Deed cia erence ea Ty Exam-style questions and sample anewers have been writin by the author. In examinations, the way marks are awarded may bo aiferont. > Workbook answers Chapter 1 Practice 10000 (100 x 100) Focus 1.000000 (1000 x 1000) metre (m) cubic metre (m") Challenge kilometre (km) 3.50m =350em millimetre (ram) Each face hasan area of 350 % 350 100 There are sx faces 1000 Total surface area = 6 ¥ (350 * 350) 35000em* 3.5m=3500mm Volume of a cube = (length of side)* (850000)'= 42875000 mm* 4.29 x 10!mm? (3 5.) water iquid / non-metal ethanol liquid / non-metal alive oll liquid / non-metal mercury liquid / metal ice solid / non-metal diamond solid / non-metal cork solid / non-metal chalk solid / non-metal iron solid / metal tungsten solid / metal aluminium solid / metal gold solid / metal Tee is less dense than water. Since olive oil has a lower density than water the olive oil will float on top of the water. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Practice Disagree. Aluminium (metal is less dense than diamond (non-metal). But itis true that, for the table, most metals are more dense than most non-metals density = volume So mass = density * volume 19300 x (0.20 0.15 « 0.1) S19kg volume —_4 100% 100% 100 To00005 = 19300kg/m? (3 sf) ‘This metal could possibly be tungsten. Volume in nv Challenge Measuring cylinder Note volume of water in measuring cylinder. Immerse object in water and note new reading volume of object is the difference between the readings. Balance to measure mass Zero the balance. Place the object on the balance. Note the reading on the balance ~ this is the mass of the object Divide the mass by the volume to calculate the density in gferw Practical points Place your eye level with the bottom Of the meniscus of the water in the ‘measuring cylinder when making, the measurements, Repeat and average values of volume. By calculation: 10-7 = 3N to the right Students should recognise that measuring 50 pulses is better than measuring 10 (provided that the pulse rate is not changing). Also they should appreciate that pulse rate can change, and that this makes it less reliable than using a pendulum, Self-assessment Answers should include: mention of a form of exercise (for example, walking/running upstairs) detail of that exercise (For example, 35 steps rising to vertical height of 7m, completed 20 times in 3 minutes) a statement of pulse measurement: whilst resting before exercise at regular intervals (30s/1 min) during exercise at regular interval after exercise the idea that the pendulum period will not vary due to common external factors whilst pulse rate can vary significantly Focus ‘Festa. To quote a vector, you MUST quote the direction, so measure the angle 8. The diagram above is another way to draw the answer to 1a. In each case, the angle 0 is the angle between the horizontal and the resultant. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Chapter 2 Focus @ Vertical resultant by calculation: 300 - 200 = 100 a distance mile, | tape measure, Resultant: {1002 + 4002 = 412N, etc. | rulo = tan 100 = p40 time hour, = tan 1100 — 19 “ 400 otc. Challenge ‘speed mile per | light gate and (@0-10-9N hour, | data logger, etc. | ultrasound/ transducer and datalogger Distance travelled Speed — distance © 28mis 2+ 7)N . resultant = 19.6) Practice Knowing the distance between the detectors, calculate distance time 24mis; this is within the speed limit 0.0485 Speed = Challenge IF the time taken by a vehicle is equal to or less than 0.0483, the warning lights are shown, By calculation: {20-10-57 + 12+ 7% [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}De Te ea ocr Ud Peer-assessment Answers should include: a means of detecting the motion (for example, light gates, radar or sonar transmitted and received) how the speed will be calculated — for example: light gates: knowing the distance between the light gates and the time measured for the vehicle travelling between them, the speed can be calculated radar/sonar: knowing the speed of light/ sound and the time between transmission Of the wave and the returning reflection, the speed ean be calculated from a pair of measurements further detail on calculation: light gates: speed = distance/time radar/sonar: speed = distance/time, where the distance travelled = speed of light (or sound) x (time between transmission and reflection return)/2, and time is the time between measurements ‘making sign illuminate ~if the measured speed is preater than the pre-determined level, signal is sent to the sign to illuminate it. Other relevant detail can be included, such as reflections that scatter from the vehicle might reduce the accuracy of the measurement, and light gates are a potentially ugly permanent fixture and ccasily damaged by weather. Focus ‘The green car should be circled as the fastest. [Gar [Time taken /s [Spood / m/s] red car 42 238 green car 38 263 yellow car 47 213 1200000m. 80min 48005, 250 mis Practice 10m/s 15mis It is speeding up (accelerating). 