C Programming Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SEMESTER 1

C PROGRAMMING

Unit 13 : Functions Part 3 1

C Programming Manipal University Jaipur (MUJ)

Unit 13
Functions Part 3
Table of Contents

SL Fig No / Table SAQ /

Topic Page No
No / Graph Activity
1 Introduction - -
3-4
1.1 Objectives - -
2 Function With Operators - 1 5-8
3 Function And Decision Statements - 2 8-11
4 Function And Loop Operators - 3 11-12
3 Summary - - 13
4 Terminal Questions - - 14
5 Answers To Self Assessment Questions - - 14
6 Answers To Terminal Questions - - 14-15

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1. INTRODUCTION

In C programming, operators, functions, and decision statements are fundamental concepts

that enable developers to write efficient and structured code. Operators are symbols that
perform specific operations on operands, such as arithmetic, bitwise, logical, and relational
operations. Functions, on the other hand, encapsulate blocks of code that perform specific
tasks and can be called from other parts of the program. Functions can interact with
operators to manipulate data effectively within a program, providing modularity and code
reusability.

While C does not support native operator overloading like C++, functions can emulate
operator-like behavior for custom data types, providing similar functionality. Unary
operators act on a single operand, and functions can be used to implement custom behaviors
for unary operations. Bitwise operators manipulate individual bits of integer operands, and
functions can encapsulate bitwise operations to perform tasks such as setting, clearing, or
toggling specific bits. Logical operators perform logical operations on boolean values, and
functions can incorporate logical operators to make decisions and control program flow
based on boolean conditions.

The conditional (ternary) operator provides a compact way to express conditional

statements within a single line of code. Functions can utilize the conditional operator to
implement conditional expressions efficiently. Moreover, decision statements such as if, else
if, and else, allow functions to make choices based on certain conditions, enhancing the
flexibility and versatility of function behavior. Additionally, loop operators like for, while,
and do-while enable functions to execute a block of code repeatedly, providing the ability to
iterate over data and perform calculations or tasks multiple times. Understanding these
concepts is essential for writing efficient and structured C programs, empowering
developers to manipulate data and control program flow effectively.

1.1. Objectives:

At studying this unit, you should be able to:

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❖ Learn how to simulate operator overloading in C by defining functions with operator-

like behavior for custom data types.
❖ Gain proficiency in writing functions that incorporate decision statements to perform
different actions based on specific conditions.
❖ Gain proficiency in implementing functions that utilize loop operators to iterate over
data, perform calculations, or execute tasks multiple times.

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2. FUNCTION WITH OPERATORS

Operator overloading is not directly supported in standard C language. Unlike languages like
C++, C# or Python, where you can define custom behaviors for operators like +, -, *, etc., based
on the types of their operands, C does not provide this feature. In C, operators have fixed
meanings determined by the language specification, and they cannot be redefined or
overloaded. Therefore, you cannot define custom behaviors for operators when working
with user-defined types in C.

However, you can simulate operator overloading in C by defining functions that perform the
desired operations and then calling those functions explicitly. For example, instead of
overloading the + operator for custom types, you can define a function like add() to perform
addition operations on objects of those types. In C programming, operator overloading is not
directly supported as it is in languages like C++. However, we can still demonstrate unary
operators, bitwise operators, logical operators, and the conditional (ternary) operator in a C
program. Here's a program showcasing each of these concepts:

#include <stdio.h>

// Unary operator example

void unaryOperatorExample() {

int x = 10;

printf("Unary Operator Example:\n");

printf("Original value of x: %d\n", x);

// Unary operators

printf("x after unary increment (++x): %d\n", ++x);

printf("x after unary decrement (--x): %d\n", --x);

// Bitwise operator example

void bitwiseOperatorExample() {

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int a = 10, b = 5;

printf("\nBitwise Operator Example:\n");

printf("a: %d, b: %d\n", a, b);

// Bitwise AND

printf("a & b: %d\n", a & b);

// Bitwise OR

printf("a | b: %d\n", a | b);

// Bitwise XOR

printf("a ^ b: %d\n", a ^ b);

// Bitwise NOT

printf("~a: %d\n", ~a);

// Logical operator example

void logicalOperatorExample() {

int x = 10, y = 5;

printf("\nLogical Operator Example:\n");

printf("x: %d, y: %d\n", x, y);

// Logical AND

printf("x && y: %d\n", x && y);

// Logical OR

printf("x || y: %d\n", x || y);

// Logical NOT

printf("!x: %d, !y: %d\n", !x, !y);

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// Conditional (Ternary) operator example

void conditionalOperatorExample() {

int a = 10, b = 5;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

printf("\nConditional (Ternary) Operator Example:\n");

printf("a: %d, b: %d\n", a, b);

printf("Maximum value: %d\n", max);

int main() {

unaryOperatorExample();

bitwiseOperatorExample();

logicalOperatorExample();

conditionalOperatorExample();

return 0;

This C program showcases different types of operators:

Unary Operator Example:

Demonstrates pre-increment and pre-decrement operations (++x, --x) on the variable 'x'.

Bitwise Operator Example:

Shows bitwise AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), and NOT (~) operations between two integers 'a'
and 'b'.

Logical Operator Example:

Displays logical AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!) operations between two integers 'x' and 'y'.

