Philippine Tourism, Geography, & Culture ● Pahiyas, Quezon

INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE TOURISM

Filipino Cuisine:
Adobo, Sinigang na baboy, Lechon, Halo-halo
● Archipelago - A series of small islands with diverse
landscapes
● Diverse - Different kinds of sizes and culture TOURISM
● The Philippines has 7, 641 Islands and is rich in natural In many nations, tourism—which includes exploration, leisure,
beauty and cultural heritage. and adventure—provides revenue and job opportunities
● It has 3 main regions: Luzon, Visayas, & Mindanao through a variety of channels, including domestic,
● The Philippines is a melting pot of influences, shaped international, adventure, and ecotourism.
by centuries & colonization and the trade of countries
like Spain, the USA, china, and Southeast Asia Kinds of Tourist
neighbors. ● Tourist is person who travels and visits places for
● We adapt religion (tradition), language, food, music, & pleasure and interest.
arts 1. Cultural Tourist Traveling to experience the culture and
● Tourism in the Philippines is supported by a strong heritage of a destination.
sense of Community and hospitality – Bayanihan. This Examples: Historical visits, Culinary exploration, Art and
spirit welcomes visitors with open arms, making the literature tours
Philippines a memorable destination for travelers 2. Business Tourist Refers to traveling that is done for
seeking both adventure & cultural immersion. work-related purposes.
Examples: Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions
Variety of Landscapes: Mountains, Coral reefs, Rice terraces 3. Adventure Tourist Involves traveling to remote and exotic
locations outside of one’s comfort zone
Natural Attraction Examples: Mountain Climbing, Scuba diving, Safari
Luzon: Banawe rice terraces, Vigan City, Intramuros expeditions
Visayas: Boracay, Cebu, Chocolate Hills 4. Medical Tourist is a growing industry that involves
Mindanao: Mt. Apo, Surigao Island, Davao City travelling to another country to receive medical treatment or
improve one’s health and well-being.
Cultural Immersion Festival: 5. Leisure Tourist refers to take a break from daily routine
● Sinulog, Cebu life. Leisure tourists usually enjoy beauty and nice hotels and
● Ati-atihan, Kalibo resorts, enjoy atmosphere of beaches.
6. Nature Tourist responsible travel to natural areas, which 10. Pilgrims and Religious Travelers: Those who travel for
conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local religious or spiritual reasons, such as visiting holy sites and
people. performing religious ceremonies.
7. Eco Tourist responsible travel to natural areas that 11. Volunteer Travelers: Travelers who do volunteer work and
conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local help local communities while visiting new places.
people, and involves interpretation and education. 12. Medical Tourists: People who fly abroad for medical
treatment or operations.
Types of Travelers 13. Art and History Enthusiasts: Travelers who visit
1. Leisure Travelers: These travelers take vacations to museums, art galleries, and historical sites to enjoy art and
unwind and enjoy themselves. They may visit beaches, history.
resorts, or tourist attractions. 14. VFR (Visiting Friend and Relatives): The main purpose
2. Adventure Travelers: Adventurers seek adventurous is to strengthen the relationship with friends and relatives.
adventures such as trekking, rock climbing, and extreme
sports in foreign settings. Attractions
3. Business Travelers: People who travel for professional 1. Natural Attraction - These are features or sites in nature
reasons, such as meetings, conferences, or negotiations. that attract visitors because of their beauty, uniqueness, or
4. Solo Travelers: Individuals who travel the world on their recreational opportunities.
own, seeking freedom and self-discovery. Ex: Nacpan Beach, Puerto Princesa Underground River,
5. Family Travelers: Families with children travel together to Mayon Volcano, Chocolate Hills, Kawasan Falls
bond and make memorable memories. 2. Cultural Attraction - A cultural attraction is a place, event,
6. Cultural Travelers: Those who want to immerse or activity that allows visitors to experience and interact with a
themselves in the local culture, history, and customs of their community's cultural heritage, traditions, or artistic
travel destinations. expressions.
7. Backpackers: Budget-conscious travelers who frequently Ex: Kagay-an Festival (Cagayan de Oro), T'boli Weaving and
stay in hostels, bring little luggage, and explore countries the Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival,
thoroughly. Leyte, Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, Bataan, Manila
8. Food and Culinary Travelers: People who travel to Cathedral
experience and enjoy various cuisines and culinary traditions. 3. Historical Attraction - Is a spot, site, or landmark that is
9. Ecotourists: Travelers who are ecologically sensitive who significant because of its association with past events, people,
visit destinations to appreciate and support conservation or time periods in history.
initiatives. Ex: Vigan, Intramuros, Rizal Park, Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit,
Cavite, EDSA Shrine, Quezon city
4. Architectural Attraction - Is a man-made building, 9. Museum and Galleries - Are cultural venues that exhibit
structure, or site that is notable for its design, style, historical and preserve art, history, science, and other forms of human
significance, or artistic value. achievement.
Ex: Banaue Rice Terraces, San Agustin Church, Intramuros, Ex: National Museum of The Philippines, Manila, Casa Manila,
Manila, Bahay na Bato (Stone Houses), Vigan City, Bell Intramuros, Manila, The Ateneo Art Gallery, Quezon city, Casa
Church, Eiffel Tower Manila, Intramuros, University of The Philippines Diliman Art
5. Entertainment - Are places or activities that aim to provide Museum, Quezon city
visitors with enjoyment, amusement, and leisure experiences. 10. Costal and Beaches - These are natural sites and
Ex: Amusement Parks, Cinemas, Theater, Concerts, Jazz recreational areas located along coastlines and beaches. They
Club are often distinguished by their scenic beauty, water activities,
6. Wildlife and Safari - Are places where visitors can see, and relaxing surroundings.
observe, and interact with wildlife in their natural habitats or Ex: Boracay Island, Hundred Island, Siargao Island, La Union,
specially designed environments. Subic Bay
Ex: Manila Zoo, Manila Ocean Park, Philippine Eagle Center, 11. Unique and Luxury Goods - Are specialized retail
Davao City, Dumaguete Negros Oriental - Forest Camp, environments or experiences that provide high-end, exclusive,
Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center or one-of-a-kind products and services.