1 5mis, because down is the positive direction (or -1SnVs, because up is the positive direction), Challenge 1 stance ge = tance Sosed time et weed Distance = 2 x distance to object, 2002 ‘Time 3x 10 seconds, Focus 770m Practice 3.608 Challenge 2.0m ‘Their speeds might change during the race. Focus moving ata steady speed | B,D stationary (not moving) A moving fastest a: | ¢ J changing speed Practice 0 Distanoe Tm 60 0 [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS 750m 58 115s 10.0mis, Distance 3 4 Time/s Challenge First section marked as faster 175ml looms Average spoed = distance travelldtime taken 100/100 = L0mis Focus 8km/h Practice 2Amist 34(.3) mis 6.288 Challenge 5 On Earth, time to stop = 10/9.8 = 02 seconds On Pluto, time to stop = 10/0.62 = 16.13 seconds Difference = 15.11 = 15 seconds to 2 significant figures. Focus moving at a steady speed speeding up, then slowing down moving with constant accoloration accelerating to a steady speed Total distance = 780m Challenge Constant acceleration Decreasing soveleration Constant speed (Increasing) deceleration Constant speed Practice ‘change in speed a Acceleration = “mnge in speed time Ooms? 613 = 2m? omis? ‘The gradient of the tangent to the curve CD at 14 seconds = -1.9mis? [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Challenge As the car gets fasters, air resistance increases, so the acceleration decreases, ‘making the gradient of the graph smaller The inital acceleration of car 2s ecater, but fora shorter time Object 1's acceleration decreases between Hand 7 seconds, then travels at a constant speed until 12 seconds. Object 2 travels ata constant speed (higher) speed from 1 second to 15 seconds. At the moment the skydiver jumps, they accelerate at 9.8mi/s?. Since their speed increases, air resistance increases. So the acceleration decreases until the acceleration falls to zero. This is terminal velocity. ‘The sky diver then opens their parachute and air resistance inereases, so the skydiver decelerates, Air resistance decreases until the deceleration falls to zero. The skydiver now has a new, lower terminal velocity When they land, the force from the ground provides a final deceleration to stop the skydiver. Chapter 3 Focus size, shape (in either order) Practice a Forces and labels should be as follows: Apple: (up) air resistance of air on apple; (down) gravitational force of Earth on apple. Car: (up) contact foree of road on ear; (down) gravitational force of Earth on car, (back) air resistance of air on car, (forwards) push of Person on slide: (down) gravitational force of Earth on person: (up slope) frietional force of slide on person; (normal to slope) contact force of slide on person Fish: (down) gravitational foree of Earth on fish; (up) upthrust of water on fish: (back) drag of water on fish; (forwards) thrust caused by fish's movements, acting on fish. Paperctip: (down) gravitational force of Earth on clip: (up) magnetic force of magnet on clip. Box: (down) gravitational force of Earth ‘on box: (up) contact force of floor on box; (to right) push of person on box; (10 let) frictional force of ground on box. Challenge He appears to be floating in mid-air. Since he hhas weight, he must either be supported, or be accelerating towards the ground. ’ [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS See diagram in answer to Question 3. Focus The van will accelerate/speed up. ‘The van will decelerate/slow down. ‘The tree will bend over to right. The ball will accelerate downwards (but follow a curved path), Friction will make him go slower (better answer: ... reduce his acceleration), Heating of both surfaces Challenge ‘The ground stops the phone in both cases. ‘This requires a force greater than the weight of the phone. Dropping from the window, it will be moving faster than when I drop it from chair height and so the force required to stop it over the same distance is much greater, Focus Lom la O +40N Practice ‘The motion will change/the object, will accelerate ‘The motion will remain constanvithe object, will have a constant velocity Diagrams wll vary; but must show a body with four forces acting on it with resultant 4N acting vertically downwards Challenge 3+ 4 = resultant Resultant= (9+ 16 =5N At angle = tan 3 = 63¢to the direction of the 2N force An arrow, drawn