Lecture #08: History of Pakistan (1969-1971) - Creation of Bangladesh

Consequences of War

1. Ayub Khan's Decline:

o Criticized for betrayal during the war.
o Rise of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the formation of the Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP).
2. Economic Impact:
o Development growth stalled due to the war.
o Increased tensions between East and West Pakistan:
 Economic disparity.
 Unfair representation.
 Concentration of wealth among 22 families.

Mujib-ur-Rehman’s Six Points (1966)

1. Federal system with a directly elected parliamentary government.

2. Only defense and foreign affairs under federal control.
3. Separate currencies or mechanisms to prevent resource transfer between East and
West Pakistan.
4. Right to control taxation and revenue collection in each wing.
5. Separate foreign exchange accounts.
6. East Pakistan to maintain its own militia or paramilitary force.

Second Martial Law

 Ayub Khan’s Decline:

o Agartala Conspiracy Case (1968):
 Sheikh Mujibur Rehman and others accused of conspiring for East
Pakistan’s secession with Indian support.
 Mujib jailed, further escalating tensions.
o Round Table Conference (1969) failed, leading to Ayub’s resignation.
 Gen. Yahya Khan:
o Assumed power after Ayub Khan.
o Martial law imposed; constitution abrogated.
o Introduced the Legal Framework Order (LFO):
 Dismissed the One Unit Solution.
  Promised elections in 1970.

1971 Elections

1. First general elections based on universal adult suffrage.

2. Assembly Seats:
o Total: 300 seats.
o East Pakistan: 162 seats.
o West Pakistan: 138 seats.
3. Major Parties:
o Awami League (Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman): Advocated six points and provincial
autonomy.
o PPP (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto): Socialist campaign focused on “Roti, Kapra, Makan.”
4. Results:
o Awami League: 167 out of 169 seats in East Pakistan.
o PPP: 81 out of 138 seats in West Pakistan.
o Awami League had enough majority to form the government independently.

Post-Election Crisis

1. Political Deadlock:
o Yahya Khan delayed transferring power.
o Bhutto refused to be the opposition leader and encouraged delays.
2. Civil War:
o Operation Searchlight (25 March 1971): Military crackdown in East Pakistan.
o 26 March 1971: Mujibur Rehman arrested; Awami League declared
independence.
3. India's Role:
o Refugee crisis in India due to Bengali migration.
o India supported Mukti Bahini, East Pakistan’s guerrilla force.
4. Full-Scale War:
o Started on 3 December 1971 after Pakistan’s preemptive strike on Indian
airbases.
o 6 December 1971: Yahya Khan resigned, power transferred to Nurul Amin.

War and the Creation of Bangladesh

1. War Progression:
 o Pakistan and India crossed the Line of Control (LOC); war extended to Kashmir,
Punjab, and Sindh.
o India entered Dhaka in the second week, surrounding Pakistani forces.
2. End of War:
o 16 December 1971: Lt. Gen. A.A.K. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender.
o Marked the creation of Bangladesh.
o 93,000 soldiers and civilians taken as prisoners of war by India.

Highlighted Key Points

 Critical Events: Agartala Conspiracy, Mujib’s Six Points, Operation Searchlight,

Instrument of Surrender.
 Key Players: Mujibur Rehman, Yahya Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
 Main Issues:
o Economic disparity and representation inequities.
o Political delays and failure to address grievances.
o Indian intervention and military failures leading to Bangladesh's independence.

Lecture #09: History of Pakistan (1971-1977)

Post-1971 War Aftermath

 Key Events:
o Loss of East Pakistan strained civil-military relations.
o Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President and the first Civil Chief Martial Law
Administrator.
o Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission: Tasked to investigate the causes of the 1971
war failure.
o Simla Agreement (1972):
 Signed by Bhutto and Indira Gandhi.
 India released prisoners of war.
 Both nations agreed to resume diplomatic ties and reposition troops.