7. Religious and Spiritual - are places and experiences Ex: Malls, Souvenir Shops
related to spirituality, religion, or a deeper connection to the 12. Culinary - These are places, events, or experiences that
essence of life and existence. emphasize food and drink, highlighting local cuisine, culinary
Ex: Baclaran Church (National Shrine of Our Mother of traditions, and gastronomic culture.
Perpetual Help), Parañaque City, The Shrine of Our Lady of 13. Sports - These are venues, events, or activities that
Peñafrancia, Naga City, San Sebastian Church, Quiapo, concentrate on sporting activities and can be a significant draw
Manila, Carmelite Monastery, Cebu, Our Lady of Manaoag, for both participants and spectators.
Pangasinan
8. Adventure Attractions - Attractions that provide thrilling Motivations to travel:
and exciting activities, including physical challenges, Curiosity: The desire to explore new places, cultures, and
exploration, and interaction with nature. experiences fuels many travelers' journeys, seeking
Ex: Enchanted Kingdom, Sky Ranch, Sandbox, Pampanga, knowledge and personal discovery.
Dahilayan Adventure Park, Bukidnon, Resorts World Manila, Inspiration: Travel often sparks creativity and provides fresh
Pasay City perspectives, inspiring people through art, nature, architecture,
or history.
Happiness: Many travel to find joy and relaxation, seeking 1. Not enough time off from work or school
escape from routine or stress, and to experience moments that 2. Lack of money
bring personal fulfillment. 3. Family and other commitments
Mentorship: Traveling for mentorship involves learning from 4. Health and Safety Concerns
other cultures, engaging with local experts, or gaining wisdom 5. Physical and Geography Barriers
through shared experiences with diverse people. 6. VIsa and Immigration Restriction
Serendipity: The unpredictable and spontaneous nature of 7. Language and Cultural Barriers
travel appeals to those who love unexpected adventures and 8. Fear of the unknown
surprise encounters. 9.Environmental concerns
Hardship: Some travel to overcome challenges or difficult 10. Polltical and Legal Barriers
experiences, finding strength and resilience in the process of 11. Lack of Interest / motivation
navigating new environments. 12.Technological Barners
Service: Volunteering or helping others in need is a strong
13. Pandemic Related Restriction
travel motivator, as individuals seek to make a positive impact
on communities around the world.
Empathy: Travel opens one’s eyes to the struggles and PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
triumphs of other people, fostering a deeper understanding
and compassion for different ways of life. ● The Philippines is an archipelago located in Southeast
Healing: Whether emotional or physical, many people travel Asia, specifically in the western Pacific Ocean. The
for healing, using new settings to recover, reflect, or find archipelago stretches for 1,850 kilometers from about
peace. the fifth to the twentieth parallel north latitude.
Wonder: The awe of seeing natural wonders, new ● The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to
landscapes, or iconic landmarks motivates people to explore the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the
the unknown. Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders
Eroticism: Travel can also be motivated by the allure of with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau
romantic or sensual experiences, seeking connection and to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south,
passion in new environments. Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and
Hope: Many travel with the hope of finding better China to the northwest.
opportunities, personal growth, or positive change in their
lives. Philippine Topography - The Philippines is a diverse
archipelago with a stunning topography shaped by volcanic
Barriers to travel activity, tectonic shifts, and coastal influences. It features
towering mountain ranges like the Cordillera Central and pollution, unsustainable harvesting, habitat loss, and climate
Sierra Madre, iconic volcanoes such as Mayon and Taal, and change. Deforestation, overfishing, and destructive fishing
an extensive coastline with sandy beaches and coral reefs. practices are jeopardizing the country's natural treasures.
The country's intricate river systems, serene lakes, and unique Efforts to protect this biodiversity through the National
geological wonders like the Banaue Rice Terraces and Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and the
Chocolate Hills add to its natural beauty and cultural establishment of protected areas are crucial to safeguarding
significance. the Philippines' ecological legacy for future generations.

Geology - The Philippines' geology is a result of its location at Regional Geography - The Philippines is an archipelago
the convergence of tectonic plates, leading to intense volcanic comprised of over 7,641 islands, but the three main island
activity, diverse rock formations, and abundant mineral groups are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These islands are
deposits. This geological richness extends to its marine further divided into 17 administrative regions, each with its own
environment, with vibrant coral reefs in the Coral Triangle. The unique geographical features, cultural heritage, and economic
country's landscape and resources are a testament to the activities.
powerful forces of nature that have shaped its unique identity
and natural beauty. PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Climate
Old Map of the Philippines - "Hydrographical and
● The Philippines experiences a tropical maritime Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands"), more
climate, characterized by consistently warm commonly known as the Velarde map, is a map of the
temperatures and high humidity throughout the year. Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the
This climate is heavily influenced by monsoon Jesuit cartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde, the engraver
seasons, which bring distinct wet and dry periods. Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, and the artist Francisco Suárez.
● Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) - May to October;
Old Name of the Philippines - The Philippines was named
Heavy rains
after King Philip II of Spain. A Spanish explorer, Ruy López de
● Northwest Monsoon (AMihan) - Nov to Feb; Cooler
Villalobos, named the islands of Leyte and Samar "Felipinas"
dryer conditions
in his honor in 1543. Over time, the name spread to the whole
Environmental Geography - The Philippines is a biodiversity country. After gaining independence from the United States in
hotspot, boasting a remarkable array of endemic species, 1946, the official name became "Republic of the Philippines,"
including unique orchids, palms, birds, and marine life. which translates to "Republika ng Pilipinas" in Filipino.
However, this rich biodiversity faces significant threats from
Discovery of the Philippines - The Philippines was not ❖ National Coat of Arms: Features a sun with eight rays, three
"discovered" in the sense that it was previously unknown. stars, and the words "Republika ng Pilipinas."
People had been living in the islands for thousands of years ❖ National Language: Filipino, based on existing Philippine
before Europeans arrived. However, the first European to languages.
❖ National Motto: "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at
reach the Philippines was Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese
Makabansa" (For God, For People, For Nature, and For
explorer sailing for Spain, in 1521. He claimed the islands for
Country).
Spain, which led to Spanish colonization. ❖ National Sport: Arnis, a Filipino martial art.
❖ National Tree: Narra, a hardwood tree.
First People to Live in the Philipiines - The first people to ❖ National Flower: Sampaguita, a fragrant white flower.
live in the Philippines were the Negritos, also known as Aeta. ❖ National Bird: Philippine Eagle, a critically endangered bird
They were among the earliest inhabitants of the archipelago, of prey.
arriving around 30,000 years ago. They were followed by other ❖ National Gem: Philippine Pearl, also known as the South
groups, including Austronesians, who arrived around 3000 Sea Pearl.
BCE. These groups eventually developed into various ❖ National Sign Language: Filipino Sign Language, used by
settlements and polities, contributing to the diverse cultural the deaf community
heritage of the Philippines today.
Unofficial
National Symbols - The Philippines has many national
❖ National Hero: José Rizal, a national hero known for his
symbols, both official and unofficial. The official symbols, like novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo."
the flag, anthem, and national tree, represent the country's ❖ National Dance: Cariñosa, a courtship dance of Hispanic
history and ideals. Unofficial symbols, like the carabao and origin.
mango, are also important to Filipino culture and identity. All ❖ National Animal: Carabao (water buffalo), a hardworking
these symbols remind Filipinos of their heritage and inspire animal used in agriculture.
pride in their nation. ❖ National Fish: Bangus (milkfish), a popular food fish.
❖ National Leaf: Anahaw (palm leaf), used for various
Official: purposes.
❖ National Fruit: Mango, a sweet and juicy fruit.
❖ National Flag: A white equilateral triangle with three yellow ❖ National Leaf: Anahaw (palm leaf), used for various
stars in each corner, a sun with eight rays, an upper blue purposes.
stripe, and a lower red stripe. ❖ National Fruit: Mango, a sweet and juicy fruit.
❖ National Anthem: "Lupang Hinirang" (Beloved Land), ❖ National Food: Adobo, a popular dish made with meat
composed by Julian Felipe. marinated in vinegar and soy sauce.
 ❖ National Costume: Barong Tagalog (for men) and Baro't churches, and establishing the church as a central
Saya (for women), traditional clothing. institution in colonial society.
❖ National Slippers: Bakya, wooden clogs traditionally worn ● The Spanish influence is evident in the numerous
with Baro't Saya. religious festivals celebrated in the Philippines, such as
❖ National House: Bahay Kubo (nipa hut), a traditional bamboo
the Sinulog Festival in Cebu and the Ati-Atihan in
and palm leaf house.
Aklan.
Three Periods in the Philippines ● The Spanish language became widespread during the
colonial period. Many Filipino languages adopted
Pre Colonial Period - Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers Spanish words and phrases, creating a unique
in the 16th century, was a vibrant tapestry of diverse cultures linguistic fusion that still persists today.
and societies. For thousands of years, various groups, ● Spanish cuisine had a significant influence on Filipino
including the Negritos (Aeta) and Austronesians, migrated to food. Dishes like adobo, kare-kare, and lechon reflect
the islands, bringing with them their unique traditions, the blending of Spanish techniques and ingredients
languages, and ways of life. These early Filipinos developed with Filipino traditions.
sophisticated agricultural techniques, like slash-and-burn ● The Spanish established the first formal schools in the
farming and wet rice cultivation, which allowed them to thrive Philippines, initially focusing on Spanish language,
and build thriving communities. theology, philosophy, and geography.
● The kalesa, a horse-drawn carriage, was introduced by
Colonial Period - The colonial period of the Philippines the Spanish and is still seen today in historical areas
encompasses two major phases: The Spanish colonial period ● Bahay na Bato: The Spanish influence is evident in the
(1565-1898) and the American colonial period (1898-1946). shift from the traditional bahay kubo to the bahay na
bato (stone house), a more substantial and elaborate
SPANISH COLONIZATION (1565-1898) dwelling
● The sarswela, a form of musical drama, was adapted
● The Spanish colonial period began with the arrival of from the Spanish zarzuela.
Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565, establishing the first
permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu. This marked AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1946)
the start of a long and impactful era of Spanish rule
over the Philippines. ● The Spanish-American War in 1898 led to Spain
● Catholicism is the most prominent impact was the ceding the Philippines to the United States. This
introduction and spread of Catholicism. Spanish marked the beginning of the American colonial period.
missionaries actively converted Filipinos, building
 ● American colonization also influenced Filipino arts, with the legacy of Spanish and American rule, seeking to
culture, and entertainment. Filipinos adopted American establish its own culture, institutions, and economic prosperity.
fashion trends, and oil painting became a popular art
form. American-style entertainment, such as movies PHILIPPINE CULTURE
and music, also gained popularity in the Philippines.