vertically down from. the middle of the rectangle, and labelled ‘weight’ Focus ‘The effect of gravity on an object Weight = mass > gravitational field strength, W/= mg Balance g=98mis Practice Gravitational field strength falls with distance from the Earth. The space station is very close to the Earth and so gravity cannot have fallen to zero at that height, ‘Therefore, the astronauts cannot be weightless, [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}Pred cela erence ery Peer-assessment An answer would include some of the following: mass is unchanged ‘can only be weightless ifthe gravitational field strength is zero the gravitational field strength depends on how far from the planet you are when you measure it itis the gravitational field strength that means there is an atmosphere around Earth the Space Station is in the outer atmosphere therefore, there must still be a gravitational field at this altitude the reason for feeling weightless is that both the astronaut and the space station are falling towards Earth at the same rate but they never hit the Earth because they are ‘moving in a cirele around it at high speed. Challenge The force depends on his mass, since the force is required to move him horizontally His weight has no effet. Since his mass is the same in both situations, the force required is the same, Gravity on Jupiter is 25m/s?, or 2.4 times that on Earth, ur visitor would therefore have to be 2.5 times as strong as an Earthling to do the same everyday things (walking. jumping. lifting, throwing). So there is a good chance that they will be able to jump much higher on Earth than someone born on Earth and would probably be able to beat world-class high-jumpers! Of course, they might struggle with our climate and our atmosphere. Focus ‘The speed is increasing. rth parachute Practice See diagram —dots are at same heights ‘The accelerations of the two objects areequal. Challenge Seo diagram — crosses quickly become ‘equally spaced [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}Pred cela erence ery wo weight weight Itwould: rise more slowly (lower gradient) reach a lower maximum velocity. Focus It increases At right angles Practice Increase SS challenge foes f ren ‘The force must increase. This is because mass m Kilogram (kg) ‘ma and since the mass has increased, acceleration | a metre per second ‘whilst the acceleration remains the same, squared (m/s?) the resultant force must increase. ‘The force will decrease, This i the velocity is changing more stowly in the larger circle, so the acceleration is smaller, from F =ma. The force will increase as the velocity is changing morc rapidly. duc to the Man higher speed of rotation, so there sa 3.5m? larger acceleration Practice 1667 kg (1670kg) Challenge Focus 24N 1200 kgs 15000kemis 0.030kg m/s Impulse = change in momentum = 805-8015 =-800kgimis P= AplQr or resultant force = rae of change of momentum or resultant force = change ‘momenturn/time Practice 9000 gms Its velocity is zero, so mv =0. 3000ks 9000 kgs [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS 3.0m Impuise = change in momentam 1000 3-0 = 6000 kemvs Impulse = my — mie Fe=m(e—u) impulse _ my ~ 2) TT =ma impulse “ime x mass 6000 0.1 = 2000 = 30m/s* Challenge 5 a 2400s (or 2400kgmks) s000kgmis 400kemis M4sms Chapter 4 Focus If cach person on either end has the same \weight, it will balance. Resultant force = 0 Resultant turning effect = 0 Practice force Note: A vertical force at the end of the handle isa satisfactory answer. Showing. the force arrow at 90° to the line joining the handle to the wheel is better. There is no resultant force, there is no net moment — itis not accelerating. Challenge | a “The beam will have weight; there will be a reaction at the pivot ‘They both act through the pivot and so have no moment about the pivot. Focus ‘The moment of a force is the turning effect of the force. It is calculated by multiplying the size of the force by the perpendicular distance of the line of action from the pivot Practice a x=067m y=0.71m 2 = 62.5 = 63N to 2 significant figures Challenge If the beam is uniform and pivoted in the middie, then there will be no moment of the \weight about the pivot, so we can ignore it here. (However, in order to fully consider ‘equilibrium, we would need to know the forces acting at the pivot.) Focus Force 3 has the greatest moment about point A. Force 4 has no moment about point B. Practice A | 60 _| anticlockwise B 60 G 80 Force C must be removed if the beam is 10 be balanced P= MON Challenge distance x This is the perpendicular distance from X to the line of the force F clockwise clockwise [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Focus If the line of action of the weight falls outside the base there will be a resultant moment, and the object will topple. Practice A more stable object has a wider base and a lower centre of mass. A less stable object, hhas a narrower base and a higher centre of mass. Typical examples are shown, Upward force: contact force: downward force: weight week The object on the left will not topple over, as its weight passes through its base and so will cause it to tip to the left, returning. it to an upright position. The object on the right will topple over, because its ‘Weight is acting outside its base. Challenge ‘Car A will be able to corner at a higher speed. Ithas a lower centre of mass 50 it needs to lean more before the line of action of the weight falls outside the base. This means it can travel fascr. Ithas a wider base. So. it needs to lean more before the ine of action of the weight falls outside the base. Ths also means it can travel faster: ‘The base needs to have a large weight — to lower the centre of mass of the whole wind turbine. ‘The base needs to be wide ~ to increase the ‘moment of the force the ground pushes ‘upwards on the base with. ‘The horizontal foree of the ground on the base needs to be able to equal the opposite horizontal force of the wind on the turbine blades. Peer-assessment Answer is entirely dependent on the descriptions given by the students, but the expectation is that they will learn from each other's points and also critically assess the validity of the points made by others, in terms of the physics Chapter 5 Focus ‘mass hanger He Galamp. Points to include: Equipment: clamp stand, 2 x boss, 2 x clamps, spring, mass carrier and 10 x 1N ‘masses, metre ruler, optical pin (or other fiducial marker), G clamp, set square Use the G clamp to fix the clamp stand to the desk, to avoid risk of injury through the equipment toppling. Use the set square to ensure the Im ruler is clamped vertically to the clamp stand and is behind the optical pin, which is attached to the top of the mass carrier. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}Pred cela erence ery Read the position of the optical pin, against the ruler scale, Keeping your eye level with the pin, when only the mass carrier is on the spring. Record this as the ‘unstretched length, Add 1 to the mass carrier, ead the position of the pin as before, and record the reading; repeat six to nine times Remove each LN dise and record the reading, unloading each time until only the mass carrier remains. Calculate the average extension for each value of the foree, Plot a graph of extension against force. Practice el ie fe 0 25.0 oO stretch the spring, 10 25.4 4 Load at limit of proportionality 20 25.8 8 approximately 7N 30 262 2 Challenge 4.0 26.6 16 The cable stretches under its own weight. 5.0 27.0 20 ‘The lift body will bounce on the end of a 6.0 274 24 very long cable (behaves like a spring) ‘Unsettling for miners, but unacceptable for ey 258 28 office workers! 8.0 28.5 35 ‘The cable used needs to get stiffer as the length 9.0 29.2 2 needed gets longer this make it heavier, 70.0 29 29 making the problem of stretching under its own weight preter A very high building/very deep mine will take along time to get up and down from unless the its very fast, but the forces involved in accelerating the lilt to these speeds presents challenges for the cable too ~ increasing the effect of the first two points. ‘The solution may lie in the use of carbon fibre rather than stel—lightr eable, very strong. For example, itis nove being used in bridge building Extension /mm b Force needed to produce an extension of Lem: approximately 2.5N. Peer-assessment Answer is entirely dependent on the descriptions siven by the students, but the expectation is that they will learn from each other's points and also critically assess the validity of the points made by others, in terms of the physics [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Focus Stretched length ~ original length = extension ‘Stretched length = original length + extension Practice kx = 12x01 12N kx 10=&x 0.03 “There are four wheels and so four springs. Each spring bears the weight of one person, on average. ‘The weight of one person, W= mg = 90x 9.8 = 882N F= kx, where x= 0.011m. kx 0.011 882 Torr 80.182 = 8kN/m to 2s. Challenge ‘The spring constant would be half the size of one spring’ k. This is because each newton stretches each spring bythe same amount a it would stretch one spring on its own, so each newton results in twice ‘the extension. ‘The spring constant would be twice the spring constant of one spring alone. This is because