Helwan university Faculty of Engineering

Electric Power System 2

Lecture 2
Dr. Mariem Yacoub Yousef
Electrical power and machine Department
Faculty of Engineering – Helwan university

1
Load Flow Analysis

 Introduction
 Bus Classification
 Bus Admittance Matrix
 Solution of Non linear Algebraic Equations
•Gauss Elimination Method
•Node Elimination Method
•Lower [L] Upper [U] Triangle Matrix

2
 Introduction
This chapter presents the steady-state analysis of an interconnected power system during normal operation.
The power system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition and can be represented by a single line
diagram. The power system network contains hundreds of buses and branches with impedances specified in
per-unit on a common MVA base. Load flow studies are necessary for planning, economic operation,
scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analysis
such as transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation.

3
 Bus Classification
Four quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude |V|, phase angle δ, real power P and
reactive power Q. In a load flow study, two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two quantities
are to be obtained through the solutions of equations. The system buses are generally classified into three
categories.
Slack bus: Also known as swing bus and taken as reference where the magnitude and phase angle of the
voltage are specified. This bus provide the additional real and reactive power to supply the transmission losses,
since these are unknown until the final solution is obtained.
Load buses: Also known as PQ bus. At these buses the real and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude
and phase angle of the bus voltage are unknown until the final solution is obtained.
Voltage controlled buses: Also known as generator buses or regulated buses or P-|V| buses. At these buses, the
real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are
unknown until the final solution is obtained. The limits on the value of reactive power are also specified.
4
 Bus Admittance Matrix
In order to obtain node voltage equations, consider a simple power system where the impedances are expressed
in per unit at common MVA.
From KCL:
I=YV

5
 Bus Admittance Matrix
The dimension of Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠
From KCL:
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
=
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
The off diagonal elements
1
y𝑖𝑗 = , Y𝑖𝑗 =- y𝑖𝑗 , Y𝑖𝑗 = Y𝑗𝑖
𝑧𝑖𝑗
The main diagonal elements
𝑛

Y𝑖𝑖 = ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 𝑖≠𝑗

𝑗=0
For no connection between buses
Y𝑖𝑗 = Zero

6
 Example 1: Bus Admittance Matrix
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
=
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
0 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
The main diagonal elements
Y11 = y10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦14 = −1𝑗 − 2.5𝑗 − 5𝑗 = −8.5𝑗
Y12 = − y12 = 2.5𝑗
Y13 = 5𝑗
Y14 = 0
Y22 = y20 + 𝑦21 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 = −1.25𝑗 − 2.5𝑗 − 5𝑗 = −8.75𝑗
Y21 = 2.5𝑗
Y23 = 5𝑗
Y24 = 0
Y33 = y30 + 𝑦31 + 𝑦32 + 𝑦34 = 0 − 5𝑗 − 5𝑗 − 12.5𝑗 = −22.5𝑗
Y44 = y40 + 𝑦41 + 𝑦42 + 𝑦43 = 0 − 0 − 0 − 12.5𝑗 = −12.5𝑗

7
 Example 1: Bus Admittance Matrix
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
I1 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
I2 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4

8
 Modification of network
For adding or removing line between two buses

Y𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = Y𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑂𝑙𝑑 ± ∆𝑦

+ For adding line
- For removing line
For example: removing line between bus1 and bus3( y13 positive for main diagonal and negative for off diagonal)
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 y13 0 −y13 0
Y Y22 Y23 Y24 0 0 0 0
Y𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 21 −
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 − y13 0 y13 0
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 0 0 0 0

For example: adding line between bus 4 and the ground

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 0 0 0 0
Y Y22 Y23 Y24 0 0 0 0
Y𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 21 +
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 0 0 0 0
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 0 0 0 y40
9
 Calculation of Bus Voltage
Methods of calculation the bus voltage
1. Node Elimination Method
2. Gauss Elimination Method
3. Lower [L] & upper [U] Triangular Matrix