● The Philippines is commonly referred to as a melting
● While the Spanish had introduced Catholicism to the
pot of western and eastern cultures. The traditional
Philippines, the Americans brought Protestantism.
culture of the Philippines is heavily influenced by the
However, Catholicism remained the dominant religion
traditions of the indigenous Austronesian people.
in the Philippines
● The Americans introduced modern transportation
Values & Beliefs
methods to the Philippines, including cars, railways,
Filipino Hospitality: is the warm and generous welcome
and submarines.
Filipinos extend to guests, prioritizing their comfort and
● American colonization also impacted the Filipino
happiness above all else.
culinary scene. The introduction of new ingredients and
Regionalism: is the feeling of loyalty and pride towards a
cooking techniques led to the creation of hybrid dishes,
specific geographical region, often leading to a focus on local
such as adobo with tomato sauce and fried chicken.
culture, identity, and interests.
● One of the most significant cultural impacts was the
Bayanihan: is a Filipino cultural practice of community
introduction of English as the primary language of
cooperation, where individuals come together to help each
instruction and government. This led to a decline in the
other, especially during times of need. It embodies a strong
use of indigenous languages and created a
sense of unity and shared responsibility.
generational language divide.
Adaptability: refers to its ability to adjust and blend with
Independence of the Philippines - The Philippines various influences, absorbing new ideas and practices while
celebrates its Independence Day on June 12th, retaining its core values and traditions.
commemorating the declaration of independence from Spain Humor
in 1898. This day marks a pivotal moment in the country's long
journey to self-determination, which began with the Philippine Philosophy and Religion
Revolution of 1896 led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Hiya & Utang na Loob:
Hiya refers to a sense of shame or embarrassment, often
Post-Colonial Period - The post-colonial period in the driving individuals to avoid situations that might bring dishonor
Philippines (1946-present) was a time of rebuilding and forging or disrespect.
a new identity. Newly independent, the Philippines wrestled
Utang na loob translates to “debt of gratitude,” emphasizing Sipag at Tiyaga: embodies the Filipino values of hard work
the importance of reciprocating kindness and favors received, and perseverance, emphasizing dedication and resilience in
creating a strong sense of obligation and loyalty. achieving goals, even amidst challenges.
Bahala Na Mentality: A Double-Edged Sword: The “Bahala
Na” mentality, meaning “come what may,” is a Filipino attitude Art reflects the nation’s diversity.
characterized by both a sense of fatalistic acceptance and a Music & Dance: expressing a wide range of emotions and
willingness to take risks. While it can lead to resilience and a traditions, from joyful celebrations to solemn rituals, and often
positive outlook, it can also contribute to procrastination and a featuring vibrant costumes and energetic movements.
lack of planning. Visual Arts: encompass a diverse range of styles and
Filipino Superstitions: are traditional beliefs and practices techniques, from traditional folk art to contemporary
based on folklore and passed down through generations, often masterpieces, often reflecting the country’s rich history, vibrant
associated with good luck, bad luck, or spiritual forces. culture, and stunning natural landscapes.
Christianity in the Philippines: primarily Catholicism, is a Architecture: Filipino architecture blends traditional elements
dominant force in Philippine culture, shaping traditions, values, with modern influences, showcasing the country’s rich cultural
and even political discourse, and deeply intertwined with heritage and adaptability. From bahay kubo to contemporary
Filipino identity. skyscrapers, it reflects local materials, climate, and social
values.
Family & Work:
Family Ties: are incredibly strong in Filipino culture, Food: Food culture in the Philippines has been heavily
emphasizing loyalty, respect for elders, and a strong sense of influenced by Westerners, but Filipinos have still been able to
interconnectedness that extends beyond immediate relatives. preserve important culinary traditions.
Filipino Children as Retirement Plans: children are often Eating Like a True Filipino: is all about enjoying meals with
seen as a form of “retirement plan,” with the expectation that family and friends, savoring delicious dishes like adobo,
they will provide financial and emotional support to their sinigang, and lechon, and embracing the warmth and
parents in their later years. hospitality that make every meal a special occasion.
Pride and Modesty at Work: Pride at work in Filipino culture
often manifests as a strong work ethic and a desire to excel, Traditional Holidays:
while modesty involves a focus on teamwork and humility, Ati-Atihan: is a vibrant and colorful Filipino festival celebrated
avoiding boastfulness or individual glory seeking. in Kalibo, Aklan, where people dress up in colorful costumes,
Crab Mentality: describes a negative behavior where dance to the beat of drums, and celebrate the feast of the
individuals, often within a community, try to pull others down to Santo Niño, showcasing the rich cultural heritage and religious
their level instead of encouraging them to succeed. devotion of the Philippines.
Dinagyang: is a lively celebration held in Iloilo City, decorations and caroling to traditional feasts and religious
Philippines, featuring energetic street dancing, colorful observances.
costumes, and vibrant music, commemorating the arrival of Feast of the Black Nazarene: celebrated annually on January
the patron saint, Señor Santo Niño, and showcasing the local 9th in Manila, Philippines, is a grand religious procession
culture and traditions. honoring a dark wooden statue of Jesus Christ, believed to be
Sinulog: is a grand celebration in Cebu City, Philippines, miraculous and revered by millions of devotees who
where people dance to the beat of drums, mimicking the participate in a fervent and emotionally charged procession.
dance of the waves, as they honor the Santo Niño, the Child
Jesus. It’s a vibrant display of faith, culture, and community
spirit, attracting thousands of participants and spectators every NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
year.
