Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 2

Compaction Sieve Analysis Problems for Practice:

Situation 1 Situation 3 Situation 5

A proposed embankment fill requires 5000 m3 of A sample of dry coarse-grained material was A proposed earth fill needs 30,000 m3 of soil and
compaction soil. The void ratio of the compacted taken through a layer of sieves and the be compacted to 95% of Standard Proctor dry
fill is specified as 0.70. Three borrow pits are following results were obtained: density. Tests indicate that the max dry density
available as described in the following table. Sieve Openings Mass of soil is 19.4 kN/m3 at an optimum water content of
Borrow Pit Void Ratio Cost/m3 no. (mm) (Retained) 16%. The borrow material in its natural
A 0.85 P830 4 4.76 46.0 grams condition has a unit weight of 17.6 kN/m3 and
B 0.95 P760 10 2.0 165.6 water content of 12%. Determine the following:
C 1.10 P720 20 0.84 92.0 1. Total volume of borrow required
What is the total cost for acquiring soil from: 40 0.42 55.2 2. Volume of void of borrow material if Gs = 2.67
1. Borrow Pit A? 60 0.25 23.0 3. Quantity of water to be added to bring the soil
2. Borrow Pit B? 100 0.149 36.8 to the optimum moisture content.
3. Borrow Pit C? 200 0.074 23.0
Pan 18.4 Situation 6
Field Density Test The following observations were recorded when
sand replacement test was conducted using
Determine the following:
Situation 2 sand-cone equipment in order to find the
1. Effective particle size
A sand cone test has been performed in a density of natural soil.
2. Uniformity coefficient
compacted fill of soil. The test results were as Density of sand used in the test = 1.4 g/cm3
3. Coefficient of curvature
follows: Weight of soil excavated from the pit = 950
Initial mass of sand cone apparatus w/ sand = grams
Situation 4
5.912 kg Weight of sand filling the pit = 700 grams
The following are the details for the backfill
Final mass of sand cone apparatus w/ sand = material in a vibroflotation project. Water content of natural soil = 15%
2.378 kg D10 = 0.36 mm Specific gravity of solid = 2.70
Mass of soil recovered from hole = 2.833 kg 1. Compute the dry density of soil in g/cm3
D20 = 0.52 mm
Moisture content of soil from hole = 7% D25 = 0.60 mm
Density of sand =1300 kg/m3 D50 = 1.42 mm
Volume of cone below valve =1.114 x 10-3 m3 D75 = 1.65 mm
Max. dry unit weight =19 kN/ m3 Determine the following:
Determine the following: 1. Suitability number
1. Moist unit weight 2. Rating based on the value of suitability
2. Dry Unit Weight number
3. Relative compaction 3. Sorting coefficient
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 3
Consistency of Soil: Situation 3 Situation 5
In a liquid limit test using cup apparatus, the A saturated soil used to determine the shrinkage
Situation 1 following data were taken: limit has initial volume V1 = 20.2 cm3, final
From the results of a shrinkage limit test, the Water volume Vf = 14.3 cm3, mass of wet soil M1 = 34 g
Sample No. of blows
following data were taken: content and mass of dry soil M2 = 24 g.
Initial volume of soil in saturated state 1 41.8% 39 1. Determine the shrinkage limit (17.08)
= 24.6 cm3 2 43.5% 23 2. Determine the shrinkage ratio (1.68)
Final volume of soil in dry state = 15.9 cm3 3 44.3% 20
Initial mass of soil in a saturated state 4 45.5% 13 Situation 6
= 44 grams While in a plastic limit test the following values In a liquid limit test using Fall cone apparatus,
Final mass of soil in a dry state = 30 grams were observed. the following readings were recorded.
Specific gravity of solid is 2.70. Weight of wet soil + container = 21.19 grams Water Penetration of
Sample
Determine the following: Weight of dry soil + container = 18.78 grams content cone (mm)
1. Shrinkage limit of soil Weight of the container = 8.20 grams 1 40% 12
2. Void ratio Determine the following: 2 45% 16
3. Dry unit weight 1. Liquid limit 3 50% 21
2. Plastic limit 4 58% 35
Situation 2 3. Liquidity index if natural water content is While in a plastic limit test the following data
In a specific gravity test the following data were . 38%. were obtained:
recorded: Weight of wet soil + container = 22.12 grams
Mass of pycnometer jar = 530 grams Problems for Practice: Weight of dry soil + container = 20.42 grams
Mass of pycnometer jar when full of clean water Weight of container = 13.07 grams
= 1560 grams Situation 4 Determine the following:
Mass of pycnometer jar containing soil = 980 A cylindrical soil sample of 7.5 cm height and 1. Liquid limit (49%)
grams 3.75 cm diameter has been prepared at the 2. Plastic limit (23%)
Mass of pycnometer jar containing soil and shrinkage limit. The following limits were 3. Plasticity index (26%)
topped with water = 1840 grams determined to be: 4. Consistency index if natural water content is
Determine the following: LL = 62% . 40% (0.35)
1. Specific gravity of solid PL = 34%
2. Unit weight of solid SL = 21%
3. Shrinkage limit if the shrinkage ratio is 1.83. Assume that Gs = 2.68.
1. If the sample is now allowed to absorb water
. so that its water content reaches the liquid
. limit, what will be its volume? (141.08 cc)

