) - f (1 ) ü p+ x ®
p
+ h è ë 4 ûø
lim í x® 4
ý 4
x ® 0î x f (1 ) þ
=e é æp ö ù
= lim 1¥ = 1 êQ ç 4 + h ÷ = 0ú
ì f (1 + x ) - f (1 ) 1 ü h®0
lim í × ý ë è ø û
x ® 0î x f (1 ) þ
= e \ lim f (x) = 1
ì f (1 + x ) - f (1 ) ü 1 x ®p/4
lim í ý× tan 2 { x} tan 2 x
=e x ® 0î x þ f (1 ) 19. We have, lim f (x) = lim 2 2
= lim =1
x ® 0+ x ® 0 + x - [x] x ® 0+ x2
= ef ¢(1)/ f (1) = e6/3 = e2 [Q x ® 0+ ; [x] = 0 Þ { x} = x]
æé1ù é2ù é 15 ù ö Also, lim f (x) = lim { x} cot { x}
16. We have, lim xçç ê ú + ê ú + ¼+ ê ú ÷÷ x ® 0- x ® 0-
x ®0 + è ë x û ë xû ë x ûø éQ { x} = x - [x] ù
= cot 1 ê ú
We know, [x] = x - { x} -
ëÞ x ® 0 Þ { x} = 1 – h = 1}û
é 1 ù 1 ì1 ü 2
\ ê xú = x - íxý é ù
ë û î þ Also, cot- 1 ê lim f (x)ú = cot- 1 ( cot 1 )2
-
ëx ®0 û
é n ù n ìn ü
Similarly, ê xú = x -íxý = cot- 1 (cot 1) = 1
ë û î þ
æ é n sin q ù é n tan q ù ö
æ 1 ì1 ü 2 ì2 ü 15 ì15 üö 20. We have, lim çç ê + ÷
\Given limit = lim xçç - í ý + - í ý + … - í ý÷÷ q®0 èë q úû êë q úû ÷ø
x ®0 + è x îxþ x îxþ x î x þø
sin q é sin q ù
æì1 ü ì2 ü ì15 üö We know that, lim =1 êQ q < 1ú
= lim (1 + 2 + 3+ ...+15)- x ççí ý + í ý + ... + í ý÷÷ q®0 q ë û
x ®0 + èî x þ î x þ î x þø é n sin q ù
Þ lim ú = n-1
é ìn ü ù q®0 ê ë q û
êQ 0 £ í x ý < 1, therefore ú æ n tan q ö é tan q ù
ê î þ ú Similarly, lim ç
= 120 - 0 = 120
ê ú q®0 è q ø
÷=n êQ q > 1ú
ìn ü ìn ü ë û
ê 0 £ xí ý < x Þ lim xí ý = 0 ú
ë î x þ x ®0 +
î x þ û æ é n sin q ù é n tan q ù ö
\ lim çç ê + ÷ = n - 1 + n = 2n - 1
q®0 èë q úû êë q úû ÷ø
Limits and Derivatives 469

[12 x] + [22 x] + ××× + [n 2x] ì 1 ü

21. lim tan í 2 ý
3 1
n®¥ n × î (px ) þ + 3 + 7
n 2x - 1 < [n 2x] £ n 2x, p 1 x x3
2
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, L , n, we get (px )
= lim
x ®- ¥ 7 8
x Sn 2 - n < S [n 2x] £ xSn 2 -1 - 2 + 3
x x
Sn 2 1 S [n 2x] Sn 2
x 3 - 2< £ x …(i) 1
n n n3 n3 ×1 + 0 + 0
1
ì Sn 2
1ü Sn 2
1 = p =-
Þ lim íx × 3 - 2 ý = x × lim 3 - lim 2 -1 -0 + 0 p
n®¥
î n n þ n ® ¥ n n ® ¥ n
é 1 tan q ù
= x × lim
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
-0 êQ x ® - ¥ Þ px2 ® 0 and qlim
®0 q
= 1ú
ë û
n®¥ 6n3
x-4
æ 1ö æ 1ö 24. Given, f (x) =
ç1 + ÷ ç2 + ÷ 2 x
n nø
= x × lim è øè
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
n®¥ 6
1
2 x x (1 ) - (x - 4)