Masskara: is a vibrant celebration held in Bacolod City,
● The National Capital Region (NCR), also known as
Philippines, known for its energetic street dancing, colorful
Metropolitan Manila, is the capital region of the
costumes, and smiling masks. It’s a joyous event that
Philippines. It is located in the southwestern portion of
celebrates the resilience and optimism of the people of
Luzon, directly below Central Luzon.
Bacolod, showcasing their vibrant culture and traditions.
● The National Capital Region (NCR) is the only region in
Panagbenga Flower Festival: also known as the “Baguio
the country without any province
Flower Festival,” is a colorful celebration held in Baguio City,
● National Capital Region, is the center of Luzon and the
Philippines, featuring vibrant flower floats, street dancing, and
Capital Region of the Philippines.
various cultural events. It showcases the beauty of flowers and
● It covers 1 municipality, as well as 16 highly urbanized
the rich agricultural heritage of the region, attracting tourists
cities
and locals alike.
Lenten Season: is a period of 40 days, starting on Ash Port Of Access - The major gateway to the Philippines for
Wednesday and ending on Easter Sunday, observed by both international and local flights is located in this region.
Christians as a time of reflection, prayer, fasting, and Roads leading to the north and south of Metro Manila are
repentance, commemorating the suffering, death, and well-maintained but are not toll-free.
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Christmas Season: is a joyous and extended celebration, Ninoy Aquino International Airport: Ninoy Aquino
known for its vibrant festivities, colorful decorations, and strong International Airport is the primary gateway to the region and
emphasis on family and faith. It starts as early as September the country, with four terminals facilitating travelers to various
and lasts until the third Sunday of January, making it one of the international and domestic destinations.
longest Christmas celebrations in the world. From festive
Port of Manila: The Port of Manila serves as the primary a major center for education, commerce, and
maritime gateway of the region, with North and South Harbor government in the region.
facilities connecting travelers to provinces in the Visayas and
Mindanao, including Batangas, Cebu, Bacolod, Bohol, History of NCR
Cagayan de Oro, and Zamboanga. ● On November 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally
established through Presidential Decree No. 824. The
By Land: Several bus companies offer regular trips from Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to
various parts of Luzon to Manila via the North Luzon manage the region.
Expressway (NLEX) and the South Luzon Expressway ● On June 2, 1978, through Presidential Decree No.
(SLEX). 1396, the metropolitan area was declared the National
Capital Region of the Philippines.
Getting Around: Metro Manila is the only region in the
Philippines with a metro rail system that connects its cities. What is NCR Philippines known for? The National Capital
Tourists can also use buses and jeepneys to navigate different Region (NCR), also known as Metropolitan Manila, is the
parts of the region. Taxi cabs are available for a more country's political, economic, and educational center. The
convenient ride at a certain cost. smallest region in the Philippines, it is the most densely
populated region which is home to over 14 million Filipinos.
Fast Facts
Population - The National Capital Region has a population of
Capital: Metro Manila Area: 63,600 hectares 14,942,000 according to the 2024 National Census. It is the
Major Industries: Business Process Outsourcing, Retail, most populous region in the Philippines, the 7th most populous
Gaming, Hospitality and Leisure, Real Estate, Trade and metropolitan area in Asia, and the 3rd most populous urban
Commerce area in the world.
Number of Cities: 1
How many people/population needed to be called a city? A
● Number of Towns and Municipalities: 1; Pateros is municipality or group of barangays can become a component
not a city mainly because it doesn't meet the population city if it has a population of at least 150,000 or a land area of
and income requirements set by Philippine law for 100 square kilometers.
cityhood. Its smaller size and urban characteristics
keep it classified as a municipality. Economy - The City of Manila produces industrial-related
● Quezon City is the biggest city in the NCR, both in products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, electronic
terms of land area and population. It's known for being goods, food, beverages, and tobacco products. The growth in
services and industry fueled the expansion in NCR’s
construction and manufacturing — making NCR the largest cultural value, and historical significance of pamaypay,
contributor to the country’s production of goods and services at a traditional hand-held fan that is used to cool oneself
31.5% of GDP. and beat the heat from living in a tropical place. Feb.
16 yearly.
Festivals and Special Events ● Sapatos Festival - also known as Marikina Shoe
Festival, is a cultural and shoe festival in Marikina,
● Special Event: Hindi Nababago every November 10.
● Special Holiday: Nababago ● Sunduan Festival - The term “sunduan” is derived
● The Feast of Black Nazarene - A religious festival from the word sundo which literally means “to fetch”
held in Manila, Philippines that is centered around the and relates to an old courtship custom of waiting on
Black Nazarene, an image of Jesus Christ. It is one's lady love, accompanying her to the town plaza,
celebrated annually on January 9. and bringing her home. May 16.