Economic Reforms

 Nationalization:
o Targeted the influence of "22 families."
 o Resulted in corruption, mismanagement, nepotism, and discouraged private
investment.
 Land Reforms: Reduced feudal influence by redistributing land.
 Labour and Social Welfare:
o Minimum wage set.
o Worker rights introduced.

Constitution of 1973

 Key Features:
o Implemented on 14th August 1973.
o Parliamentary System:
 President as Head of State.
 Prime Minister as Head of Government.
o Islam declared the state religion.
o Powers divided between federal and provincial governments.
o Bicameral Parliament: National Assembly and Senate.

Constitutional Amendments

 First (1974): Redefined borders.

 Second (1974): Declared Ahmadis non-Muslims.
 Fifth (1976): Limited high courts' powers.
 Eighth (1978): Shifted power from PM to President; semi-presidential system.
 Ninth (1985): Proposed Sharia law (not passed).
 Thirteenth (1997): Stripped the President of power to dissolve the National Assembly.
 Fourteenth (1998): Proposed Sharia law (not passed).
 Seventeenth (2003): Reversed Thirteenth Amendment.
 Eighteenth (2010):
o Strengthened provincial autonomy.
o Renamed NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
 Twentieth (2012): Ensured free and fair elections.
 Twenty-First (2015): Established military courts for two years.
 Twenty-Third (2017): Extended military courts' tenure by two years.
 Twenty-Sixth (2024): Introduced Constitutional Benches in Supreme and High Courts.

Foreign Policy
  Islamic World: Hosted the Islamic Summit Conference (1974).
 India: Maintained peaceful relations post-Simla Agreement.
 Global Stance: Joined Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Bhutto’s Declining Popularity

 Created Federal Security Force (FSF): A personal paramilitary police force.

 Economic issues: Unemployment, inflation, and low income.
 Political unrest: Protests, strikes, and Balochistan insurgency.
 Nuclear Program: Persuaded Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan to accelerate Pakistan’s nuclear
ambitions.

1977 Elections

 Key Players:
o PPP: Advocated socialism, land reforms, and industrial expansion.
o Pakistan National Alliance (PNA): Coalition of nine parties opposing Bhutto,
promoting Islamic values, and transparency.
 Controversy: PPP won but faced criticism for alleged election rigging.

Highlights

 Major Turning Points: Simla Agreement, Constitution of 1973, and nuclear program
acceleration.
 Key Figures: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan.
 Recurring Issues: Economic instability, political protests, and constitutional
controversies.

Lecture #10: History of Pakistan (1977-1988)

Zia-ul-Haq’s Coup (1977)

1. 1977 Elections:
o Conducted during Z.A. Bhutto’s government.
 o Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) accused the government of rigging.
o Massive unrest followed, with growing demands for Nizam-e-Mustafa (Islamic
system).
2. Third Military Takeover:
o Zia-ul-Haq, appointed Chief of Army Staff by Bhutto in 1976, led the coup in July
1977.
o Constitution suspended; assemblies dissolved.
o Z.A. Bhutto was arrested.

Domestic Policies under Zia-ul-Haq

1. Islamization:
o Implementation of Hudood Ordinance:
 Defined laws regarding adultery and rape.
o Introduction of Islamic banking.
o Enforced Zakat laws.
2. Political and Media Restrictions:
o Banned political parties.
o Imposed strict restrictions on press freedom.
3. Z.A. Bhutto’s Execution:
o After a controversial trial, Z.A. Bhutto was hanged, polarizing the political
environment.

Foreign Relations

1. Key Global Events:

o Iranian Revolution (1979):
 Posed a potential threat due to its influence on Shia communities in
Pakistan.
o Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979):
 Pakistan became a front-line state in the Cold War.
 Formed strong alliances with U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Afghan Mujahideen.
 Received significant military and economic aid from the U.S. and allies.
 Aid supported Deobandi and Wahhabi madrasas, fostering Taliban
influence.
2. Negative Consequences:
o Weaponization:
 Proliferation of weapons increased violence and internal instability.
o Drug Addiction:
 Drug trade escalated, fueling addiction.
 o Sectarian Violence:
 Increased conflicts between Shia and Sunni communities.
o Refugee Crisis:
 Afghan Mujahideen and refugees displaced Pashtun and Baloch
populations.
 Refugee influx in Karachi triggered linguistic violence.