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 4
Classification of Soil Situation 3 Situation 5
SIEVE %FINER Percent Finer
Situation 1 SOIL A SOIL B SOIL C Soil No 10 No 40 No 200 LL PI
From the given data: 10 83 100 90 A 90 74 32 28 9
SIEVE % PASSING 40 48 92 76 B 86 56 8 NP
SOIL A SOIL B SOIL C 200 20 86 34 C 42 28 12 18 13
4 60 100 64 LL 20 70 37 D 92 68 30 42 18
200 30 75 16 PI 5 32 18 E 90 48 22 31 5
LL 33 37 28 Using AASHTO Method Give the classification and group index using
PI 12 23 3 1. Determine the group symbol and index for AASHTO
. Soil A 1. Soil A (A-2-4 (0))
Using USCS method 2. Determine the group symbol and index for 2. Soil B (A-3 (0))
1. Determine the group symbol for soil A . Soil B 3. Soil C (A-2-6 (0))
2. Determine the group symbol for soil B 3. Determine the group symbol and index for 4. Soil D (A-2-7 (1))
3. Determine the group symbol for soil C . Soil C 5. Soil E (A-1-b (0))

Situation 2 Problems for Practice

A sample of soil has the following grain-size
characteristics: Situation 4
Size (mm) Percent Passing From the given data:
2.000 100 Particle Size Soil
0.075 74 Distribution A B C D
0.05 60 Gravel 12 18 0 12
0.005 32 Sand 25 31 15 22
0.002 15 Silt 32 30 30 26
Determine the following: Clay 31 21 55 40
1. Percentage of silt Classify according to the USDA textural
2. Classification of the soil using the Triangular classification system
. Classification Chart. 1. Soil A (Gravelly Clay Loam)
3. Activity classification if the plasticity index is 2. Soil B (Gravelly Loam)
. 34%. 3. Soil C (Clay)
4. Soil D (Gravelly Clay)

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 4

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 4

0
100
10
90
20
80
30

PE
AY

RC
70
40

CL

E
NT
OF 60 CLAY

A
50

GE
E
AG

50

OF
SILTY
T

CLAY 60
EN

SI
SANDY
40
RC

LT
CLAY
SILTY CLAY 70
PE

CLAY LOAM LOAM

30 SANDY CLAY
LOAM 80
20 LOAM
90
SANDY LOAM SILTY LOAM
10 LOAMY
SAND SILT 100
SAND
0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

PERCENTAGE OF SAND

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 4

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 5
Permeability and Seepage wells are 1.5 m and 0.35 m respectively.
Determine the following: Problems for Practice:
Situation 1 1. Hydraulic head at the observation well
A constant-head permeability test is performed . farther from the pumping well Situation 5
on a sample of granular soil. The length of soil 2. Hydraulic head at the observation well nearer Calculate the hydraulic conductivity in cm/sec
sample is 15 cm and the cross-sectional area is 10 . from the pumping well for the constant-head permeability test
cm2. If a 24 cm3 volume of water passes through 3. Coefficient of permeability of the soil conducted below:
the soil sample in a 3-minute period and the L = 30cm
constant head is 30 cm determine the following: Situation 4 A = area of specimen = 177 cm2
1. Coefficient of permeability of the soil The sheet pile is driven in the reclamation area. Constant-head difference, h = 50 cm
2. Discharge velocity Water collected in a period of 5 min = 350 cm3
3. Seepage velocity if the void ratio is 0.64 (Answer: 3.95x10-3 cm/sec)