the load is borne by both springs equally, so each spring supports If the force. Each newton now results in If the extension of one spring alone Focus pressure | p pascal (Pa) or newton por metre squared (N/m?) force | F newton (N) area [A metre squared (m2) pA rE > Standing on one foot, the downward force (weight) acts on a smaller area, so the pressure is greater and the ice is more likely to break. Need to spread weight over a larger area, so lie down, Practice 500 Pa 160000N (or 160kN) Challenge ‘There are tracks, rather than tyres — these have a larger surface area, so reducing the pressure. ‘They give an even force distribution over their area, ‘There are eight tracks. This reduces the load carried by any one track and increases the surface area overall Focus Pressure in a liquid = Ap = pgih Practice 24500Pa 8km It assumes a uniform density to the top of the atmosphere, whereas density actually decreases, so the Earth's atmosphere will extend further than 8km, Challenge ‘The pressure on the top of the block is 1000 938% 5 ‘The pressure on the bottom of the block is 1000 x 9.8 « 6 “The pressure difference is then 1000 % 9.8 1 1000 x 98x 1 x 2= 19600N. ‘This is 19600 N more on the bottom face than on the top and so there is an upthrust of 19.600, This is 490N more on the bottom face than on the top and so there is an upthrust of 490N. ‘This is why an object in a liquid that is more dense than air has a smaller weight than in air [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Chapter 6 a energy as visible | light transfer Focus radiation energy of a strain’ store ‘energy in the nucleus ofa | nuclear energy spreading | heat or transfer uranium atom out from a hot thermal or object infrared ‘energy in diesel fuel chemical energy of a ball held above | gravitational your head potential energy of a hot cup internal of coffee ‘energy in the nuclear nnuclous of a uranium atom ‘energy ofa moving | kinetic ‘energy in diesel fuel | chemical ee held above your _| potential sound The rocket launch head is very noisy. ‘energy of ahot cup | internal store, light Bright flames of coffee ‘emerging from ‘energy carried by electrical | transfer rocket. an electric current ‘thermal eneray Flames are hot. gravitational potential |The rocketisrising | Challenge a acer ee [PS Pe eae ona cae kinetic energy The rocket is speeding up. Practice Inan energy flow diagram, the width of the power arrow represents the amount of energy. The tation Width of the initial arrow is equal to the sum : lamp of the widths of the arrows it divides into, so Dt thermal national ‘grid ay light the (otal amount remains constant, eo 1500 s/s chemical energy Focus 3003 15% 00/5 ‘The motor is not intended to ‘thetmal energy produce heat [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Practice ‘The gas-fired power station is jon 45%; coal-fired station 25% 3% Challenge 16.2% Self-assessment Answer is entirely dependent on the descriptions given by the students, but the expectation is that they will learn from each other's points and also critically assess the validity of the points made by others, in terms of the physics. Focus 1 x 600 x 252 3% 600 % 25 = 1875005 10 J thermal in inverter 9J thermal wasted 10 J thermal BP wasted ee 8 J thermal % SOE wastes %. 162 J to consumer AE= mghh 20 10 x 2500 5000005 Challenge Change in ke = 3 * 600 x (12? 252) 1443001 By conservation of energy, g pe at top = ke ‘at bottom Therefore, mgah = 4 Low? [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS ‘Mass cancels on both sides, leaving 6.3mis, Chapter 7 Focus ‘wood biofuel renewable natural gas coal fossil fuel fossil fuel non-renewable non-renewable splitting of uranium nuclei nuclear fission non-renewable hydrogen nuclei combine torrelease energy nuclear fusion renewable sunlight captured tomake electricity or heat water solar cell (photocell) renewable hot rocks underground used to heat water geothermal moving air turns a turbine wind power renewable water running downhill turns aturbine hydro- electric power renewable Practice Each student's diagram should show the sun shining, the water eycle (evaporation, convection, cloud formation, and rainfall on mountains), a dammed river and a hydro- clectric power station, with appropriate labels and notes. Cre en een a eee Loe eoered cae eae cco eT) Challenge nuclear Lin use if there isan | reliable fission accident/leak in construction. Concrete production isa major source of carbon dioxide pollution and nuclear power stations uso @ great deal of it. Lonce installed, | variable, but but extraction of | varies across the materials for the | world construction of the panels has