'' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬

‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬

‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
POLLUTION AND ITS SOURCES
1. This Energy Source was formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals
(Fossil fuels)
2. Where does Geothermal Energy come from? (Heat within the earth)
3. Which Energy Source is caused by the uneven heating of the earth? (Wind energy)
4. What equipment do we use to harness solar energy? (Photovoltaic panels PV)
5. What energy source is harnessed by burning organic matter? (Biomass)
6. What is the process of splitting atoms that is used in nuclear power plants called?
(Nuclear fission)
7. What is currently the least expensive energy source to use? (Hydropower)
8. What energy source can help underdeveloped countries with their energy needs?
(Biomass)
9. What energy source helps businesses stay open during power outages? (Solar)
10. What are two types of geothermal energy? (Flash and hybrid plants)
11. What are the 3 types of fossil fuels? (coal, oil, and natural gas)
12. What energy source has commercial and residential turbines? (Wind)
13. What energy source can disturb fish habitats? (Hydropower)
14. What wildlife may be threatened by wind energy? (Birds)
15. Solar Energy does not produce this type of pollution? (Air pollution)
16. Biomass produces this greenhouse gas (Methane CH4)
17. 2.7% of the energy in the United States comes from this energy source (Hydropower)
18. What countries is geothermal energy found in large amounts? (The Ring of Fire:
Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and the Western parts of the Americas)
19. What are two uses, other than generating electricity, of wind energy? (Grinding
grains and pumping water)
20. Name one other use for solar energy besides generating electricity (Heating Homes,
Greenhouses, Pools)
Types & Causes of Pollution

1-Air
pollution

2-Water 6-Light
pollution pollution
7-Thermal
Heat
pollution
3-Soil 5-
pollution Radioactive
pollution
4-Noise
pollution
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

1- Air Pollution
Is the most dangerous form of pollution.
It occurs due to many reasons:
A. Excessive burning of fuel which is necessary for our daily lives for cooking,
driving, and other industrial activities.
B. Releases a huge amount of chemical materials in the air every day; these pollute the
air.
C. Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles, or burning of wood occurs due to coal
burning; this releases Sulphur dioxide into the air making it toxic.
The effects of air pollution:
A. The release of sulfur dioxide and hazardous gases into the air causes global warming
and acid rain.
B. Increasing temperatures.
C. making it tough for the animals to survive.
D. We breathe in every polluted particle from the air; the result is an increase in asthma
‫ الربو‬and cancer in the lungs.

2- Water Pollution
Almost 60% of the species live in water bodies.
It occurs due to several factors:
A. the industrial wastes dumped into the rivers and other water bodies cause an
imbalance in the water leading to its severe contamination and death of aquatic
species.
B. oil spills in the oceans have caused irreparable damage to the water bodies.
The effects of water pollution:
A. Water pollution not only harms aquatic beings but it also contaminates the entire
food chain by severely affecting humans dependent on these.
B. Pollutant Water diseases like cholera have also increased in all places.

3- Soil Pollution
occurs due to the incorporation ‫ دمج‬of unwanted chemicals in the soil due to human
activities.
The effects of Soil pollution:
A. It absorbs the nitrogen compounds from the soil making it unfit for plants.
B. Release of industrial waste, mining ‫ التعدين‬,and deforestation ‫ إزالة الغابات‬also effects
on the soil. Since plants can’t grow properly this leads to soil erosion.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

4- Noise Pollution
It is caused by machines in industries, loud music, etc.
The effects of Noise pollution:
Is caused when noise which is an unpleasant sound affects our ears and leads to
psychological problems like stress, hypertension , ‫ ارتفاع ضغط الدم‬hearing impairment
‫تلف السمع‬

5- Radioactive Pollution
Is highly dangerous when it occurs. It can occur due to nuclear plant malfunctions,
improper nuclear waste disposal, accidents, etc.
The effects of Radioactive pollution:
It causes cancer, infertility , ‫ العقم‬blindness ‫ العمي‬, defects at the time of birth ‫عیوب خلقیة‬
;can sterilize ‫ جدب‬soil and affect air and water

6- Thermal/Heat Pollution
This is due to the excess heat in the environment creating unwanted changes over long
periods; due to the huge number of industrial plants, deforestation ‫ ازالة الغابات‬,and air
pollution.
The effects of Thermal pollution:
It increases the earth’s temperature, causing climatic changes and extinction ‫ انقراض‬of
wildlife.