• Node Elimination Method

Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
For example: if we have four buses network with zero current injection
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1 I1
Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2 I
= 2
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3 I3
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4 I4

A 2∗2 B 2∗2 VI I
= I
C 2∗2 D 2∗2 VII III
10
1. Node Elimination Method
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1 I1
Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2 I
= 2
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3 I3
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4 I4
A 2∗2 B 2∗2 VI I
= I
C 2∗2 D 2∗2 VII III
Where:
Y Y12 Y Y14 Y Y32 Y Y34
A= 11 , B= 13 , C= 31 , D= 33
Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44
V V I I
VI = 1 , VII = 3 , II = 1 , III = 3 = 0
V2 V4 I2 I4
AVI +B VII = II
CVI +D VII = 0 ∴ VII = −D−1 CVI
AVI −BD−1 CVI = II
∴ VI = A − BD−1 C −1 II

11
Example 2:Node Elimination Method
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
VI = A − BD−1 C −1 II
VII = −D−1 CVI
−1
−1 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 1 −12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗
D = =
12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 ∆ −12.5𝑗 −22.5𝑗
∆=(-22.5j*-12.5j)-(12.5j*12.5j)= -125
0.1𝑗 0.1𝑗
D−1 =
0.1𝑗 0.18𝑗
−1 0.1𝑗 0.1𝑗 5𝑗 5𝑗 −0.5 −0.5
D ∗𝐶 = ∗ =
0.1𝑗 0.18𝑗 0 0 −0.5 −0.5
5𝑗 0 −0.5 −0.5 −2.5𝑗 −2.5𝑗
BD−1 C = ∗ =
5𝑗 0 −0.5 −0.5 −2.5𝑗 −2.5𝑗
−8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 −2.5𝑗 −2.5𝑗 −6𝑗 5𝑗
A − BD−1 C = − =
2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 −2.5𝑗 −2.5𝑗 5𝑗 −6.25𝑗
12
Example 2:Node Elimination Method
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
VI = A − BD−1 C −1 II
VII = −D−1 CVI
−1
−1 −1 −6𝑗 5𝑗 1 −6.25𝑗 −5𝑗
A − BD C = =
5𝑗 −6.25𝑗 ∆ −5𝑗 −6𝑗
∆=(-6j*-6.25j)-(5j*5j)= -12.5
0.5𝑗 0.4𝑗
A − BD−1 C −1 =
0.4𝑗 0.48𝑗
V1 0.5𝑗 0.4𝑗 −1.1𝑗 1.05
= ∗ =
V2 0.4𝑗 0.48𝑗 −1.25𝑗 1.04
V3 −0.5 −0.5 1.05 1.045
=− ∗ =
V4 −0.5 −0.5 1.04 1.045
V1 1.05
V2 1.04
=
V3 1.045
13
V4 1.045
2. Gauss Elimination Method
In this method, the number of solution steps is equal to the number of network buses (n) minus 1.
For example 4 buses network:
The number of steps= n-1=4-1= 3 steps.
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
=
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
Step 1
Eliminate bus 1
1 1 1 1
I2 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
I3
1
= Y321 Y33
1 1
Y34 V3
1 1 1 1 V4
I4 Y42 Y43 Y44
Where:
1 Y21 Y12 Y21 Y13 Y21 Y14 I1 Y21
Y22 = Y22 −
Y11
, Y231 = Y23 − Y11
, 1
Y24 = Y24 −
Y11
, I21 = I2 − Y11
1 Y31 Y13 Y31 Y12 Y31 Y14 I1 Y31
Y33 = Y33 −
Y11
, Y321 = Y32 − Y11
, 1
Y34 = Y34 −
Y11
, I31 = I3 − Y11
1 Y41 Y14 Y41 Y12 Y41 Y31 I1 Y41
Y44 = Y44 −
Y11
, Y421 = Y42 − Y11
, 1
Y43 = Y43 −
Y11
, I41 = I4 − Y11
14
2. Gauss Elimination Method
Step 2
Eliminate bus 2
2 2 2
I3 Y33 Y34 V3
=
I4
2 2 2
Y43 Y44 V4
Where:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 Y32 Y23 2 1 Y32 Y42 2 1 I2 Y32
Y33 = Y33 − 1 , Y34 = Y34 − 1 , I3 = I3 − 1
Y22 Y22 Y22
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 Y42 Y24 2 1 Y42 Y23 2 1 I2 Y42
Y44 = Y44 − 1 , Y43 = Y43 − 1 , I4 = I4 − 1
Y22 Y22 Y22
Step 3
Eliminate bus 3
3 3
Y44 V4 = I4
Where:
2 2 2 2
3 2 Y43 Y34 3 2 I3 Y43
Y44 = Y44 − 2 I4 = I4 − 2
Y33 Y33
15
2. Gauss Elimination Method
Equations:
3 3 𝑽𝟒 can be calculated
I4 = Y44 V4
from step 3
2 2 2
Y33 V3 + Y34 V4 = I3 𝑽𝟑 can be calculated
from step 2
1 1 1 1
Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 + Y24 V4 = I2 𝑽𝟐 can be calculated
from step 1
Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 + Y14 V4 = I1 𝑽𝟏 can be calculated
from the original matrix

