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Electromagnetics Lec. 1 - Vector Analysis

The document covers fundamental concepts in vector analysis, distinguishing between scalars and vectors, with scalars being quantities represented by a single number and vectors having both magnitude and direction. It discusses vector algebra, including operations like addition and subtraction, as well as the dot and cross products. Additionally, it introduces coordinate systems such as rectangular Cartesian, circular cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.

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Abdulrahman Mohammed
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155 views28 pages

Electromagnetics Lec. 1 - Vector Analysis

The document covers fundamental concepts in vector analysis, distinguishing between scalars and vectors, with scalars being quantities represented by a single number and vectors having both magnitude and direction. It discusses vector algebra, including operations like addition and subtraction, as well as the dot and cross products. Additionally, it introduces coordinate systems such as rectangular Cartesian, circular cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.

Uploaded by

Abdulrahman Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGINEERING

ELECTROMAGNETICS
Vector Analysis
1.1 SCALARS AND
VECTORS
Scalar
• The term scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be
represented by a single (positive or negative) real number.
• Scalar quantities: time, temperature, mass, density,
volume, resistivity, and voltage.
Vector
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction
in space. Force, velocity and acceleration are
examples of vectors. Each quantity is characterized by
both a magnitude and a direction.
1.2 VECTOR
ALGEBRA
• The sum of two vectors, A and B.
A+B = B+A
A−B = A+(−B)
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
1.3 THE
RECTANGULAR
CARTESIAN
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
1.4 VECTOR
COMPONENTS
AND UNIT
VECTORS
The vector RPQ is equal to the vector
difference rQ − rP
RPQ = rQ − rP
= (2 − 1) ax + (−2 − 2) ay + (1 − 3) az
= ax − 4 ay − 2 az
Any vector B may be
described by:

𝑩 = 𝑩𝒙 𝒂𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 𝒂𝒚 + 𝑩𝒛 𝒂𝒛

The magnitude of B
written |B| is given by
1.5 THE DOT
PRODUCT
THE DOT PRODUCT
Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product,
is defined as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude
of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them,
Notes:
The geometrical term projection is also used with the dot product.
Thus, B · a is the projection of B in the a direction.

The scalar component of B in the direction of the unit vector a is B · a


The vector component (the vector projection) of B in the direction of
the unit vector a is (B ・ a) a
1.6 THE
CROSS
PRODUCT
THE CROSS PRODUCT

B×A = −(A×B)

𝒂 𝒙 × 𝒂𝒚 = 𝒂𝒛

𝒂𝒚 × 𝒂𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙

𝒂𝒛 × 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚
The cross product of any vector with itself is zero.
𝒂𝒙 × 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐
1.7 CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATES
CIRCULAR
CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATES
1.8 THE SPHERICAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THE
SPHERICAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM

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