Fall of Zia-ul-Haq

1. End of Martial Law (1986):

o Elections were conducted on a non-party basis.
o Zia-ul-Haq established himself as President while maintaining power.
2. Ojri Camp Incident:
o A significant military accident that damaged relations between Zia-ul-Haq, the
Prime Minister, and the U.S.
3. Benazir Bhutto’s Return:
o Returned to Pakistan to avenge her father’s death.
4. Plane Crash (1988):
o Zia-ul-Haq died in a mysterious plane crash.
o Speaker of the National Assembly assumed office as acting President.
o Elections were announced for November 1988.
o Political Parties Restored:
 Allowed to campaign for the upcoming elections, marking a return to
democratic politics.

Highlights and Key Takeaways

1. Zia-ul-Haq’s Policies:
o Focused on Islamization but introduced political and press restrictions.
o Controversial implementation of Hudood Ordinance.
2. Pakistan’s Role in Global Politics:
o Central in the Afghan War, heavily involved in military aid and strategic
partnerships.
o Long-term consequences included sectarian violence and drug addiction.
3. Zia-ul-Haq’s Downfall:
o His tenure ended abruptly with his plane crash, signaling a transition back to
democracy.
Lecture 11 History of Pakistan (1988-1993): Key Events and
Details

Democracy Restored (1988)

 After Zia-ul Haq's death, Ghulam Ishaq Khan became president and announced
elections.
 Contenders:
o PPP: Focused on restoring democracy and justice for Z.A. Bhutto's judicial
murder.
o IJI: Emphasized Zia's Islamization, criticized Z.A. Bhutto's autocracy, and
targeted Benazir Bhutto.
 Election Results:
o PPP: 94 seats; IJI: 54 seats (National Assembly).
o PPP lacked majority and allied with MQM to form a government.

Benazir Bhutto's First Term (1988-1990)

Achievements:

 First address: Promised progress and development.

 Rejoined the Commonwealth countries.
 Eased media restrictions.
 Established women's police stations and development programs.
 Introduced rural electrification projects.

Challenges:

1. End of U.S. Aid: Occurred after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
2. Nuclear Proposal Rejected: Suggested a nuclear-free subcontinent, rejected by India.
3. Ethnic Tensions:
o Clashes between Muhajirs and Sindhis in Sindh caused friction between MQM
and PPP.
o This threatened government stability.
4. Women’s Rights:
o No legislation passed to repeal Zia's Hudood Ordinance.
5. Military Pressures:
 oISI's chief pressured for operations in India and Afghanistan.
oAllegations of involvement in the Khalistan movement weakened her standing.
6. Corruption Charges:
o Allegations against Benazir's family eroded public trust.

Elections 1990

Dismissal of Benazir's Government:

 Ghulam Ishaq Khan used 58(2)(b) to dissolve the National Assembly, citing corruption
and incompetence.

Contenders:

 IJI: Supported by the military, led by Nawaz Sharif.

 PPP: Supported by the Pakistan Democratic Alliance (PDA).

Results:

 IJI: 106 seats; PDA: 45 seats.

 Nawaz Sharif formed the government with JUI's alliance.

Nawaz Sharif's First Term (1990-1993)

Achievements:

1. Promised economic liberalization, privatization, and industrialization.

2. Key Projects:
o Privatized banks, telecommunications, and industries.
o Initiated the M-2 Motorway (Lahore-Islamabad) project.
o Promoted FDI and vocational training centers.
3. Improved foreign relations with the U.S., China, and Gulf States.
4. Introduced the Yellow Cab Scheme to boost employment.

