14 Bus System

DIgSILENT PowerFactory *

Abstract 1 General Description

This paper describes the 14 Bus System in Pow- The 14 Bus System consists of 14 buses (nodes), 5
erFactory. The parameters of the individual ele- generators, 11 loads, 16 lines, 5 transformers and one
ments like generators, loads, shunts, transform- shunt. 3 of these 5 transformers are used to repre-
ers and lines are explained. Results for the load sent one single 3-winding transformer. Figure 1 shows
flow calculation are presented. the single line diagram. It is a simplified model of the
transmission system in the Midwest United States.

Load_0013

Load_0014
Load_0012
Line_0006_0013

Load_0011

Load_0010

Shnt_0009
Load_0009

Gen_0001 Line_0010_0011
Load_0006

~
SG
Trf_0007_0009

Trf_0007_0008
Gen_0008
Gen_0006

Trf_0005_0006

Trf_0004_0009

SG
~
SG
~

Load_0005

Trf_0004_0007

Load_0004
Line_0003_0004
Load_0002

SG
~
Gen_0002

Voltage Levels

132 kV
33 kV
Load_0003

11 kV
SG
1 kV ~
Gen_0003

Figure 1: Single line diagram of the 14 Bus System

* DIgSILENT GmbH, Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9, 72810 Gomaringen, Germany, www.digsilent.de
14 BUS SYSTEM

2 Model Parameters in p.u., which is given as one-half of the total charging

of lines [1] (Eq. (3)).

Data have been taken from [1] and have been com- For the PowerFactory model input data are required
pleted by assuming the following typical values as in Ω/km and 𝜇S/km (or 𝜇F/km) respectively. Line data
nominal voltages: have been recalculated for the network model with a
nominal voltage 𝑈n given in Table 4 using Equations
• Bus 1 - Bus 5: 132 kV (1) – (4).
• Bus 6, Bus 9 - Bus 14: 33 kV As there is no line length given in [1], the length of
• Bus 7: 1 kV each line in the PowerFactory model has been set to
1 km. Line data of the PowerFactory model are repre-
• Bus 8: 11 kV sented in Table 4. The rated current of each line is not
known and therefore assumed to be 1 kA.
The nominal frequency of the 14 Bus System is 60 Hz.
In [1] the network parameters are given in per unit The line between bus 1 and bus 2 is a double circuit,
values based on 100 MVA. Loads and generation are and has therefore been modelled as two parallel lines
given in MW and Mvar. with adapted parameters in the PowerFactory model.

The following subsections describe the network data

used for symmetrical load flow calculation.
𝑈n2 [kV2 ]
𝑅 [Ω] = 𝑟 [p.u.] · (1)
𝑆b [MVA]
2.1 Loads 𝑈 2 [kV2 ]
𝑋 [Ω] = 𝑥 [p.u.] · n (2)
𝑆b [MVA]
The loads are not voltage-dependent, but have con- 𝑄c [Mvar] = 2 · 𝑞c/2 [p.u.] · 𝑆b [MVA] (3)
stant active and reactive power demand. Please note
𝑄c [Mvar]
that this is achieved by disabling the load option “Con- 𝐵 [𝜇S] = · 106 (4)
2
𝑈n [kV ] 2
sider Voltage Dependency of Loads” in the PowerFac-
tory load flow calculation command. Load data (active 𝑆 [MVA]
power 𝑃 and reactive power 𝑄) have been taken from = 𝑏 [p.u.] · b · 106
𝑈n2 [kV2 ]
[1] and are listed in Table 1.

2.4 Transformers
2.2 Generators
Transformer data are given in per unit (p.u.) as rep-
Generator “Gen_0001” is the slack generator, there- resented in Table 6 based on the base power 𝑆b =
fore voltage magnitude and voltage angle are given 100 MVA [1]. The rated power of each transformer is
(1.060 p.u., 0.0 degrees). The other generators are assumed as 𝑆r = 100 MVA.
configured to control the active power injection and
voltage magnitudes at the connected buses. There- Transformer parameters of the PowerFactory model
fore the active power dispatch and controlled voltage are given in Table 6. In addition tap changers are mod-
magnitudes at their terminals are given. The data elled in order to achieve the transformer taps as given
have been taken from [1] and are listed in Table 2 and in Table 6.
3. The machines at the buses 3, 6 and 8 are syn-
chronous condensers. The three 2-winding transformers connected to Bus_-
0007 represent a 3-winding transformer [1]. The
3-winding transformer model of PowerFactory can
2.3 Transmission Lines be used instead of three 2-winding transformers.
This is done in the Study Case “02 - Load Flow
Case 3-Winding Trf”, which activates the Variation
Line data are given in per unit (p.u.) based on the “3-Winding Transformer”. The input parameters for
base power 𝑆b = 100 MVA as represented in Table 5, the impedances (short-circuit voltages 𝑢 ) of the 3-
k
without information about the line length [1]. The sus- winding transformer model have been calculated with
ceptance 𝑏 in p.u. is twice the given line charging 𝑞c/2 Equations (5), (6) and (6). Figure 2 shows the corre-
sponding simplified electrical circuit of the 3-winding