● Wattah Wattah Festival - The Wattah Wattah Festival,
is the feast of John the Baptist, the patron saint of San Festivals and Special Events Dates:
Juan, Metro Manila, and many other communities
across the Philippines. It is held every June 24. ● Black Nazarene - January 09
● Aliwan Fiesta - is an annual event that gathers ● Wattah Wattah Fesitval - June 24
different cultural festivals of the Philippines in Star City ● Aliwan Festival - June 27 to 29
Complex in Pasay wherein contingents compete in ● Lavandero Festival - February 1 to 6
dance parade and float competitions. Held every june ● Pancit Malabon - December 10
27 - 29 ● Pamaypay ng Caloocan - February 16
● Lavandero Festival - as part of the week-long ● Sapatos Festival - November 10
Mandaluyong Day celebration, the unique festival ● Sunduan Festival - May 16
focused on the city's ancient tradition of washing
clothes in the once clean and clear waters of the Pasig Major Cultural Groups: Tagalog refers to the people of the
River. Feb 1 - 6. major ethnic group in the Philippines’ capital Manila in the
● The Pancit Malabon Festival - formerly called main island of Luzon. Tagalog also refers to the language
Luglugan, is an annual event in the city showcasing the being spoken by the group, which is an Austronesian
renowned culinary treat and presentation of the Giant (Malayo-Polynesian) language like the other Filipino
Bilaos of Pancit Malabon. December 10 languages. Major cultural group in NCR: Tagalog & Chinese
● Pamaypay ng Caloocan Festival - The fest was
meant to recognize the craftsmanship, tradition, Major Industries:
 1. Business Process of Sourcing (BPO) 1.Luxury Hotels are high-end accommodations that provide
2. Finance and Banking exceptional service, top-quality amenities, and a refined
3. Retail and Trade atmosphere. They typically offer spacious rooms, fine dining
4. Manufacturing- electronics garments
options, personalized services, and additional features like
5. Real Estate and Construction
6. Media and Entertainment spas, fitness centers, and concierge services. The emphasis is
7. Transportation on comfort, exclusivity, and a superior guest experience.
Ex: Hotel is Shangri-la fort Manila.
Languages and Dialects Spoken: Tagalog is the primary Classifications Of Luxury Hotel: Cleanliness, Safety &
local language of Manila, and this dialect is often called Security, Quality of Services, Accessibility, Facilities
“Filipino.” English is almost universally spoken as a second
language. 2. Mid - range Hotel accommodations typically refer to
properties that offer a balance between affordability and
Main Tourist Attraction comfort, providing a range of amenities like free Wi-Fi, on-site
● Intramuros - The Heart of Old Manila, Within the Walls dining, and fitness facilities. They cater to both business and
Seven Churches In Intramuros leisure travelers, usually falling between budget and luxury
1. Manila Cathedral hotels in terms of price and services.
2. San Agustin Church - Manmade Church Ex: Red Planet Hotels.
3. Santo Domnigo
4. San Francisco 3. Budget Accommodation refer to lodging options that
5. San Nicolas De Tolentino prioritize affordability, often offering basic amenities and
6. San Ignacio services at lower price points. These may include hostels,
7. Lourdes motels, and budget hotels, catering primarily to cost-conscious
● Rizal Park - Naitayo noong 1913, Located in Ermita, travelers. While they provide essential comforts, they typically
Maynila lack the extensive amenities found in mid-range or luxury
● National Museum Of Fine Arts - National Art Gallery , hotels.
July 16, 1926 Ex: The Pearl Manila.
● Sm Mall Of Asia - MOA, Located in Pasay, 2006, Moa
Arena 4. Boutique Hotel is a small, stylish, and often independently
● Binondo - Manila Chinatown, Oldest Chinatown in the owned hotel that offers a unique and personalized experience.
World, 1594, Chinese New Year Typically characterized by distinctive design, intimate
atmosphere, and attention to detail, these hotels cater to
Range Of Accommodation
travelers seeking charm and individuality, often featuring 8. Unique Space (Cozy Atmosphere): refer to distinctive and
themed décor and local influences. unconventional accommodations that offer travelers an
Ex: The Henry Hotel Manila. extraordinary experience, such as treehouses, yurts, or
converted historic buildings, often highlighting local culture or
5. Service Apartment (Long stay): is a fully furnished rental nature.
unit that provides hotel-like amenities, including housekeeping, Ex:The Henry Hotel.
laundry, and often a kitchen. These accommodations cater to
both short-term and long-term stays, making them ideal for Food & Delicacies
business travelers or those needing temporary housing. They ● Smoked and Grilled Balut, Makati City - One of the
offer the comfort of home while providing convenient services more trendy food items that you will find in the Flavors
typically found in hotels. of NCR food fair is this smoked and grilled balut. A
Ex:The Ascott. balut is a boiled fertilized duck egg and it is also
served, grilled over hot coals so it’s heated through
6. Hostels & Backpacker (Travel): are budget-friendly before being cracked open and topped with chili sauce.
lodging options that typically offer shared dormitory-style This version is topped with a sweet chili garlic sauce
rooms, communal facilities, and a social atmosphere. They with aligue or crab fat.
cater primarily to young travelers and backpackers, providing ● Bibingkang Pinipig and Suman sa Lihiya,
an affordable way to stay while encouraging social interaction. Paranaque City - More notable food that we found
Private rooms may also be available, but the emphasis is on when we visited was from the stall of Paranaque City.
creating a community experience for guests. This looks like bibingkang malagkit but it’s not
Ex: The Cocoon Boutique Hostel. bibingkang malagkit. That’s because instead of using
malagkit rice for the rice cake, they use pinipig instead.
7. Vacation Rental: refer to short-term rental arrangements Pinipig is cooked rice that’s been smashed and then
facilitated through online platforms or mobile apps, allowing toasted until dried.
users to rent accommodations, such as apartments, homes, or ● Walastik Pares and Adobong Kabayo, Pasay City -
rooms, for varying lengths of time. These rentals often include If you love pares, then you might have heard about this
features like user reviews, booking management, and payment famous street food stall called Walastik that serves
processing, providing a convenient way for travelers to find nakakabusog na pares. You can find this at the food
and book temporary housing. fair in the Pasay City stall along with jars of adobong
Ex: Air Bnb kabayo. Yes, that’s kabayo or horse meat that’s been
made into adobo.