Challenges:

1. Sharia Law: Proposed but faced criticism from both left and right-wing groups.
2. Economic Issues:
o Industries and banks faced collapse.
o Overstaffing and excessive salaries strained finances.
 3. Violence:
o Rise of Kalashnikov culture, violence, and drug-related crimes.
4. Gulf War Disputes:
o Differences with Army Chief Aslam Baig and JUI on policy.
5. Clashes with President Ishaq Khan:
o Dispute over appointing a new Army Chief.
o Benazir Bhutto supported Ishaq Khan to dismiss Nawaz Sharif.

Elections 1993

Backdrop:

 Following mutual resignations of Nawaz Sharif and Ghulam Ishaq Khan, elections were
announced.

Campaigns:

 PPP: Promised democracy restoration, governance reforms, and social welfare.

 PML: Focused on economic reforms and corruption reduction.

Results:

 PPP: 86 seats; PML: 72 seats.

 Farooq Leghari became the President.

ICP Lecture #12: History of Pakistan (1993-1999) – The Decade of

Democracy

1. Elections 1993

 Backdrop:
o The Supreme Court reinstated Nawaz Sharif after his dismissal was challenged.
o Reconciliation Meetings: Held between the President, PM, Opposition Leader, and
Army Chief as mediator.
o Both Nawaz Sharif and Ghulam Ishaq Khan resigned.
 Key Campaign Promises:
 o PPP:
 Restoration of Democracy.
 Governance Reforms.
 Social Welfare initiatives.
o PML:
 Economic Reforms.
 Infrastructure Development.
 Anti-Corruption Measures.
 Results:
o PPP: 86 seats.
o PML: 72 seats.
o Outcome: Farooq Leghari became President.

2. Benazir Bhutto’s Second Term (1993-1996)

Achievements:

1. Government Formation:
o Formed government with a coalition of smaller parties and independents.
2. Military and Economic Aid:
o Received increased international aid.
3. International Investments:
o Groundwork laid for a gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to Pakistan.

Challenges:

1. Internal Party Conflicts:

o Faced resistance from mother and brother (Murtaza Bhutto) during elections.
2. Opposition Protests:
o 1994 Train March led by Nawaz Sharif.
o Benazir arrested opposition leaders and protesters to suppress unrest.
3. ISI’s Role in Afghanistan:
o Supported ISI in forming a Taliban government in Afghanistan, which fueled religious
extremism.
4. Economic Issues:
o Faced criticism for a growing fiscal deficit.
5. Ethnic and Linguistic Clashes:
o Increased tensions in Karachi.
6. Strained US-Pakistan Relations:
o Due to domestic policies and rising fundamentalism.
7. Dissolution of Government:
o Farooq Leghari dissolved the National Assembly in 1996, accusing Benazir of crimes,
corruption, mismanagement, and murder.
3. Elections 1997

 Contenders:
o PPP: Campaigned to restore its government.
o PML: Focused on economic reform, private sector growth, and anti-corruption.
 Results:
o PML: 134 seats (two-thirds majority).
o PPP: Only 18 seats.
 Outcome:
o Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister for the second time.

4. Nawaz Sharif’s Second Term (1997-1999)

Achievements:

1. Nuclear Weapons:
o May 1999: Conducted nuclear tests in response to India's, despite international
pressure.
2. Infrastructure Development:
o M-2 Motorway opened to the public in 1997.
o Initiated the development of Gwadar Port.
3. Legal Reforms:
o 13th Amendment: Abolished Article 58(2)(b), removing the President’s power to
dismiss governments.
4. Diplomatic Relations:
o Dosti Bus Service: Launched between India and Pakistan.
o Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Pakistan via the bus.

Challenges:

1. Economic Crisis:
o International sanctions after nuclear tests led to a severe economic downturn.
2. Judiciary-Government Clash:
o Supreme Court declared Special Courts unconstitutional.
o The 14th Amendment (against floor crossing) escalated tensions.
3. Military-Government Tensions:
o Disputes over India relations, Kalabagh Dam, and the 15th Amendment (Sharia Bill).
o Forced Army Chief Jahangir Karamat to resign, creating resentment.
4. Kargil War (1999):
o Conflict with India worsened relations with the military.
o Nawaz Sharif blamed the military, while Pervez Musharraf termed it a political failure.
5. Military Coup:
 o Nawaz prevented Musharraf's plane from landing in Pakistan.
o Karachi Corps Commander Muzaffar Usmani supported Musharraf, leading to a
successful coup.