Rev.1 2
14 BUS SYSTEM

transformer. 2.5 Shunt

Shunt data are given in per unit (p.u.). The 14 Bus

𝑢k,HV−MV = (5) System possesses one capacitor at bus 9, which has
a susceptance b of 0.19 p.u. based on the base power
𝑢k,HV · 𝑆r,HV + 𝑢k,MV · 𝑆r,MV 𝑆b = 100 MVA. PowerFactory uses either the suscep-
min(𝑆r,HV ,𝑆r,MV ) tance B in 𝜇S (Eq. 8) or the rated reactive power Q in
Mvar (Eq. 9) of the shunt.
𝑢k,MV−LV = (6)
𝑢k,MV · 𝑆r,MV + 𝑢k,LV · 𝑆r,LV 𝑆 [MVA]
min(𝑆r,MV ,𝑆r,LV ) 𝐵 [𝜇S] = 𝑏 [p.u.] · b · 106 (8)
𝑈n2 [kV2 ]
𝑄 [Mvar] = 𝑏 [p.u.] · 𝑆b [MVA] (9)
𝑢k,LV−HV = (7)
𝑢k,LV · 𝑆r,LV + 𝑢k,HV · 𝑆r,HV
min(𝑆r,LV ,𝑆r,HV ) 3 Load Flow Results

The steady-state load flow is examined by executing

HV
the load flow calculation ( ). The study cases con-
tain pre-defined bar diagrams which display the re-
sults for busbar voltage magnitudes (see Figure 3)
uk,HV and power injection of generators active and reactive
power (see Figure 4).

uk,LV uk,MV The results of the PowerFactory load flow calculation

are also given in Appendix B.

LV MV
References
Figure 2: Simplified electrical circuit of a 3-winding
transformer (positive sequence)
[1] A. S. L.L. Freris, Investigation of the load-flow
problem, 10th ed. PROC. IEE, 1968.

Rev.1 3
14 BUS SYSTEM

DIgSILENT
1,12

1,09

1,06

1,03

1,00

0,97
01

02

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14
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s_

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s_

s_

s_

s_
Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu

Bu
Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.

Figure 3: Voltage magnitudes (load flow case with original grid)

DIgSILENT
250,00

200,00

150,00

100,00

50,00

0,00
1

8
00

00

00

00

00
_0

_0

_0

_0

_0
n

n
Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge

Active Power in MW

80,00

60,00

40,00

20,00

0,0000

-20,00
1

8
00

00

00

00

00
_0

_0

_0

_0

_0
n

n
Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge

Reactive Power in Mvar

Figure 4: Active and reactive power of generators

Rev.1 4
14 BUS SYSTEM

A Tables with Input Data

Table 1: Load demand

Load Bus P in MW Q in Mvar

Load_0002 Bus_0002 21.7 12.7
Load_0003 Bus_0003 94.2 19.0
Load_0004 Bus_0004 47.8 -3.9
Load_0005 Bus_0005 7.6 1.6
Load_0006 Bus_0006 11.2 7.5
Load_0009 Bus_0009 29.5 16.6
Load_0010 Bus_0010 9.0 5.8
Load_0011 Bus_0011 3.5 1.8
Load_0012 Bus_0012 6.1 1.6
Load_0013 Bus_0013 13.5 5.8
Load_0014 Bus_0014 14.9 5.0

Table 2: Generator dispatch

Generator Bus P in MW Q in Mvar

Gen_0001 Bus_0001 N.A. N.A.
Gen_0002 Bus_0002 40.0 N.A.
Gen_0003 Bus_0003 0.0 N.A.
Gen_0006 Bus_0006 0.0 N.A.
Gen_0008 Bus_0008 0.0 N.A.

Table 3: Generator controller settings

Minimum Maximum
Generator Bus Type Voltage in p.u.
capability in MVA capability in MVA
Gen_0001 Slack 1.060 N.A. N.A.
Gen_0002 PV 1.045 -40.0 50.0
Gen_0003 PV 1.010 0.0 40.0
Gen_0006 PV 1.070 -6.0 24.0
Gen_0008 PV 1.090 -6.0 24.0

Rev.1 5
14 BUS SYSTEM

Table 4: Data of lines given in [1] based on 100 MVA

From Bus To Bus r in p.u. x in p.u. 𝑞c/2 in p.u. b in p.u.