● Isaw - Isaw is one of the most popular Street foods in the provinces of: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao,
Manila and the entire Philippines. It is a dish made with Kalinga, and Mountain Province.
barbecued pig or chicken intestines. The intestines are ● It is located in the north–central part of Luzon and is
first cleaned thoroughly and then boiled and grilled on bounded by Ilocos Norte and Cagayan in the north,
Barbecue sticks. This dish is usually served with onion Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija in the south, Cagayan
vinegar which makes it an amazing combo. Valley in the east and Ilocos Region in the west.
● Kwek Kwek - Kwek Kwek sounds like something ● It is the country’s only land-locked region.
related to a chicken dish but isn't. Kwek Kwek is quail ● It has a mountainous topography and is dubbed as the
eggs covered with an orange layer or gram flour layer “Watershed Cradle of North Luzon” as it hosts nine
and is deep-fried in hot oil. They look somewhat like major rivers.
cheese nuggets. This dish is served with either vinegar ● The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was
or onions and chili flakes. established on July 15, 1987 through executive Order
● Tapsilog - Tapsilog is a meal often served for dinner. It No. 220 issued by President Corazon Aquino.
consists of fried beef (Tapa) or mutton, fried garlic rice ● The population of the Cordillera Administrative Region
and egg fry. This dish is seasoned with salt and spices. (CAR) as of 01 May 2020 is 1,797,660 based on the
If you like strong spicy food then it should be your pick. 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH).
● Halo - halo - This Filipino bonne bouche is amongst This accounts for about 1.65 percent of the Philippine
the most famous food in Manila; if you miss out on this, population in 2020.
you are truly missing out. Shaved ice, and sweet
evaporated milk are the main ingredients and are By Land: Due to its geographic nature as the only landlocked
topped with leche flan, egg custard, coconut, sago, region in the country, the Cordillera Administrative Region is
plantain, and jackfruit and there are endless options. only accessible by land through the MacArthur Highway or via
Many places have mastered the art of making halo the interconnected expressway systems. Manita, Ilocos
halo, and some of the most widely-known ones are Region, and Central Luzon Region. Regular bus trips are
Cafe Via Mare and Aristocrat's. various companies from Manila to the from offered offered by
provinces of CAR
CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Getting Around: Private van and car rentals are available to
move around the region as well as public modes of
● The Cordillera region encompasses most of the areas transportation. One can take a bus to move from province to
within the Cordillera Central mountain range of Luzon, the other or a jeepney and tricycle to get around towns
the largest range in the country. Baguio is its regional
center. The Cordillera Administrative Region include Major Cultural Groups/Population of Ethnic Groups
1.Ilocano (22.1%) tours to learn about the terraces' history and the culture of the
2.Kankanaey (19.0%) Ifugao people.
3.Kalinga (10.1%) 2. Sagada Caves - Located in Sagada, these caves are
4.Ibaloy (8.9%) famous for their stunning rock formations and the unique
5.Itneg/Tinguian (5.6%) tradition of hanging coffins. The Sumaguing Cave, in particular,
6.Kalanguya (2.8%) is a popular spot for adventure seekers who enjoy spelunking.
7.Bontok (2.5%) The caves provide insights into the local Igorot culture and
8.Ifugao (0.48%) their ancient burial practices.
5. Baguio City - Known as the "Summer Capital of the
Examples of different languages/dialects: Philippines," Baguio City features numerous attractions such
1.Adasen: Balasang (young woman), Angnen (eat) as Burnham Park, Mines View Park, and Baguio Cathedral. Its
2.Mabaka Valley Kalinga: Wanga (river), Olo (head) cool climate and vibrant festivals, like the Panagbenga Flower
3.Northern Kankanaey: Lawa (sky), Banga (pot) Festival held every February, draw tourists year-round.
4.Isnag: Kari (come), Mataku (strong)
5.Limos Kalinga and Mabka Valley Kalinga: Paga (rice), Activities
Inan (mother) Outdoor Activities:
6.Kankanaey Proper: Am-among (gathering), Tengteng 1. Hiking and Trekking
(thought) 2. Horseback Riding
7.Ibaloi: Kabunyan (god), Palchit (small) 3. Zip-Lining
8.Western Kalanguya: Lawe (go), Tongdo (mountain) Cultural Experience:
9.Ifugao: Baki (ritual), Inag (harvest) 1. Local Markets
10.Northern Kalanguya: Talna (peace), Maggid (climb) 2. Museum and Art Galleries
11.Balangao: Gibang (house), Tage (earth) 3. Festivals
Nature Exploration:
Main Tourist Attraction 1. Botanical Gardens
1. Banaue Rice Terraces - The Banaue Rice Terraces are 2. Scenic Parks
often referred to as the "Eight Wonder of the World" and were
built over 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people. This Food & Delicacies
UNESCO World Heritage Site showcases an impressive skill Abra
of engineering and agricultural ingenuity, as these terraces are 1. Lechon de Abra - is a unique version of roast suckling pig
still used for rice farming today. Visitors can engage in guided that originates from the province of Abra in the Philippines.
2. Patupat - is a type of rice cake made primarily from 1. Dapil Festival - The Dapil Festival is a vibrant cultural
glutinous rice, which is soaked, cooked, and then wrapped in celebration held annually in Bangued, the capital of the
banana leaves. It has a distinct triangular shape, setting it province of Abra, Philippines. Established in 2008 by local
apart from other rice cakes like suman. government officials, including Ma. Jocelyn Valera Bernos, the
Apayao festival highlights the rich agricultural heritage of the area,
1. Pinikpikan - traditional chicken dish from the Cordillera particularly its sugarcane industry. The festival typically takes
region of the Philippines, known for its unique preparation place in February, with activities scheduled from February 3 to
method and flavor profile. February 25.