7m
Situation 2 Situation 6
A falling head hydraulic conductivity test is
4m Calculate the hydraulic conductivity in cm/sec
performed on a sample of soil. The standpipe for the falling-head permeability test conducted
having a diameter 0.2 cm is observed and it below:
takes 60 seconds for the water to drop by 50 cm Sand Length of specimen = 200 mm
from an initial hydraulic head of 90 cm. The Area of soil specimen = 1000 mm2
sample has a length of 20 cm, and a diameter of Impervious materials Area of standpipe = 40 mm2
4 cm. Determine the following: Determine the following: Head difference at time t = 0 = 500 mm
1. Coefficient of permeability of soil 1. No. of flow channels Head difference at time t = 180 = 300 mm
2. Hydraulic gradient 2. No. of pressure drops (Answer: 2.27x10-2 cm/sec)
3. Rate of flow of water in the soil 3. Seepage under the sheet pile if the coefficient
. of permeability of soil is 6.5 x10–5 m/s
Situation 3
A pumping test was made in a sand layer
extending to a depth of 15 m. The initial ground
water table is located 2 m below the ground
surface. Observation wells were sighted at
distances 3 m and 7.5 m from the pumping well.
Using a discharge of 0.4 m3 per hour, a steady
level is attained at the pumping well. The
measured drawdowns at the two observation

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 5

Situation 7
A river and a canal run parallel to each other but
at different elevations as shown in the figure
and has been determined to exist for a 450 m
length. The coefficient of permeability of the
sand is 3 m per day. Determine the following:
1. Hydraulic gradient
2. Quantity of water which flows into the canal
3. Seepage velocity if the porosity of the sand is
. 0.22

Elevation = 90m

Elevation = 80m
River

Canal
Sand layer 1.5m thick

128m

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 5
Permeability c. Pumping test (unconfined aquifer)

1. Discharge (Q) k = Q ln (r1/r2)

( h12 – h22)
Q = vA = kiA
c. Pumping test (confined aquifer)
2. Velocity (v)
k = Q ln (r1/r2)
v = ki 2H( h1 – h2)

3. Seepage velocity or (vs) 8. Equivalent hydraulic conductivity (keq)

Interstitial velocity
a. Perpendicular flow
vs = v/n
𝐻
4. Seepage force 𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ3 ℎ𝑛
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛
= iw
b. Parallel flow
5. Transmissivity (T)
𝑘1 ℎ1 + 𝑘2 ℎ2 + 𝑘3 ℎ3 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 ℎ𝑛
𝑘𝑒𝑞 =
T = kL 𝐻

6. Hydraulic gradient (i)

i = h/L

7. Coefficient of permeability or (k)

Hydraulic conductivity

a. Constant head test

k = Vol L
Aht

b. Falling or variable head test

k = aL ln (h1/h2)
At

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 6
Permeability and Seepage (Continuation) 2. Equivalent vertical coefficient of permeability thickness is negligible. The second mold is filled
3. Ratio of equivalent coefficient of permeability with sand whose coefficient of permeability is
Situation 1 K2 = 8.2 x 10-2 cm/min. The test set up is a
The earthdam and foundation has the given Situation 3 permeameter of constant head. Water is placed
cross-section. The figure shows the layers of soil in the tube in the mold and maintained at a level of 36 cm
K1= 0.0003m/sec that is 10 cm by 10 cm in cross section. When the above the level of the outlet.
tube is supplied with water, a constant head 1. What is the total flow of water in cm3/min?
20 m
difference of 30 cm is observed. The coefficient 2. What is the equivalent coefficient of
of permeability of each sample are as follows. . permeability cm/min?
Sample K (cm/s) 3. What is the total amount of water percolated
Sand A 2x10-3 . after 55 min?
K2 = 0.0004m/sec
B 3x10-3
Impervious materials C 4x10-3
Determine the following:
Determine the following: 1. Equivalent coefficient of permeability
1. Seepage in the dam 2. Hydraulic gradient
2. Seepage in the foundation 3. Rate of water supply
3. Uplift pressure under the earthdam if the
. width at the bottom is 30 m
30 cm
Situation 2
Three layers of soil is shown with the
corresponding values of coefficient of
A B C
permeability.
A
K1 = 4 x 10 –3 cm/sec 3m
15cm 20cm 25 cm

