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Pratical No 4

The document outlines a practical experiment to study the operation of an integrator using an operational amplifier (op-amp) and to trace output waveforms for sine and square wave inputs. It details the apparatus required, theoretical background on integrators, and the procedure for conducting the experiment, including expected waveforms and applications. Additionally, it includes post-lab questions to reinforce understanding of the integrator's function and purpose.

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11 views3 pages

Pratical No 4

The document outlines a practical experiment to study the operation of an integrator using an operational amplifier (op-amp) and to trace output waveforms for sine and square wave inputs. It details the apparatus required, theoretical background on integrators, and the procedure for conducting the experiment, including expected waveforms and applications. Additionally, it includes post-lab questions to reinforce understanding of the integrator's function and purpose.

Uploaded by

joshipradyumna6
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PRATICAL NO -4

AIM: To study the operation of the Integrator using op-amp and trace the output wave forms for
sine and square wave inputs.

APPARATUS:
Bread Board, IC741, Resistors, Capacitors, Function Generator, CRO, Probes, Connecting wires

THEORY: A circuit in which the output voltage is the integration of the input voltage is called an
integrator. In the practical integrator to reduce the error voltage at the output, a resistor RF is
connected across the feedback capacitor CF. Thus, R F limits the low-frequency gain and hence
minimizes the variations in the output voltage.

In the practical integrator to reduce the error voltage at the output, a resistor RF is connected across
the feedback capacitor CF. Thus, R F limits the low-frequency gain and hence minimizes the
variations in the output voltage

The frequency response of the integrator is shown in the fig. 2.1. fb is the frequency at which the
gain is 0 dB and is given by

fb = 1/2 R1Cf.

In this fig. there is some relative operating frequency, and for frequencies from f to fa the gain RF/R1
is constant. However, after fa the gain decreases at a rate of 20 dB/decade. In other words, between
fa and fb the circuit of fig. 2.1 acts as an integrator.
The gain-limiting frequency fa is given by

fa = 1/2 RfCf.
Normally fa<fb. From the above equation, we can calculate Rf by assuming fa & Cf. This is very
important frequency. It tells us where the useful integration range starts.
If fin < fa - circuit acts like a simple inverting amplifier and no integration results,
If fin = fa - integration takes place with only 50% accuracy results, -
If fin = 10fa- integration takes place with 99% accuracy results.
In the circuit diagram of Integrator, the values are calculated by assuming fa as 50 Hz. Hence the
input frequency is to be taken as 500Hz to get 99% accuracy results.

APPLICATIONS
1. Analog computers used for solving differential equations in simulation arrangements.
2. A/D Converters.
3. Signal wave shaping
4. Function Generators.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components/equipment as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Apply sine wave at the input terminals of the circuit using function Generator.
4. Connect channel-1 of CRO at the input terminals and channel-2 at the output terminals.
5. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is a cosine wave (90o phase shifted from the
sine wave input) and note down the position, the amplitude and the time period of Vin & Vo.
6. Now apply the square wave as input signal.
7. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is a triangular wave and note down the position,
the amplitude and the time period of Vin & Vo.
8. Plot the output voltages corresponding to sine and square wave inputs.
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:
POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is an Integrator?
2. What is the purpose behind the connection of Rf in the feedback path of
Integrator?
3. What are the applications of Integrator?

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