1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0264 0.0528
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0246 0.0492
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0219 0.0438
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0187 0.0374
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0170 0.0340
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0173 0.0346
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0064 0.0128
6 11 0.09498 0.19890 0.0000 0.0000
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.0000 0.0000
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.0000 0.0000
9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.0000 0.0000
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0.0000 0.0000
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0.0000 0.0000
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0.0000 0.0000
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0.0000 0.0000

Table 5: Data of lines in the PowerFactory model

Line From Bus To Bus Un in kV R in Ω X in Ω B in 𝜇S

Line_0001_0002/1 1 2 132.0 6.753542 20.619560 151.5152
Line_0001_0002/2 1 2 132.0 6.753542 20.619560 151.5152
Line_0001_0005 1 5 132.0 9.414187 38.862490 282.3691
Line_0002_0003 2 3 132.0 8.187537 34.494280 251.3774
Line_0002_0004 2 4 132.0 10.125090 30.722000 214.6465
Line_0002_0005 2 5 132.0 9.922968 30.296850 195.1331
Line_0003_0004 3 4 132.0 11.675820 29.800270 198.5767
Line_0004_0005 4 5 132.0 2.326104 7.337246 73.4619
Line_0006_0011 6 11 33.0 1.034332 2.166021 0.0000
Line_0006_0012 6 12 33.0 1.338490 2.785771 0.0000
Line_0006_0013 6 13 33.0 0.720374 1.418640 0.0000
Line_0009_0010 9 10 33.0 0.346411 0.920205 0.0000
Line_0009_0014 9 14 33.0 1.384228 2.944439 0.0000
Line_0010_0011 10 11 33.0 0.893524 2.091643 0.0000
Line_0012_0013 12 13 33.0 2.405819 2.176693 0.0000
Line_0013_0014 13 14 33.0 1.861428 3.789938 0.0000

Table 6: Data of transformers given in [1] based on 100 MVA, with rated voltages added in the PowerFactory
model

Trans- From To Ur HV Ur LV r x Transformer final

former Bus Bus in kV in kV in p.u. in p.u. turns ratio
Trf_0004_0007 4 7 132.0 1.0 0.0 0.20912 0.978
Trf_0004_0009 4 9 132.0 33.0 0.0 0.55618 0.969
Trf_0005_0006 5 6 132.0 33.0 0.0 0.25202 0.932
Trf_0007_0008 7 8 11.0 1.0 0.0 0.17615 0.000
Trf_0007_0009 7 9 33.0 1.0 0.0 0.11001 0.000

Rev.1 6
14 BUS SYSTEM

B Tables with Results of the Symmetric Load Flow Calculation

Table 7: Results of buses

Ul, Magnitude u, Magnitude U, Angle

Name
in kV in p.u. in deg
Bus_0001 139.92 1.060 0.00
Bus_0002 137.94 1.045 -4.98
Bus_0003 133.32 1.010 -12.72
Bus_0004 134.46 1.019 -10.32
Bus_0005 134.67 1.020 -8.78
Bus_0006 35.31 1.070 -14.22
Bus_0007 1.06 1.062 -13.37
Bus_0008 11.99 1.090 -13.37
Bus_0009 34.86 1.056 -14.95
Bus_0010 34.69 1.051 -15.10
Bus_0011 34.88 1.057 -14.80
Bus_0012 34.82 1.055 -15.08
Bus_0013 34.66 1.050 -15.16
Bus_0014 34.18 1.036 -16.04

Table 8: Results of generators

Active Power Reactive Power

Name
in MW in Mvar
Gen_0001 232.39 -16.89
Gen_0002 40.00 42.40
Gen_0003 0.00 23.39
Gen_0006 0.00 12.24
Gen_0008 0.00 17.36

Rev.1 7
14 BUS SYSTEM

Table 9: Results of lines

Losses Reactive Losses Capacitive Loading Current

Name
in MW in Mvar in Mvar in kA
Line_0001_0002/1 2.1474 3.6318 2.9246 0.3263
Line_0001_0002/2 2.1474 3.6318 2.9246 0.3263
Line_0001_0005 2.7638 6.0843 5.3248 0.3121
Line_0002_0003 2.3202 5.1494 4.6256 0.3067
Line_0002_0004 1.6770 1.1062 3.9824 0.2352
Line_0002_0005 0.9023 -0.8712 3.6260 0.1738
Line_0003_0004 0.3714 -2.6120 3.5598 0.1018
Line_0004_0005 0.5165 0.2990 1.3303 0.2727
Line_0006_0011 0.0547 0.1146 0.0000 0.1328
Line_0006_0012 0.0717 0.1492 0.0000 0.1336
Line_0006_0013 0.2115 0.4166 0.0000 0.3129
Line_0009_0010 0.0131 0.0348 0.0000 0.1123
Line_0009_0014 0.1168 0.2484 0.0000 0.1677
Line_0010_0011 0.0123 0.0288 0.0000 0.0678
Line_0012_0013 0.0062 0.0057 0.0000 0.0294
Line_0013_0014 0.0536 0.1091 0.0000 0.0980