4m
K2 = 5 x 10 –3 cm/sec Situation 4
A test is set up as shown in the figure. A
K3 = 6 x 10-3 cm/sec 5m cylindrical mold 4 cm in diameter is filled with
silt to a height of 15 cm, whose coefficient of
permeability K1 = 1.1 x 10-2 cm/min. A second
Determine the following: coaxial mold is placed around the first mold to
1. Equivalent horizontal coefficient of form an annular ring whose outside diameter is
. permeability 10 cm and whose height is also 15 cm. Its
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 6

Problems for Practice:

Situation 5
Estimate the ratio of equivalent hydraulic
conductivity (horizontal to vertical ratio) for the
layered soil shown below. (Answer: 145.4)

K1 = 10 –4 cm/sec 1.5m

3m
K2 = 3.2 x 10 –2 cm/sec

K3 = 4.1 x 10-5 cm/sec 2m

Situation 6
The figure shows three layers of soil that is in a
100 mm by 100 mm container. Water is supplied
to maintain a constant-head difference of
300 mm across the sample. The hydraulic
conductivities of the soils in the direction of flow
through them are as follows:
Sample K (cm/s)
A 10-2
B 3x10-3
C 4.9x10-4
(Answer: 291.24 cm /hr)
3

30 cm
150mm A
m
150mm B
m
150mm C
m A

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 7
Vertical Stress in Soil 8. Swell index (Cs)

1. Total stress (PT) If Cs is not given, Cs = Cc/5

PT = h 9. Compression index (Cc)

2. Neutral stress or (Pw) Cc = 0.009(LL – 10)

Pore water pressure
𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝐶𝑐 =
Pw = whw 𝑃
log 𝑃2
1

3. Effective stress (Pe)

10. Over consolidated ration (OCR)
Pe = PT - Pw
OCR = Pc/Po
4. Capillary rise (hc)
11. Coefficient of compressibility (av)
hc = _c_ 𝑒1 − 𝑒2
eD10 𝑎𝑉 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃2
Settlement of Soil Structure 12. Coefficient of volume compressibility (mv)
Primary settlement (Sc) 𝑎𝑉
𝑚𝑉 =
1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒
5. Normally consolidated
13. Coefficient of consolidation (Cv)
𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑜
𝑆𝐶 = log
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 𝐻𝑑𝑟 2 𝑇𝑣
𝐶𝑉 =
𝑡
6. When P + Po < Pc
14. Hydraulic conductivity (k)
𝐶𝑆 𝐻 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑜
𝑆𝐶 = log
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 k = cv mv w

7. When P + Po > Pc

𝐶𝑆 𝐻 𝑃𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑜
𝑆𝐶 = log + log
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒 𝑃𝐶

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 7
Situation 1 Effective diameter D10 = 10 μm Problems for Practice
The soil profile consists of 5 m sand underlain Capillary constant C = 0.20 cm2
by 13 m layer of clay. The ground water table is Free ground water level is 8.0 m below the Situation 5
at a depth of 2.8 m below the surface. The sand ground surface. Assume γs = 26.5 KN/m3 and A 20 m thick submerged saturated clay layer has
has a unit weight of 19 kN/m3 above the ground that the soil above the capillary action rise and a moisture content of 57%. The specific gravity
water table and the saturated unit weight below below ground surface is partially saturated at of the solids is 2.84.
was 20 kN/m3. The saturated unit weight of the 50%. 1. Determine the unit weight of clay. (16.7
clay is 15.7 kN/m3. At a depth of 11 m, Determine the following: kN/m3)
determine the following: 1. Height of the capillary rise in the silt. 2. Determine the total vertical stress at the
1. Total stress or pressure 2. Vertical effective stress in kPa at a depth of 5 bottom of the clay layer in kPa. (334 kPa)
2. Water pressure . m 3. Determine the effective vertical stress at the
3. Effective stress 3. Vertical effective stress in kPa at a depth of 10 bottom of the clay layer in kPa. (138 kPa)
. m
Situation 2 Situation 6
From the soil profile shown, determine the Situation 4 Consider the upward flow of water through a
following: The figure shows a granular soil in the tank layer of sand in a tank as shown in the figure.
having a downward seepage. The water level in For the sand, the following are given:
Sand the tank is held constant by adjusting the supply Void ratio, e = 0.52
4m e = 0.61 from the top and outflow at the bottom. Specific gravity of solids, Gs = 2.67
Gs = 2.65

