COVER PAGE

1ST SEMESTER | QUARTER I

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE...................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... ii
TITLE OF THE MODULE.................................................................................................................... iii
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. iii
TITLE OF THE LESSON ...................................................................................................................... 1
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................... 1
PRE-TEST .......................................................................................................................................... 2
LEARNING ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................................... 3
TASK 1. SEQUENCING… ............................................................................................................ 3
DEEPENING .................................................................................................................................... 3
The Information System ........................................................................................................ 3
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) ................................................................... 4
Database Design Strategies ................................................................................................ 9
APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................... 10
POST-TEST ...................................................................................................................................... 10
ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................................................ 10
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 10

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 TITLE OF THE MODULE

MODULE 5: DATABASE DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

This module is designed to equip you with the principles and concepts in of the
fundamentals of SQL. Specifically, it teaches the concepts of relational databases and
the SQL programming language. It teaches how to write queries against single and
multiple tables, manipulate data in tables, and create database objects. It also teaches
how to use single row functions to customize output, use conversion function, and
conditional expressions.

The following are the learning outcomes included in this module:

LO 1. Write Structured Query Language Queries

LO 2. Retrieve data using the SQL Select Statement

LO 3. Manipulate data using SQL Functions

LO 4. Display data from multiple table using joins

►LO 5. Develop system using SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) framework

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Upon completion of this module, submit your portfolio to your teacher for the
checking of your achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module.

So, buckle up students and get ready as we explore the world of database
programming!

KAREN S. LEGSON
Subject Facilitator, Computer Programming (Database)

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 TITLE OF THE LESSON

DEVELOP SYSTEM USING SDLC (SYSTEM

LO 5
DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE) FRAMEWORK

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Define Information System

2. Analyze the Database Life Cycle
3. Describe each System Development Life Cycle phase

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 PRE-TEST

Try this exercise!

CROSSWORD PUZZLE. Read the clues below about the phases in system development
and fill in the correct answer.

How well did you perform?

Score Performance Indicator

4-5 Good job! The module may still enrich your knowledge
and correct some misconceptions.
2-3 You are on the right track, continue with the module to
increase your knowledge and avoid misconceptions.
0-1 You can do better next time! Think that you are just
starting and going to give it all to have better results.

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 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

TASK 1. SEQUENCING…
Instruction: Arrange the following phases of Database Life Cycle. Place a number (1-6)
next to each item to indicate the proper order.

1. ____________________ Testing and Evaluation

2. ____________________ Implementation and Loading

3. ____________________ Database Design

4. ____________________ Database Initial Study

5. ____________________ Maintenance and Evolution

6. ____________________ Operation

DEEPENING

The Information System

The database is a part of a larger whole known as an information system, which
provides for data collection, storage, and retrieval. The information system also facilitates
the transformation of data into information, and it allows for the management of both
data and information. Thus, a complete information system is composed of people,
hardware, software, the database(s), application programs, and procedures.
Systems Analysis
- Process that establishes need for and extent of information system

Systems development

- Process of creating information system.

Applications

o Transform data into information that forms basis for decision making
o Usually produce the following:
 Formal report

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  Tabulations
 Graphic displays
o Composed of the following two parts:
 Data
 Code: program instructions

The performance of an information system depends on three factors:

1. Database design and implementation.
2. Application design and implementation.
3. Administrative procedures.

Database development
o Process of database design and implementation
o Implementation phase includes:
 Creating database storage structure
 Loading data into the database
 Providing for data management
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) traces the history (life cycle) of an
information system. Perhaps more important to the system designer, the SDLC provides
the big picture within which the database design and application development can be
mapped out and evaluated. The SDLC is an iterative rather than a sequential process.