significant potential for harm, geothermal S, although some | reliable greenhouse gases are emitted. hydroelectric Sinuse, although | reliable methane gets produced by rotting vegetation. Construction can destroy habitats and displace populations. Concrete production of carbon dioxide pollution and hydroelectric power stations use a great deal of it. L L Lin use Construction can destroy habitats, Cee eed ese mea Leo eeCAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS TRUE FALSE: 2008, not 2006 FALSE TRUE FALSE: more, not less Practice Suitable positions are: on a hilltop; in a wide ‘open space; on top of a tall building: on a cliftop. These are places where the wind is, likely to be stronger. Challenge Wind specds above 6 m/s and below 40m/s are needed: noise pollution; visual pollution: cost of installation (especially off shore); unreliability of the wind: potential threat to birds: land area nceded for a wind farm (large in comparison to conventional power station) Focus Solar cellphotovoltaic cell Tick (originally from sun): fossil fuels, wind power, hydro-electric power, wave, sunlight Cross (not originally from sun): nuclear power, tidal power, geothermal Practice Millions of years ago, plants grew using the energy of sunlight. Plants died, beeame buried, and gradually rotted to become coal. large nuclei split into two | fission ‘two small nuclei join fusion together ‘energy is released both used ina uranium-fuelled | fission power station the energy source of the sun | fusion helium canbe product [fusion Challenge Unreliabiity of sunlight in most areas Inability to store electrical energy efficiently, 0 needs to be produced when itis to be used. Physical size of a solar farm on a commercial scale (much larger than a conventional power station) Environmental concerns in the mining of the rare earth metals needed to make the solar cells Interesting facts that might come up: How do they work? NIF: 192 lasers, fired simultaneously at a pellet of fuel, causing massive pressure and temperatures of 1-2 million °C. ITER: fuel is heated by being hit by high energy negative ions (accelerated using electric fields) and electric and magnetic ficlds are used to heat it further to 150 million °C. Power output of NIF lasers is 5% 1 This is only for 10” seconds. Limitations ITER in South of France is designed to produce ten times the energy that it requires to make fusion happen. However, this needs to be 15 times to be commercially viable. NIF has not approached this. Why so hot? ‘They need such high temperatures to bring the nuclei close enough together to fuse, but since they are positive, they repel each other, Prospects Both technologies claim to be the one that will eventually provide commercially viable fusion, Neither is likely to do so in the next 10 years. Fusion as a possibilty was first Suggested in the 1930s. Peer-assessment ‘Answer is entirely dependent on the description siven by the students, but the expectation is that they will learn from each other's points and also critically assess the validity oF the points made bby others, in terms of the physics and the socio- economic and environmental impact of these approaches. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Chapter 8 Focus Work done = energy transferred Practice Its weight (caused by gravity); increases; Kinet: 2.03 The load is getting higher. sits ne is increasing The girl provides the energy. The upward palling force ofthe rope does work onthe load Itis a bigger force; it moves further. Challenge Its friction that allows us to walk When the fretion is lower du ie, we cannot apply as large a force to the ground before our feet slip. Focus A newton-meter (forcemeter, spring balance) aX a ‘Work done = force distance moved (in the direction of the force) Practice 75x 4.0 = 3003 2500 x 6.0 = 15000) By conservation of energy: 15000J Gravitational potential energy (g.p2) 120 1.6= 1925 “The fiction with the slope mote fistion leads to more work Theangle of the slope the steeper the nee the smaller th effect of friction withthe slope (as the ange increases, we {approach the vertical situation we started with) ‘Although she will do more work, the force she has to apply to do itis sale, which may make the task possible, or at least easier Challenge In the best-case scenario, the same amount of work is done with and without the machine By sonsarration of ext, tha aracint of ork done betwoon two point isthe suns, no matter what path i taken, If the force is smaller, then the distance moved must be greater, so that force x distance is the same. Focus 60) 60 x 60 = 3600 (60Is for 603) € Most of the energy is transferred as