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5 Operations of Functions S

The document covers operations on functions, including arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and composition of functions. It defines how to perform these operations and provides examples illustrating the domains of the resulting functions. Additionally, it explains the conditions for determining the domain of composed functions.

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5 views13 pages

5 Operations of Functions S

The document covers operations on functions, including arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and composition of functions. It defines how to perform these operations and provides examples illustrating the domains of the resulting functions. Additionally, it explains the conditions for determining the domain of composed functions.

Uploaded by

marx6448
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Functions: Operations of Functions

Oscar Cheung

HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 1 / 13


Table of Contents

1 Arithmetic Operations on Functions

2 Composition of Functions

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 2 / 13


Table of Contents

1 Arithmetic Operations on Functions

2 Composition of Functions

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 3 / 13


Arithmetic Operations
We have addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Definition
Given functions f and g , we define

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)


(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x)
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x)
(f /g )(x) = f (x)/g (x)
(cf )(x) = cf (x), for some scalar c

For the functions f + g , f − g and fg , we define the domain to be the


intersection of the domains of f and g , and for the function f /g we define
the domain to be the intersection of the domains of f and g but with
points where g (x) = 0 excluded.
(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 4 / 13
Example 1

Consider the functions


√
f (x) = 1 + x − 2, g (x) = x − 3

We have
√ √
(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) = (1 + x − 2) + (x − 3) = x − 2 +
x −2
√ √
(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x) = (1 + x − 2) − (x − 3) = 4 − x + x − 2
√
(fg )(x) = f (x)g (x) = (1 + x − 2)(x − 3)
√
1+ x −2
(f /g )(x) = f (x)/g (x) =
x −3
√
(7f )(x) = 7f (x) = 7 + 7 x − 2

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 5 / 13


Example 1

√
f (x) = 1 + x −2 and g (x) = x − 3

Note that

domain of f = [2, +∞)


domain of g = (−∞, +∞)

Therefore, domains of f + g , f − g and fg are

[2, +∞) ∩ (−∞, +∞) = [2, +∞)

Since g (x) = 0 when x = 3, the domain of f /g is

[2, +∞) \ {3} = [2, 3) ∪ (3, +∞)

For 7f , the domain is the same as f , i.e. [2, +∞).

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 6 / 13


Example 2

Consider the functions


√
f (x) = g (x) = x, h(x) = x
√ √
Of course, (fg )(x) = f (x)g (x) = x x = x = h(x)
However, the domains of fg and h are different.
Since the domain of f and g are [0, +∞), the domain of fg will be

[0, +∞) ∩ [0, +∞) = [0, +∞)

On the other hand, the domain of h is (−∞, +∞).


Therefore, it would be better to write

(fg )(x) = x, for x ≥ 0

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 7 / 13


Table of Contents

1 Arithmetic Operations on Functions

2 Composition of Functions

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 8 / 13


Composition

Definition
Given functions f and g , the composition of f with g , denoted by f ◦ g , is
the function defined by

(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x))

The domain of f ◦ g is defined to consist of all x in the domain of g for


which g (x) is in the domain of f .

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 9 / 13


Domain of Composition

Let’s consider the domain of f ◦ g .


There are two steps to perform a composition.
Step 1: We put x in g as the input.
Step 2: We put g (x) in f as the input.

So, the domain of f ◦ g , i.e. possible inputs x, must satisfy the following
two conditions.
Condition 1: x is in the domain of g by Step 1
Condition 2: g (x) is in the domain of f by Step 2
That means domain of f ◦ g is just domain of g excluding those x where
g (x) is not in the domain of f .

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 10 / 13


Example 1

√
Let f (x) = x 2 and g (x) = 1 − x. Find
(a) (f ◦ g )(x) and (g ◦ f )(x)
(b) domains of f ◦ g and g ◦ f

For (a),
√ √
(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x)) = f ( 1 − x) = ( 1 − x)2 = 1 − x
p
(g ◦ f )(x) = g (f (x)) = g (x 2 ) = 1 − x 2

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 11 / 13


Example 1

√
f (x) = x 2 , and g (x) = 1−x

For (b), we know that

domain of f = (−∞, +∞)


domain of g = (−∞, 1]

We first consider the domain of f ◦ g .


Our starting point is the domain of g , i.e. (−∞, 1].
For every x ∈ (−∞, 1], we know that g (x) must be in the domain of f ,
since domain of f is just R. So, we do not need to exclude anything.
Therefore, domain of f ◦ g is just the domain of g , i.e. (−∞, 1].

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 12 / 13


Example 1

√
f (x) = x 2 , and g (x) = 1−x

For (b), we know that

domain of f = (−∞, +∞)


domain of g = (−∞, 1]

Now, we consider the domain of g ◦ f .


Our starting point is the domain of f , i.e. (−∞, +∞).
For x ∈ (−∞, +∞), we require f (x) = x 2 ∈ (−∞, 1], the domain of g .
So, we need to solve x 2 ≤ 1. Only for those x ∈ [−1, 1] ⊆ (−∞, +∞) will
satisfy the inequality. All the other x will be excluded.
Therefore, the domain of g ◦ f will be [−1, 1].

(HKUST MATH1012, 1013: Calculus I) Functions: Operations of Functions 13 / 13

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