16
 Example 3:Gauss Elimination Method
Find the buses voltages by using Gauss elimination method.
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
Solution
Step 1
Eliminate bus 1
1 1 1 1
I2 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
1 1 1 1 V3
I3 = Y32 Y33 Y34
1 1 1 1 V4
I4 Y42 Y43 Y44
Where:
1 Y21 Y12 2.5𝑗∗2.5𝑗 1 Y21 Y13 2.5𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y21 Y14
Y22 = Y22 − Y11
= −8.75𝑗 − −8.5𝑗
= −8.0147𝑗 , Y 23 = Y 23 − Y11
= 5𝑗 − −8.5𝑗
= 6.4706𝑗 , Y24 = Y24 − Y11
2.5𝑗∗0 1 I Y −1.1𝑗∗2.5𝑗
= 0 − −8.5𝑗 = 0, I2 = I2 − 1Y 21 = −1.25𝑗 − −8.5𝑗 = −1.5735𝑗
11
1 Y31 Y13 5𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y Y 5𝑗∗0 1 I1 Y31
Y33 = Y33 − Y = −22.5𝑗 − −8.5𝑗 = −19.5588𝑗, Y34 = Y34 − 31Y 14 = 12.5𝑗 − −8.5𝑗 = 12.5𝑗 , I 3 = I3 − =0
11 11 Y11
−1.1𝑗∗5𝑗
− −8.5𝑗 = −0.6471𝑗
1 Y Y 0∗0 1 I Y −1.1𝑗∗0 17
Y44 = Y44 − 41Y 14 = −12.5𝑗 − −8.5𝑗 = −12.5𝑗, I4 = I4 − 1Y 41 = 0 − −8.5𝑗 = 0
11 11
 Example 3:Gauss Elimination Method
Step 1
Eliminate bus 1
−1.5735𝑗 −8.0147𝑗 6.4706𝑗 0 V2
−0.6471𝑗 = 6.4706𝑗 −19.5588𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
Step 2
Eliminate bus 2
2 2 2
I3 Y33 Y34 V3
=
I4
2 2
Y43 Y44
2 V4
1 1 1 1
2 1 Y32 Y23 6.4706j∗6.4706j 2 1 Y32 Y42 6.47j∗0
Y33 = Y33 − 1 = −19.5588j − = −14.3348j , Y34 = Y34 − 1 = 12.5j −
Y22 −8.0147j Y22 −8.0147j
1 1
2 1 I2 Y32 −1.5735j∗6.4706j
= 12.5j, I3 = I3 − 1 = −0.647j − =-1.9175j
Y22 −8.0147j
1 1 1 1
2 1 Y42 Y24 0∗0 2 1 I2 Y42 −1.573j∗0
Y44 = Y44 − 1 = −12.5j − = −12.5j , I4 = I4 − 1 =0− =0
Y22 −8.0147j Y22 −8.0147j