It is divided into following five phases:

1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Detailed systems design

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 4. Implementation
5. Maintenance

Planning
• General overview of company and objectives
• Assessment of flow-and-extent requirements
– Should the existing system be continued?
– Should the existing system be modified?
– Should the existing system be replaced?
• Study and evaluate alternate solutions
– Technical aspects of hardware and software requirements
– System cost
– Operational cost
Analysis
• Problems defined during planning phase are examined in greater detail during
analysis
• Thorough audit of user requirements
• Existing hardware and software systems are studied
• Goal:
– Better understanding of:
• System’s functional areas
• Actual and potential problems
• Opportunities

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Detailed Systems Design
• Designer completes design of system’s processes
• Includes all necessary technical specifications
• Steps laid out for conversion from old to new system
• Training principles and methodologies are also planned
– Submitted for management approval
Implementation
• Hardware, DBMS software, and application programs are installed
– Database design is implemented
• Cycle of coding, testing, and debugging continues until database is ready for
delivery
• Database is created and system is customized
– Creation of tables and views
– User authorizations
Maintenance
• Three types of maintenance activity:
– Corrective maintenance
– Adaptive maintenance
– Perfective maintenance
• Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE)
– Produce better systems within reasonable amount of time and at
reasonable cost
– CASE-produced applications are structured, documented, and
standardized

The Database Life Cycle (DBLC)

The DBLC describes the history of the database within the information system.

• Six phases:
– Database initial study
– Database design
– Implementation and loading
– Testing and evaluation
– Operation
– Maintenance and evolution

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The Database Initial Study

• Overall purpose:
– Analyze company situation
– Define problems and constraints
– Define objectives
– Define scope and boundaries
• Interactive and iterative processes required to complete first phase of DBLC
successfully
• Analyze the company situation
– General conditions in which company operates, its organizational
structure, and its mission
– Discover what company’s operational components are, how they
function, and how they interact
• Define problems and constraints
– Formal and informal information sources
– Finding precise answers is important
– Accurate problem definition does not always yield a solution
• Database system objectives must correspond to those envisioned by end users
– What is proposed system’s initial objective?

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 – Will system interface with other systems in the company?
– Will system share data with other systems or users?
• Scope: extent of design according to operational requirements
• Boundaries: limits external to system
Database Design

• Necessary to concentrate on data characteristics required to build database

model
• Two views of data within system:
– Business view
• Data as information source
– Designer’s view
• Data structure, access, and activities required to transform data
into information
Implementation and Loading

• Actually implement all design specifications from previous phase:

– Install the DBMS
• Virtualization: creates logical representations of computing
resources independent of physical resources
– Create the Database
– Load or Convert the Data
Testing and Evaluation
• Occurs in parallel with applications programming
• Database tools used to prototype applications
• If implementation fails to meet some of system’s evaluation criteria:
– Fine-tune specific system and DBMS configuration parameters
– Modify physical or logical design
– Upgrade software and/or hardware platform
• Integrity
– Enforced via proper use of primary, foreign key rules
• Backup and Recovery
– Full backup
– Differential backup
– Transaction log backup
Operation
• Required periodic maintenance:
– Preventive maintenance (backup)
– Corrective maintenance (recovery)
– Adaptive maintenance
– Assignment of access permissions and their maintenance for new and old
users
– Generation of database access statistics

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 – Periodic security audits
– Periodic system-usage summaries
Conceptual Design
• Data modeling creates an abstract database structure
– Represents real-world objects
• Embodies clear understanding of business and its functional areas
• Ensure that all data needed are in model, and that all data in model are
needed
• Requires four steps

Data Analysis and Requirements

• Discover data element characteristics
– Obtains characteristics from different sources
• Requires thorough understanding of the company’s data types and their extent
and uses
• Take into account business rules
– Derived from description of operations
Data Model Verification

• Verified against proposed system processes

• Revision of original design
– Careful reevaluation of entities
– Detailed examination of attributes describing entities
• Define design’s major components as modules:
– Module: information system component that handles specific function
such as inventory, orders, or payroll.

Database Design Strategies

• Top-down design
– Identifies data sets
– Defines data elements for each of those sets
• Definition of different entity types

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 • Definition of each entity’s attributes
• Bottom-up design
– Identifies data elements (items)
– Groups them together in data sets

Let us Check your Understanding!