Key Terms and Highlights

 Farooq Leghari: Dissolved Benazir's government in 1996 citing corruption and mismanagement.
 Taliban Formation: Supported by ISI, growing fundamentalism in Pakistan.
 Gwadar Port: Development initiated to improve maritime trade.
 Kargil War: Conflict with India, leading to significant domestic instability.
 Military Coup (1999): Resulted in Pervez Musharraf taking power.

Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan

 History (1999-2008): Critical events during General Pervez Musharraf's regime.

Kargil War (1999)

 Key Conflict:
o Resentment between Nawaz Sharif and Pervez Musharraf.
o Nawaz blamed military failure; Musharraf claimed political mishandling.
 Coup Success:
o Plane carrying Musharraf initially denied landing; later welcomed by Karachi
Corps Commander Muzaffar Usmani.
o Musharraf’s coup succeeded.

Political Developments under Musharraf

1. Coup Outcome:
o Constitution suspended, PM dismissed, Musharraf became Chief Executive
instead of Martial Law Administrator.
2. Judicial Legitimization:
o On May 12, 2000, Supreme Court validated the coup under doctrine of
necessity.
3. Elections Deadline:
o Directed to hold elections by October 2002.
4. Institutions:
 o National Security Council (NCS) integrated military in politics.
o National Accountability Bureau (NAB) established.
5. U.S Relations Pre-9/11:
o U.S opposed martial law but demanded Musharraf’s cooperation in capturing
Osama bin Laden.
o Nawaz Sharif exiled to Saudi Arabia in a U.S-mediated deal.

Rising Terrorism

 1997 Onwards: Al-Qaeda declared war on the U.S with several attacks.
 9/11 Impact:
o Pakistan became a frontline state in the war on terrorism.
o Foreign aid and military assistance increased.
o Spread of Islamophobia and internal confusion over jihad policies.
 Taliban Infiltration:
o Taliban and Al-Qaeda entered Pakistan, escalating violence.

Relations with India

 Post-Kargil War:
o Relations soured; 2001 Indian Parliament attack worsened tensions.
o Threat of nuclear war avoided due to U.S mediation.
 Peace Efforts:
o Musharraf’s visit to India attempted peace talks, but no significant progress.

2002 Elections

 Held under Legal Framework Order (LFO).

 MMA Coalition:
o Anti-American slogans gained popularity.
 Outcome:
o No majority; PML-Q formed government with Zafarullah Khan Jamali as PM.

Other Political Developments

1. A.Q. Khan Scandal:

 o Accusations of nuclear technology proliferation.
o A.Q. Khan placed under house arrest.
2. Women’s Rights:
o Seats reserved for women, Women’s Protection Bill (2006) amended Hudood
Ordinance.
3. Media Freedom:
o Private news channels allowed.

Economic Developments

 GDP growth 6-7% (2002-2007).

 Telecommunications, IT, banking sectors flourished.
 Inflation declined, and employment rose.

War on Terrorism

 Initial failures to capture terrorists.

 U.S Threats:
o Daniel Pearl’s death exposed links between intelligence and terrorists.
o Led to arrests and U.S cooperation.

Terrorism in Pakistan

 Taliban captured regions like Swat (2007).

 Lal Masjid Siege (2006): Peace treaty with tribal leaders failed, leading to violence.

Downfall of Musharraf

 2007 Events:
o Dismissal of Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry led to mass protests.
o Benazir Bhutto returned, campaigning for elections but assassinated on Dec 27,
2007.

2008 Elections
 PPP Victory:
o Yousaf Raza Gillani became PM, Asif Ali Zardari became President.
o Coalition government formed with PML-N.
 Constitution Restored:
o 1973 Constitution reinstated.