2. Inalsa - is a type of rice cake made from glutinous rice, 2. Iloko-Tingguian - is a cultural celebration in Abra,
which is often steamed and served as a snack or dessert. Philippines, that showcases the rich heritage and traditions of
Benguet the Ilocano and Tingguian communities. This festival serves as
1. Strawberry Taho - is a delightful twist on the traditional a platform to unite these two groups, emphasizing their shared
Filipino snack known as taho, which typically consists of silken identity as Abreños despite their distinct cultural backgrounds.
tofu topped with sweet syrup and sago (tapioca pearls). 3. Kawayan Festival - also known as the Abrenio Kawayan
2. Etag - is a type of preserved meat, typically made from Festival, is a vibrant celebration held annually in Abra,
pork. It is often referred to as "Igorot smoked meat," "smoked Philippines. This festival coincides with the province's
mountain ham," or "smoked bacon." foundation day and aims to showcase the rich cultural heritage
Kalinga and craftsmanship of the local communities, particularly
1. Binungor - is a savory dish that combines various emphasizing the significance of bamboo, which is abundantly
ingredients, including stir-fried water shells (agurong and found in the region.
bissukol), bamboo shoots (rabong), local mushrooms, jackfruit 4. Arya Abra Festival - is a significant cultural celebration in
(langka), and chili peppers. the province of Abra, Philippines, held annually from March 6
2. Tapey - is a fermented rice wine made primarily from to March 10. This week-long festival coincides with the
glutinous rice, known for its sweet and slightly tangy flavor. founding anniversary of Abra and aims to celebrate the
Mountain Province province's unique identity, heritage, and the contributions of its
1. Biko - is a sweet rice cake made primarily from glutinous various sectors and communities.
rice (also known as sticky rice) and coconut milk, often topped Apayao
with a layer of caramelized coconut milk or brown sugar. 1. Say-Am-Talip-Tadoc Festival and Apayao Day - vibrant
cultural celebration held annually in Apayao, Philippines, every
Festival & Special Events February 14. This festival commemorates the founding
ABRA anniversary of Apayao and honors the rich cultural heritage of
the Isneg people, an indigenous group in the region. The
festival typically spans from the beginning of February, 3. Gotad Ad Ifugao - is an annual celebration held in Kiangan,
culminating in a series of activities that showcase local Ifugao, j , typically taking place in May. This vibrant festival
traditions and community spirit. serves as a cultural showcase of the Ifugao people's rich
2. Lapat Festival - is a cultural celebration held annually in traditions, customs, and agricultural heritage. The term
Calanasan, Apayao, Philippines, every June 23. This festival "Gotad" refers to a traditional gathering or community ritual,
coincides with the town's founding anniversary and honors the emphasizing unity and communal spirit among the Ifugao.
rich heritage of the Isneg people, particularly their traditional Kalinga
practice of Lapat, which involves regulating the use of natural 1. Ullalim Festival - is a significant cultural celebration in
resources for sustainability. Kalinga, Philippines, held annually from February 13 to 16.
Benguet The festival is named after "ullalim," which refers to traditional
1. Strawberry Festival - is an annual celebration held in La epic poetry in the local dialect. It pays homage to Kalinga's rich
Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines, typically occurring in March. oral heritage by featuring traditional chants, dances, and
This festival celebrates the town's status as the "Strawberry rituals that celebrate the province's indigenous culture.
Capital of the Philippines," showcasing its vibrant strawberry 2. Unoy Festival - is a month-long celebration held every April
industry and the hard work of local farmers. in Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines. This festival honors the
2. Adivay Festival - is an annual celebration held in La Unoy rice, a native variety known for its excellent quality and
Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines, typically occurring in significance to the local community.
November. The term "Adivay" is an Ibaloi word meaning 3. Pinikpikan Festival - The Pinikpikan Festival is an annual
"coming together and having fun," reflecting the festival's focus celebration held in Rizal, Kalinga, Philippines, typically in
on unity and cultural pride among the various tribes of October. This festival honors Pinikpikan, a traditional dish
Benguet. made from native chicken, which is significant to the
Ifugao Cordilleran culture. The festival aims to promote local culinary
1. Tungoh as Hungduan - is an annual celebration held in heritage and strengthen community ties among residents.
Hungduan, Ifugao, Philippines, typically taking place in the Mountain Province
third week of April. This festival marks the end of the rice 1. Etag Festival - is an annual celebration held in Sagada,
planting season and celebrates the rich cultural heritage of the Mountain Province, Philippines, typically in February. This
Ifugao people, emphasizing their deep connection to the land festival honors Etag, a traditional delicacy made from salted,
and agricultural practices. smoked, or sun-dried pork, which is an integral part of
2. Imbayah Festival - is a vibrant celebration held annually in Sagada's culinary heritage and cultural.
Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines, typically in April. This festival 2. Begnas di Bauko - is an annual cultural celebration held in
honors the rich cultural heritage of the Ifugao people, Bauko, Mountain Province, Philippines, typically from March 9
particularly their agricultural traditions and craftsmanship. to 11. This festival is a significant event for the Kankanaey
people, serving as a thanksgiving ritual to Kabunyan, the
supreme deity, and as a way to promote unity among the
community.
3. Lang-ay Festival - is an annual celebration held in Bontoc,
the capital of Mountain Province, Philippines, typically during
the first week of April. This week-long festival commemorates
the founding anniversary of Mountain Province and promotes
unity among tribal communities while celebrating their rich
cultural heritage.