heat, not as light. Practice ‘There are 60 x 60 x 24 seconds in a day, so the rate of supply of energy is energy supplied _ 19000000 time of supply — 60 x 60 x 24 20W to 2 signifi ‘contact forse of road 115.74 nt figures eS | weight Work per second = force * distance per second = 1600 x 30 =48ks Work per second = power [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Challenge Fy=ke ‘At maximum speed, the maximum force from the eagine’= fore: ducto air resistance sine p= fee distance = force x velocity ‘So max foree from engine, max power of engine Fe eee 2. veloc ky vs (21700 )} OM v=97.69mis The difference between the theoretical and actual top speed could be due to friction between the road and the tyres, which has not been considered in our solution, Peer-assessment Answer is entirely dependent on the content and quality of the flashcards produced by the students, Dut the expectation is that they will learn from each other's work, including points they missed. improve their descriptions and definitions, and also critically assess the usefulness of the cards made by others. Chapter 9 Focus occupies fixed volume | solid, liquid liquid evaporates to become @ gas, takes the shape of its container has a fixed volume liquid, gas solid may become a liquid when | solid, gas its temperature changes _— 1 boing soup fusauw|— 7 ans Trecting _——"condensing! orc id Practice Put salt solution in aplastic container wih space for expansion, Ad Sousrestenmneis Paes tel dresebo patamsel iigiveehaih togacr and compute (or empature display): Record data +20 Temperature! ° freezing >| point 10} 0+ ‘The freezing point is the temperature at which the graph line becomes horizontal (The later horizontal section indicates the lowest temperature a freezer, 20°C.) Peer-assessment Answer is entirely largely on the descriptions sven by the students, but the expectation is that they will learn from each other's points and also critically assess the validity of the points made by ‘others, in terms of the completeness and empirical validity of the method. If they are able to conduct the experiment at home, a great deal more value can be drawn from those accounts, potentially. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Challenge As ice: the molecules are in fixed in position! bonded to each other in regular, ordered arrangement. They vibrate about this position. As the ice is heated. the vibrations increase in sizelamplitudetspocd As water: The bond’ between the water molecules are breaking. The molecules are free to slide past each other. As the water is heated, the molecules move faster. The arrangement is ess ordered As steam: The molecules are widely spaced and there is no order to their arrangement. “They are free to move independently Focus gas far apart vibrate about xed | move about within | move rapidly around, positions liquid bouncing off walls and each other ‘Strong Weak 7010 Melting, Boiling Condensation Practice It is called the ‘kinetic’ model because particles are moving about, and this helps to explain many phenomena. Challenge When the gas expands, it uses some of its ‘energy to do so (does work against atmospheric pressure), so the amount of kinetic energy it stores falls, and it cools down since temperature is a measure of the average k.e. of the molecules. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS light reflected by smoke grains light ‘Smoke grains are too small to see with the naked eye. Practice ‘The observer sees bright specks of light ‘moving around in an irregular manner. ‘They are too small to see even with the microscope, Challenge Ina gas such as air, the particles are moving, around quickly. When they collide with the smoke grains, the grains are pushed around in random manner. Focus Particles bounce off walls; each collision produces a tiny force; many collisions result in pressure on walls Density in B is twice density in A. ‘Twice as many particles collide with walls each second, so twice the pressure Increase their temperature. Practice Increase its temperature: halve its volume Challenge It will be the same. The gas will expand until the pressure equals that of the surrounding atmosphere, which hasn't changed. When the molecules collide with the walls of the container, they rebound. So they have a change of velocity, which means they have a change of momentum (or an acceleration). From F = ma, this results in a force on the walls of the container, Pressure is force per unit area, The higher the temperature of the gas, the higher the average kinetic energy store of the molecules, so they are moving faster. This means they have a greater change of momentum when