= x× = 2 x
6 3 f ¢ (x ) =
2 ( x )2
Sn 2 x
and lim x = 1
n ® ¥ n3 3 1 (1 ) - (1 - 4)
x 2 1
As two limits are equal i.e. . \ f ¢ (1 ) =
3 2 ( 1 )2
æ xö 3
log sin ç ÷ 1+
22. lim log æ x ö (sin x) = lim è2ø = 2 =5
x ® 0+ sin ç ÷ x ® 0+ log sin x 2 4
è 2ø
sin (x + 9)
æ hö 25. Given, y =
log sin ç ÷ cos x
= lim è2ø
h ® 0 log sin h
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy cos x cos (x + 9) - sin (x + 9) sin x
1 æ hö 1 =
cos ç ÷ × dx (cos x)2
æ hö è2ø 2
sin ç ÷ cos (x + 9 + x )
è 2ø =
= lim (cos x)2
h®0 1
× cos h
sin h cos (2x + 9)
=
h (cos x)2
2 æ hö dy cos 9
cos ç ÷ At x = 0, = = cos 9
æ hö è2ø dx (cos 0)2
sin ç ÷
2
è ø
= lim =1 x2 x100
h®0 æ h ö 26. Given, f (x) = 1 + x + + ... +
ç ÷ cos h 2 100
è sin h ø
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
æ 1 ö 100x99
x5 tan ç 2 ÷ + 3|x|2 + 7 f ¢ (x) = 0 + 1 +
2x
+ ... +
23. We have, lim è px ø 2 100
x ®- ¥ |x|3 + 7|x| + 8 = 1 + x + x2 + .. . + x99
æ 1 ö \ f ¢ (x) = 1 + 1 + 12 + . . . + 199 = 100
x5 tan ç 2 ÷ + 3x2 + 7
= lim è px ø x + x2 + x3 + K + xn - n
x ®- ¥ - x3 - 7x + 8 27. Given, lim = 820, (n Î N )
x ®1 x-1
[Q x < 0 = |x| = - x]
ì x - 1 x2 - 1 x3 - 1 xn - 1 ü
æ 1 ö 3 7 Þ lim í + + + ... + ý = 820
x2 tan ç 2 ÷ + + 3 x ®1 x - 1
î x-1 x-1 x-1 þ
è px ø x x
= lim n (n + 1)
x ®- ¥ 7 8 Þ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 820 Þ = 820
-1 - 2 + 3
x x 2
On dividing the numerator and denominator by x3 , Þ n (n + 1) = 1640 = 40 ´ 41 Þ n = 40
470 JEE Main Mathematics

ìï 1 æ 2 2 2 2öü é 3 f (x) - 1 ù
28. Given, lim í ç1 - cos x - cos x + cos x cos x ÷ ïý = 2-k 31. If lim f (x) = l, then lim ê f (x) + ú =3
x ® 0 ï x8 ç
è 2 4 2 4 ÷ø ïþ x ®¥ x ®¥ ë f 2(x) û
î
2ö 2ö 3l - 1
1 æ æ l+ =3
Þ lim ç1 - cos x ÷ ç1 - cos x ÷ = 2- k Þ
l2
x ®0 x8ç 2 ø çè
÷ 4 ÷ø
è
Þ l3 + 3l - 1 = 3l2
æ x2 ö x2
2 sin 2ç ÷÷ . 2 sin 2 Þ l - 3 l2 + 3 l - 1 = 0
3
ç4 8
Þ lim è ø = 2-k Þ (l - 1)3 = 0
8
x ®0 x Þ l=1
ìé 2 8
ïê sin x
2
x2 ù x üï \ lim f (x) = 1
sin ú 2 x ®¥
Þ
ï
lim 4 íê 2 4 ´ 8 ú (32) ï = 2- k 32. Since, lim f (x) = lim f (x)
2 8 ý x ®1 x ® -1
x ®0
ïê x / 4 x ú x ï
ïêë 8 úû ï Here, lim f (x) exists.
î þ x ®1
4 Þ lim f (x) = lim f (x)
Þ = 2-k x ® 1+ x ® 1-
210 Þ c=b+1 …(i)
Þ 2 - k = 2 -8 Also, lim f (x) exists.