Clay
e = 0.48 1m 0.90m
5m
Gs = 2.67

Sand
6m e = 0.47
1. Effective stress at the bottom of sand layer
Gs = 2.68
2. Effective stress at the bottom of clay layer
3. Depth of water table from the ground so that
. the effective stress at the bottom becomes 104
. kPa
Determine the following:
Determine the following:
Situation 3 1. Effective stress at A. (3.43 kPa)
1. Total stress at the bottom
A dense silt layer has the following properties: 2. Effective stress at B (6.85 kPa)
2. Pore or water pressure at the bottom
3. Upward seepage force per unit volume of the
Void ratio e = 0.30 3. Effective stress at the bottom
soil (7.36 kN/m3)
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 8
Settlement and Consolidation 1. Compression index of clay Situation 4
Situation 1 2. Effective pressure at the midpoint of clay The laboratory consolidation data for an
The soil profile shown in the figure consist of a 9 3. Primary settlement for normally consolidated undisturbed clay specimen are as follows:
m layer of sand underlain by 6 m layer of clay. . clay e1 = 1.12 P1 = 90 kPa
The location of water table is 3 m from the e2 = 0.90 P2 = 460 kPa
ground level. The building to be constructed Situation 3 Determine the following:
will cause an additional pressure of 50 kPa on A square column foundation carries a load of 1. Compression index
the ground. 440 kN and has a footing dimension of 1.5 m by 2. Void ratio for a pressure of 600 kPa
1.5 m. Considering a settlement for clay layer. 3. Coefficient of compressibility

Situation 5
In a laboratory consolidation test on a clay
1.4 m sample the following results were obtained:
2m P1= 50 kPa e1 = 0.92
3m γd = 16 kN/m3 3m Sand P2 = 120 kPa e2 = 0.78
γd = 15.7 kN/m3
Thickness of the sample of clay = 25 mm
γsat = 18.5 kN/m3 γsat = 18.5 kN/m3 Time for 50% consolidation = 2.5 min
6m
Tv = 0.197
γsat = 18.9 kN/m3 Determine the following:
3
γsat = 19 kN/m 2.8 m 1. Coefficient of volume compressibility
6m Clay 2. Coefficient of consolidation if sample of clay
e = 0.61
e = 0.95 was drained on both sides in 𝑚E /𝑠
What is the primary settlement of the clay layer Determine the following: 3. Hydraulic conductivity of the clay
if: 1. Effective overburden pressure at the
1. Clay is normally consolidated? . midpoint of clay
2. Preconsolidation pressure Pc=190kPa? 2. Additional pressure at the midpoint of clay
3. Preconsolidation pressure Pc=170Kpa? 3. Primary settlement for normally consolidated
. clay. Use Cc = 0.25
Situation 2
A 2 m clay layer has values of e = 0.92, Gs = 2.72
and liquid limit of 40%. Above the clay is a 3 m
thick layer of sand with e = 0.50 and Gs = 2.62.
The water table is located 1.6m below the
ground. If a 3 m thick backfill is placed on the
ground surface having a unit weight of 17.3
kN/m3, determine the following:
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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 8

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 8

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 1
Properties of Soil 9. Air content = n(1 – S) Dr = 1/γd min – 1/γd x 100%
1/γd min – 1/γd max
1. Void ratio (e) = Volume of void 10. Air void ratio = 1 - S
Volume of solid 14. Relative/Percent compaction (R)
e = Vv 11. Bulk specific gravity (Gm)
Vs Gm = γm / γw R = _γd_ x 100%
γd max
2. Porosity (n) = = Volume of void 12. Critical hydraulic gradient (i)
Volume of soil 15. Effective grain size (D10)
n = Vv i = γ’ / γw = G - 1
V 1+e 16. Coefficient of uniformity (Cu)