Conditional (Ternary) Operator Example:

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Utilizes the ternary operator (?:) to find the maximum value between 'a' and 'b' and assigns
it to 'max'. Finally, the main() function calls each of these examples, printing the results to
the consol

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS - 1
1. In C programming, which operator is used to perform logical AND between two
expressions?
(a) &&
(b) ||
(c) &
(d) |
2. Which of the following operators is used to perform logical negation in C?
(a) +
(b) -
(c) !
(d) ~

3. FUNCTION AND DECISION STATEMENTS

In C programming, decision statements (such as if, else if, and else) can be used within
function bodies to make logical decisions based on input parameters or other variables.
Functions can perform different actions or return different results depending on the
outcome of decision statements. They provide a way to customize function behavior based
on specific conditions, enhancing flexibility and versatility in program execution. Here's a
simple example illustrating the usage of decision statements within a function:

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

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// Function to determine the maximum of two numbers

int max(int a, int b) {

if (a > b) {

return a;

} else {

return b;

int main() {

int num1 = 10, num2 = 20;

// Call the max function and print the result

printf("Maximum number: %d\n", max(num1, num2));

return 0;

In this example, the max() function takes two integer parameters a and b and uses an if
statement to compare them. If a is greater than b, the function returns a, otherwise, it returns
b. The main() function calls max() with two numbers and prints the maximum value. This
illustrates how decision statements can be effectively used within functions to perform
different actions based on specific conditions.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to determine the maximum of three numbers

int maxOfThree(int a, int b, int c) {

if (a >= b && a >= c) {

return a;

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} else if (b >= a && b >= c) {

return b;

} else {

return c;

int main() {

int num1 = 10, num2 = 20, num3 = 15;

// Call the maxOfThree function and print the result

printf("Maximum number: %d\n", maxOfThree(num1, num2, num3));

return 0;

In this extended example, the maxOfThree() function takes three integer parameters a, b,
and c and uses decision statements to determine the maximum among them. It compares
each number with the others and returns the maximum value. The main() function calls
maxOfThree() with three different numbers (num1, num2, num3) and prints the maximum
value. This demonstrates how decision statements can be used within functions to perform
more complex tasks based on specific conditions.

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SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS - 2
3. Functions with decision statements allow for:
(a) Repeating a block of code
(b) Customizing function behavior based on specific conditions
(c) Declaring arrays and structures
(d) Printing output to the console
4. Which keyword is used to introduce a decision statement in C programming?
(a) decision
(b) if
(c) choose
(d) pick

4. FUNCTION AND LOOP OPERATORS

Function and Loop Operators" in C programming involves using loop constructs within
functions to perform repetitive tasks efficiently. Functions encapsulate blocks of code that
perform specific tasks, and loop operators allow executing a block of code repeatedly based
on certain conditions. Here's an example demonstrating the usage of loop operators within
a function in C:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to calculate the factorial of a number using a loop

int factorial(int n) {

int result = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

result *= i;

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return result;

int main() {

int num = 5;

// Call the factorial function and print the result

printf("Factorial of %d is: %d\n", num, factorial(num));

return 0;

In this example, the factorial() function takes an integer parameter n and uses a for loop to
calculate the factorial of n. The loop iterates from 1 to n, multiplying each integer along the
way to compute the factorial. The function then returns the final result.

The main() function calls factorial() with a value of num (in this case, 5) and prints the
factorial result. This demonstrates how loop operators, in this case, the for loop, can be
effectively used within functions to perform repetitive tasks, such as calculating factorials, in
C programming.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS - 3
5. What is the purpose of using loop operators within functions in C programming?
(a) To define variables
(b) To perform mathematical operations
(c) To execute a block of code repeatedly based on certain conditions
(d) To print output to the console
6. Which loop operator allows executing a block of code at least once, regardless of
the loop condition?
(a) for loop
(b) while loop
(c) do-while loop
(d) break statement

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4. SUMMARY

In C programming, operators, functions, and decision statements are foundational concepts

that enable efficient and structured code development. Operators are symbols performing
specific operations on operands, including arithmetic, bitwise, logical, and relational
operations. Functions encapsulate code blocks for specific tasks, enhancing modularity and
code reusability. While C lacks native operator overloading like C++, functions can mimic
operator-like behavior for custom data types.

Unary operators act on a single operand, and functions can implement custom behaviors for
unary operations. Bitwise operators manipulate individual bits of integer operands, with
functions encapsulating bitwise operations for tasks like setting or clearing specific bits.
Logical operators perform boolean operations, aiding decision-making within functions. The
conditional operator offers concise conditional expressions.

Decision statements (if, else if, else) allow functions to make choices based on conditions,
enhancing flexibility. Loop operators (for, while, do-while) enable repetitive code execution
within functions, facilitating data iteration and task repetition. Understanding these
concepts is vital for efficient and structured C programming, empowering developers to
manipulate data and control program flow effectively.

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5. TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Discuss how loop operators enable functions to execute a block of code repeatedly
and provide examples demonstrating their practical application..
2. Discuss the concept of functions with arrays in C programming. Explain how functions
can accept arrays as arguments and return arrays as results.
3. Provide examples to illustrate how decision statements can be used to make choices
based on different conditions within functions.

6. ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. (a) &&
2. (c) !
3. (b) Customizing function behavior based on specific conditions
4. (b) if
5. (c) To execute a block of code repeatedly based on certain conditions
6. (c) do-while loop

7. ANSWERS TO TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. (Refer Section 4 for more details)

2. (Refer Section 2 for more details)

3. #include <stdio.h>

// Function to check if a number is even or odd

void checkEvenOrOdd(int num) {

if (num % 2 == 0) {

printf("%d is even.\n", num);

} else {

printf("%d is odd.\n", num);

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int main() {

checkEvenOrOdd(5);

checkEvenOrOdd(10);

return 0;

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