they hit the sides of the container, and there will be more collisions with the sides every second. These two mean the rate of change of momentum is higher, so there is a larger force and so a larger pressure, Focus pV = constant or p\V, pascal (Pa) metre cubed (m’) P| pressure V_ [volume It would increase, Practice 5.0x 105Pa 100 120 140 160 180 [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}Pred cela erence ery Volume/ 140 160 Pressure kPa In the table, values assume that pV = 9000 roughly. Challenge Greater, because at higher temperature, ‘molecules move faster, and so cause greater pressure on walls of container. Focus Practice increases (it) ‘The aerosol canister might burstlexplode. increases Since the temperature is unchanged the (verage) kinetic energy does not change so the particles are moving at the same (average) speed. But the volume is smaller. so the particles will collide more frequently with the walls of the container (any mention of particles coltiding with each other is irrelevant and should be treated as neutral), So a larger force is exerted on each unit of area producing a larger pressure. Credit will be awarded fora fuller explanation of this larger force: Since the particles collide with the walls and bounce off there isa change of momentum A(t») because there are now more frequent collisions. As FA¢= A(mv) then the force is larger. Convert temperatures to kelvin: 40°C = 313K PVs _ Pas 200 x 100 500 40cm? Challenge Prose Pa [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ PHYSICS WORKBOOK ANSWERS Absolute zero = -273°C from this graph. Itis the temperature at which a gas exerts no pressure — so the atoms must have stopped moving. Chapter 10 Focus ‘The sum of the kinetic and potential energies possessed by the molecules of a substance increases when an object is | temperature, supplied with thermal energy | internal energy ‘a measure of the heat of an | temperature object ‘energy moving from whore the temporature is higher to where itis lower thermal energy the sum ofall energies of the | internal eneray particles of an object @ measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of an object tends to spread out from a hot object measured using a thermometer ‘temperature thermal energy ‘temperature ‘Steam has more internal energy than water at the same temperature. Although the k.e. is the same, there is more potential energy, as work hhas been done to move the molecules further apart Practice Supply thermal energy to increase the temperature, ‘When the steam hits skin, the first thing it does is to condense to water. In doing so, it gives up the energy that it had, making it steam. This causes burning. Then the boiling water cools, giving up energy as it does so. ‘This also causes burning, So the steam has ‘more internal energy than water at the same temperature and so does more damage. Challenge Work is being done on the gas, so energy is boing transfered to the gas. This raises the kee of the molecules. Temperature is a measure of the average k.e. of the molecules, so the temperature rises Although the sparkler sparks have a very high temperature, they do not possess a great deal of internal energy, because they have a very small mass. ‘The sicel rod has a very much greater mass, so even though itis at a lower temperature, it has ‘more internal energy and so will give a much worse burn, Focus Metal block; balance; immersion heater; voltmeter and ammeter with a stop clock (or a Joulemeter); thermometer; insulation Practice 2 Measure the mass of the block of metal, using 1a balance, Measure the starting temperature of the block, using a thermometer. Supply a known amount of electrical energy to the block, using an immersion heater, power supply and either a voltmeter and ammeter with a stop clock, or a joulemeter. Voltmeter-ammeter method: measure the current passing through the heater and the pd. across the heater for $ minutes. The energy supplied is given by: potential difference * current x time in seconds, Joulemeter method: record the reading on the Joulemeter connected to the heater once the power supply has been turned on for 5 minutes. Safety and accuracy: Do not leave the heater out of the block whilst turned on. Do not touch the heater until it has been given plenty of time to cool ‘Wrap the block in insulation, to reduce thermal energy loss. ‘Wait until the temperature of the thermometer stops rising before taking the final reading ~ some of the energy supplied to the block in the time will needs to be given time to affect the thermometer reading, as it needs to conduct across the block from the heater. [ere en een a ee ee Loe eee eee}