18
 Example 3:Gauss Elimination Method
Step 2
Eliminate bus 2
−1.9175j −14.3348j 12.5j V3
=
0 12.5j −12.5j V4
Step 3
Eliminate bus 3
3 3
Y44 V4 = I4
Where:
2 2 2 2
3 2 Y43 Y34 12.5j∗12.5j 3 2 I3 Y43 −1.9175j∗12.5j
Y44 = Y44 − 2 = −12.5j − = −1.6𝑗 , I4 = I4 − 2 =0− = −1.6721𝑗
Y33 −14.3348j Y33 −14.3348j
Equations
3 3
I4 = Y44 V4 = 1.045𝑝𝑢
2 2 2
Y33 V3 + Y34 V4 = I3 , −14.3348j V3 +12.5j*1.045=-1.9175j , V3 =1.045pu
1 1 1 1
Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 + Y24 V4 = I2 , −8.0147𝑗 V2 + 6.4706𝑗 ∗ 1.045+0* 1.045 = −1.5735𝑗 , V2 = 1.04𝑝𝑢
Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 + Y14 V4 = I1 , −8.5𝑗 ∗ V1 + 2.5𝑗* 1.04+5j*1.045+0* 1.045=-1.1j , V1 = 1.05𝑝𝑢
V1 1.05
V2 1.04
=
V3 1.045
19
V4 1.045
3.Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Where:
[L] =Lower Triangular Matrix
Y11 0 0 0 0
1
Y21 Y22 0 0 0
1 2
Y31 Y32 Y33 0 0
3
. . . Y44 0
. . . . .
[U] =Lower Triangular Matrix
1 Y12 / Y11 Y13 / Y11 Y14 / Y11 Y15 / Y11
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 Y23 /Y22 Y24 /Y22 Y25 /Y22
2 2 2 2
0 0 1 Y34 /Y33 Y35 /Y33
3 3
. . .1 Y45 /Y44
. . . . .
L U V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
′ 20
L V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
3.Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
L U V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠 ①
′
L V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠 ②
Where:
V𝑏𝑢𝑠 : 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 : 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
′
V𝑏𝑢𝑠 : 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
From equation ②
Y11 0 0 0
V1′ I1
1
Y21 Y22 0 0 V2′ I
1 2 ∗ ′ = 2
Y31 Y32 Y33 0 V3 I3
1 2 3 V4′ I4
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44
Y11 V1′ = I1 Find V1′
1
Y21 V1′ + Y22 V2′ = I2 Find V2′
1 2
Y31 V1′ + Y32 V2′ + Y33 V3′ = I3 Find V3′
1 2 3
Y41 V1′ + Y42 V2′ + Y43 V3′ + Y44 V4′ = I4 Find V4′

21
3.Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
′
U V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = V𝑏𝑢𝑠
Y12 Y13 Y14
1
Y11 Y11 Y11
1
Y23
1
Y24 V1 V1′
0 1 1 1 V2 V2′
Y22 Y22 ∗ = ′
V3 V3
2
Y34 V4 V4′
0 0 1 2
Y33
0 0 0 1
V4′ = V4 Find V4
2
Y34
V3 + 2 V4 = V3′ Find V3
Y33
1 1
Y23 Y24
V2 + 1 V3 + 1 V4 = V2′ Find V2
Y22 Y22
Y12 Y13 Y14
V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 Find V1
Y11 Y11 Y11