As you have read the discussions, answer the following questions to gauge your
understanding of the module.

1. What is an information system? What is its purpose?

2. What composes the information system?
3. Describe system analysis and systems development.
4. Differentiate SDLC and DBLC?
5. Identify the phases in SDLC.
6. Identify the phases in DBLC.
7. Discuss the distinction between top-down and bottom-up approaches in
database design.

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 APPLICATION

ABC Car Service & Repair Centers

The ABC Car Service & Repair Centers are owned by the SILENT car
dealer; ABC services and repairs only SILENT cars. Three ABC Car Service &
Repair Centers provide service and repair for the entire state.

Each of the three centers is independently managed and operated by

a shop manager, a receptionist, and at least eight mechanics. Each center
maintains a fully stocked parts inventory. Each center also maintains a manual
file system in which each car’s maintenance history is kept: repairs made, parts
used, costs, service dates, owner, and so on. Files are also kept to track
inventory, purchasing, billing, employees’ hours, and payroll.

You have been contacted by the manager of one of the centers to design and
implement a computerized database system. Given the preceding information, do the
following:
a. Indicate the most appropriate sequence of activities by labeling each of the
following steps in the correct order. (For example, if you think that “Load the
database.” is the appropriate first step, label it “1.”)
___________ Normalize the conceptual model.
___________ Obtain a general description of company operations.
___________ Load the database.
___________ Create a description of each system process.
___________ Test the system.
___________ Draw a data flow diagram and system flowcharts.

b. Describe the various modules that you believe the system should include.

c. How will a data dictionary help you develop the system? Give examples.

d. What general (system) recommendations might you make to the shop manager?
(For example, if the system will be integrated, what modules will be integrated?
What benefits would be derived from such an integrated system? Include several
general recommendations.)

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 POST-TEST

Instruction: Identify the following functions. Write your answer on the blank.

1. SDLC stands for...

a. System development life cycle
b. Software development litigation cycle
c. System development life conditions
d. Software development life cycle.

2. Who should review the detailed design before it is developed?

a. The developer.
b. The users.
c. As many stakeholders as possible.
d. The ICT support team.

3. A programmer would be a useful person to employ in which stage?

a. Planning
b. Design.
c. Implementation.
d. Analysis.

4. Which of these is the correct order of the SDLC?

a. Maintenance, Planning, Design, Analysis, Implementation
b. Analysis, Planning, Design, Maintenance, Implementation
c. Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Maintenance
d. Planning, Analysis, Implementation, Design, Maintenance

5. What happens in the Analysis Stage?

a. Look at the existing system and find areas to improve
b. Create the new system and test it
c. Place the new system into the company for use
d. Decide how well the new system is working

6. ______ traces the history (life cycle) of an information system.

a. SDLC
b. DBLC
c. Information System
d. System Analysis

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7. Coding, testing, and debugging phase
a. Planning
b. Design
c. Analysis
d. Implementation

8. DBLC phase to introduce changes and make enhancements.

a. Database Design
b. Testing and Evaluation
c. Operation
d. Maintenance and evolution

9. Phase to create the conceptual, logical and physical design

a. Database Initial Study
b. Database Design
c. Testing and Evaluation
d. Operation

10. Phase to define scope and boundaries

a. Database Initial Study
b. Database Design
c. Testing and Evaluation
d. Operation

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 ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test Learning Activities

5 6.
6 5.
1 4.
2 3.
3 2.
4 1.

Post-Test
10. A
9. B
8. D
7. D
6. A
5. A
4. C
3. C
2. C
1. A

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 REFERENCES

Books

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management Tenth Edition by

Corronel/Morri/Rob

Online Resources

SQL Fundamentals. Retrieved from https://www.sololearn.com/Course/SQL/

Database Development Life Cycle . Retrieved from

https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/database-systems-
concepts/9788177585674/9788177585674_ch08lev1sec3.html

Database Development Process . Retrieved from

https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/databasedesign02/chapter/chapter-13-
database-development-process/

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