3. Water content (w) = Weight of water Relationship: Cu = D60

or Moisture content Weight of solid D10
a. n= e___
w = Ww = Wm – Wd 1+e 17. Coefficient of gyration / curvature (Cc)
Ws Wd
b. Gsw = eS Cc = __D302___
4. Degree of saturation(S) = Volume of water D10 x D60
Volume of void c. γm = Gs + Gsw (γw)
S = Vw 1+e 18. Average grain size (D50)
Vv
d. γm = Gs + eS (γw) 19. Sorting coefficient (So)
5. Moist/Bulk unit weight (γm) . 1+e D
S0 = √D75
γm = Wm 25
V e. γsat = Gs + e (γw)
1+e 20. Suitability number (Sn)
6. Saturated unit weight (γsat)
f. γ' = Gs - 1 (γw) 3 1 1
Sn = 1.7 √D +D +D
γsat = Wsat 1+e 50
2
20
2
10
2

V
g. γd = __Gs__ (γw) = _γm_ 21. Group index (GI)
7. Submerged/Buoyant unit weight (γ’) 1+e 1+w
GI = (F200-35)(0.005LL)+0.01(F200-15)(PI -10)
γ’ = γsat - γw 13. Relative density or Density index (Dr)
22. Liquid limit (LL) – water content correspond
8. Dry unit weight (γd) Dr = _emax – e x 100% to 25 blows or 20 mm penetration of cone.
emax – emin
γd = Wd
V

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 1
23. Plastic limit (PL) – water content wherein a Suitability number:
soil starts to crumble when rolled into 1/8 in. Ф
thread. Sn Rating
0-10 Excellent
24. Shrinkage limit (SL) 10-20 Good
20-30 Fair
𝑚1 −𝑚2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝑆𝐿 = [ 𝑚2
− 𝑚2
] 𝑥100% 30-50 Poor

SL = 100e Liquidity index:

Gs
LI Rating
25. Shrinkage ratio (SR) LI<0 Brittle solid
0<LI<1 Plastic
SR = _ m2__ LI>1 Liquid
V2ρw

26. Specific gravity of solid (Gs)

G = ______1_____
1/SR – SL/100

27. Plasticity index (PI) = LL – PL

28. Liquidity index (LI) = _w - PL_

LL - PL

39. Consistency index (CI) = _LL – w_

LL - PL

40. Activity of clay or Activity classification (A c)

Ac = __PI__
% Clay

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Geotechnical Engineering 1
Properties of Soil: Situation 4
The moist unit weight of sample of soil is 17.43
Situation 1 kN/m3. It has a specific gravity of solid of 2.65
The sample of soil weighing 30.6 kg had a volume and water content of 16%. The sample has a void
of 0.0183m3. The sample is allowed to dry in an ratio of 0.88 in the loosest condition and 0.36 in
oven and the weight was reduced to 27.2 kg. The the densest condition.
specific gravity of the solids was found to be 2.65. 1. Compute the density index
Determine the following: 2. If the dry unit weight at optimum water
1. Moist unit weight of soil in kN/m3 content was 19.12 kN/m3, what is the minimum
2. Dry unit weight of soil in kN/m3 dry unit
3. Moisture content
4. Void ratio
5. Porosity Problems for Practice:
6. Degree of saturation
Situation 5
Situation 2 A saturated soil has a unit weight of 18.85 KN/m3
The soil sample in natural state having a volume and water content of 32%. Determine the
of 0.0012 m3 weighs 1.73 kg. The degree of following:
saturation being 61.6%. After drying in an oven 1. Specific gravity of solid (2.725)
the final weight of sample was 1.44 kg. Determine 2. Porosity (0.872)
the following: 3. Submerged unit weight (9.04)
1. Specific gravity of solid
2. Void ratio Situation 6
3. Critical hydraulic gradient The relative compaction of sand in the field is
94%. The maximum and minimum dry unit
Situation 3 weights of the sand are 16.2 kN/m3 and 14.9
The moist soil having a volume of 0.0154m3 has a kN/m3 respectively. For the field condition
unit weight of 16.5KN/m3 and a moisture determine the following:
content of 15%. If the specific gravity of solid is 1. Dry unit weight (15.23)
2.7. Determine the following: 2. Relative density of compaction (27%)
1. Degree of Saturation 3. Moist unit weight at moisture content of 8%
2. Volume of air in the original sample (16.45)
3. Weight of water to be added to reach full
saturation

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