22
 Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Find the buses voltages by using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix method.
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
Solution
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Y12 Y13 Y14
1
Y11 0 0 0 Y11 Y11 Y11
1 1
1 Y23 Y24
Y21 Y22 0 0 0 1 1 1
L = 1 2 , U = Y22 Y22
Y31 Y32 Y33 0 2
Y34
1 2 3 0 0 1
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 2
Y33
0 0 0 1
Eliminate bus 1
1 Y21 Y12 2.5𝑗∗2.5𝑗 1 Y21 Y13 2.5𝑗∗5𝑗
Y22 = Y22 − = −8.75𝑗 − = −8.0147𝑗, Y23 = Y23 − = 5𝑗 − = 6.4706𝑗 ,
Y11 −8.5𝑗 Y11 −8.5𝑗
1 Y21 Y14 2.5𝑗∗0 1 Y31 Y13 5𝑗∗5𝑗 1 1
Y24 = Y24 − = 0− = 0, Y33 = Y33 − = −22.5𝑗 − = −19.5588j, Y34 = 12.5𝑗, Y44 = −12.5j23
Y11 −8.5𝑗 Y11 −8.5𝑗
Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Find the buses voltages by using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix method.
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
Solution
Eliminate bus 2
1 1
2 1 Y32 Y23 6.4706j∗6.4706j
Y33 = Y33 − 1 = −19.5588j − = −14.3348j
Y22 −8.0147j
1 1 1 1
2 1 Y32 Y42 6.47j∗0 2 1 Y42 Y24 0∗0
Y34 = Y34 − 1 = 12.5j − = 12.5j, Y44 = Y44 − 1 = −12.5j − −8.0147j = −12.5j
Y22 −8.0147j Y22
Eliminate bus 3
2 2
3 2 Y Y 12.5j ∗ 12.5j
Y44 = Y44 − 43 234 = −12.5j − = −1.6𝑗
Y33 −14.3348j
−8.5𝑗 0 0 0 5 10
1 − 17 − 17 0
2.5𝑗 −8.0147𝑗 0 0 0 1 −0.8073 0
L = , U =
5𝑗 6.4706𝑗 −14.3348j 0 0 0 1 −0.872
0 0 12.5j −1.6𝑗 0 0 0 1
24
Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Find the buses voltages by using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix method.
−1.1𝑗 −8.5𝑗 2.5𝑗 5𝑗 0 V1
−1.25𝑗 2.5𝑗 −8.75𝑗 5𝑗 0 V2
=
0 5𝑗 5𝑗 −22.5𝑗 12.5𝑗 V3
0 0 0 12.5𝑗 −12.5𝑗 V4
Solution
′
L V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
−8.5𝑗 0 0 0 V1′ −1.1𝑗
′
2.5𝑗 −8.0147𝑗 0 0 V −1.25𝑗
∗ 2′ =
5𝑗 6.4706𝑗 −14.3348j 0 V3 0
0 0 12.5j −1.6𝑗 V4′ 0
−8.5𝑗V1′ = −1.1𝑗 V1′ = 0.12941
2.5𝑗V1′ − 8.0147𝑗V2′ = −1.25𝑗 V2′ = 0.19633
5𝑗V1′ + 6.4706𝑗V2′ + −14.3348jV3′ = 0 V3′ = 0.13376
0 ∗ V1′ + 0 ∗ V2′ + 12.5j ∗ V3′ − 1.6𝑗 ∗ V4′ = 0 V4′ = 1.045

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Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
′
U V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = V𝑏𝑢𝑠
5 10 V1
1 − − 0 0.12941
17 17 V2 0.19633
0 1 −0.8073 0 ∗ =
V3 0.13376
0 0 1 −0.872 V4 1.045
0 0 0 1
V4′ = V4 V4 = 1.045
V3 −0.872 V4 = 0.13376 V3 = 1.045
V2 −0.8073 V3 + 0 ∗ V4 = 0.19633 V2 = 1.04
5 10
V1 − V − V + 0 ∗ V4 = 0.12941 V1 = 1.05
17 2 17 3
V1 1.05
V2 1.04
=
V3 1.045
V4 1.045

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