x ® -1
Þ k =8 Þ lim f (x) = lim f (x)
3x + 33 - x - 12 x ®-1 + x ®-1 -
æ0 ö
29. lim ç form÷ Þ -b - 1 = a - 1 …(ii)
x ®2 3 - x/ 2 - 31 - x è0 ø
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), if both limits are equal, then
Put x = 2 + h as x ® 2 Þ h ® 0
b + 1 =0
32 + h + 31 - h - 12 9 × 3h + 3 × 3- h - 12 Þ c = 0, 1 - a = 0
= lim h
= lim
h®0 h®0 1 - h/ 2
3
-1 -
2 - 3 -1 - h (3 - 3-h ) \ a = 1, b = - 1, c = 0
3
Þ a + b + c=0
9(3(3h - 1) + (3- h - 1)) 2 2 - (cos x + sin x)3
= lim 33. Given, f (x) =
h®0 3- h (3h/ 2 - 1) 1 - sin 2x
é æ 3h - 1 ö æ -h ö ù
ê 3çç ÷ h + ç 3 - 1 ÷ (- h ) ú Now, lim f (x) = lim
2 2 - (cos x + sin x)3 é0 ù
h ø ÷ ç
è -h ø
÷
1 - sin 2x ê 0 formú
= lim 9 × 3h êê è ú p p ë û
x® x®
h®0 æ h /2 - 1 ö h ú 4 4
ê ç h/ 2 ÷ ú -3 (cos x + sin x)2 (- sin x + cos x)
êë è 3 ø2 úû = lim
x®
p -2 cos 2x
h
é æ3 - 1ö æ3 - 1ö ù - h 4
ê 3çç ÷-ç ÷ú
-3 (cos x + sin x) (cos 2 x - sin 2 x)
hê è h ÷ø çè - h ÷ø ú = lim
= lim 9 × 3 ê ú p -2 cos 2x
h®0 1 æç 3h/ 2 - 1 ö÷ x®
4
ê ú
êë 2 çè h /2 ÷ø úû -3 (cos x + sin x) cos 2x
= lim
x®
p -2 cos 2x
é ù 4
ê 3 log e 3 - log e 3 ú æ3 - 1ö 3 (cos x + sin x)
= 9 ´1 ê ú = 9ç ÷ = 36 = lim
1 è 1 /2 ø p 2
ê log e 3 ú x®
ë 2 û 4
3 æ 1 1 ö 3
ah - 1 ×ç =+ ÷=
[Q lim 3h = 30 = 1 and lim = log e a] 2 è 2 2ø 2
h®0 h®0 h
n 3
æ 1ö æ 1 ö Then, 2 ´ lim f (x) = 2 × =3
30. We have, f (x) = S
ç x - ÷ çç x - ÷ x®
p 2
l =1 è lø è l + 1 ÷ø 4
n
1 1 1 1 sin 3x + ax + bx3
\ f (0) = S = + + ××× + 34. Given, lim =0
l =1 l (l + 1) 1 ´ 2 2 ´ 3 n (n + 1) x ®0 x3
æ 1ö æ1 1ö æ1 1 ö By using L’ Hospital’s rule, we get
= ç1 - ÷ + ç - ÷ + ××× + ç - ÷
2ø è2 3ø ç n n + 1÷
è è ø 3 cos 3x + a + 3bx2 é0 ù
1 lim =0 ê 0 formú
=1 - x ®0 3 x2 ë û
n+1
\ 3 + a =0
Thus, lim f (0) = 1
n®¥
Limits and Derivatives 471

Again, using L’ Hospital’s rule, we get 36. Given, lim [1 + cos x + a3 × sin (b6x) - 1]1/ x = e512
x ®0
-9 sin 3x + 6bx
Þ lim =0 a3 × sin (b 6x ) + cos x - 1
lim
x ®0 6x x
Þ ex®0
= e512
æ 9 sin 3x ö
Þ lim ç - × + b÷ = 0 a3 × sin (b6x) + cos x - 1
x ®0 è 2 3x ø Þ lim = 512
9
x ®0 x
Þ - + b =0 a3 cos (b6x) × b6 - sin x
2 Þ lim = 512
9 x ®0 1
\ b= and a = - 3
2 Þ a3 × b6 = 512
Þ |2 (a + b)| = 3 \ ab2 = 8
c é tan x ù
35. Given, lim (1 + ax + bx ) 2 x -1
= e3 37. We have, lim ê log (1 + x) × ú
x ®1
x ®0
ë | x| û
2
( ax + bx ) × c tan x
lim Let f (x) = log (1 + x) ×
x ®1 ( x - 1) 3 | x|
Þ e =e
2 tan (- h )
c × (ax + bx ) lim f (x) = lim log (1 - h ) ×
Þ lim =3 x ® 0– x ® ( 0 - h) |- h|
x ®1 x-1
(- tan h )
For limit to exists, c (a + b) = 0 …(i) = lim log (1 - h ) × =0
h®0 h
c (a + 2bx) tan h
Þ lim =3 Þ lim f (x) = lim log (1 + h ) ×
x ®1 1 x ® 0+ x ® ( 0 + h) |h|
[using L’ Hospital’s rule] tan h
= lim log (1 + h ) × =0
Þ c (a + 2b) = 3 …(ii) h®0 h
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get é tan x ù
Q lim ê log (1 + x) × ú = [0] = 0
b = - a and bc = 3 x ®0
ë | x| û
1 æ 5b ö 1
\ ç + 4bc÷÷ = (5 + 12) = 1
17 çè a ø 17