7- Light Pollution
occurs due to prominent excess illumination of an area. It is largely visible in big cities,
on advertising boards and billboards, in sports or entertainment events at the night.
In residential areas, the lives of the inhabitants are greatly affected by this. It also affects
astronomical observations and activities by making the stars almost invisible.
The effects of Light pollution:
It leads to problems like stress, and hypertension.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Effects of
Pollution

1-Environmental 2-Human 3-Global 4-Ozone Layer 5-Infertile

Degradation Health Warming Depletion land

Air Pollution from Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Fossil fuels are the most polluting resource for energy.
The worst among them are the raw )‫ (خام‬coal-fired power plants
Effects:
✓ Sulfur Oxides: (dioxide SO2 and trioxide SO3)
✓ Acid Rain
✓ Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
✓ Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
✓ Ashes ‫الرماد‬
✓ Troposphere Ozone (O3)
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Oxides:
• SO2 and SO3 are major contributors to air pollution.
• Coal contains more than 6% sulfur (S)
• When fossil fuel is burned in power plants, sulfur is released.
• The sulfur is oxidized to form SO2:

S + O2 ⇒ SO2
• Inhalation ) ‫ ( استنشاق‬of SO2 can damage the upper respiratory tract ) ‫( الجھاز التنفسي‬
and lung tissues.
• The problem is more severe for the very young and very old.
• High concentrations of sulfur dioxides due to the burning of oil fields during the
first Gulf War caused various cardio-respiratory ailments )‫ (أمراض الفلب والتنفس‬to
soldiers and civilians (‫(المدنیین‬.

Ozone
Stratosphere Ozone (10-50 km altitude). Good Ozone!
)‫)الطبقة العلیا في الغالف الجوي‬
Troposphere Ozone (up to 10km altitude). Bad Ozone!
)‫)الطبقة السفلي في الغالف الجوي‬
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Stratosphere ozone:
• The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extends to about 32 miles
(50 km) above the earth's surface.
• The stratosphere extends above the troposphere to about 150,000 feet and is the
region where the ozone layer is formed.
• Protecting the earth by absorbing dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
• Because of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), the ozone at the stratosphere area is
depleting )‫ (يستنزف‬very quickly.
• When CFC is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation, it releases chlorine atoms.
• One chlorine atom can destroy as many as 100,000 ozone molecules.
• CFC is not released in power plants but is found in refrigerant and aerosol products
(‫)المنتجات المتعلقة بالتبريد والتھوية‬.
Troposphere Ozone:
• the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height
of about 3.7–6.2 miles (6–10 km), which is the lower boundary of the stratosphere.
• Troposphere ozone is one of the main ingredients )‫ (مكون‬of smog )‫(ضباب مع دخان‬
Effects:
- Irritates lungs ‫تھیج الرئة‬
- Damage plants.
- Asthmatics ‫ مرضي الربو‬become even more sensitive to SO2.
- synergistic ‫ تفاعلي‬effects among pollutants
Creation of Troposphere Ozone:
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 released by power plants is excited by solar radiation
Step 1: NO2 releases free oxygen O

NO ⇒ NO + O2
Step 2: When O combined with oxygen molecules O2, ozone is produced

O + O2 ⇒ O3
Destruction of Troposphere Ozone:
Ozone O3 reacts with nitric oxide NO to form NO2 and O2

NO + O3 ⇒ NO2 + O2
The problem:
- Hydrocarbons produced by automobile emissions react with NO
- Less NO is present to destroy the Troposphere Ozone
- As a result Ozone concentration at the troposphere level increases.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Acid Rains
Ingredients ‫ تكوين‬of Acid Rain:
1- Sulfuric Acid 2- Nitric Acid

• The rain from clouds with sulfuric or Nitric acids is known as acid rain.
Effects:
• Acid rain can be very damaging to crops and structures.
• When it reaches lakes, it can have a severe effect on the fish population.
• Acid rain can also damage limestone ‫الحجرالجیري‬

• There are processes available that would ''scrub ‫" تفرك‬coal and other ores ‫الخامات‬
(remove sulfur) before they undergo combustion.
• The extraction ‫ االستخالص‬processes are expensive.
• Adoption ‫ اتباع‬of such extraction processes is only done voluntarily ‫ تطوعیا‬by the
coal industry.
Carbon Dioxide
Effects: 1-Global warming 2- Greenhouse Gas
Greenhouse Effect:
• The earth's temperature depends on
✓ solar energy reaching the earth.
✓ radiated energy from the earth back to space.
• Increased CO2 concentration absorbs infrared radiation.
• Part of this energy is reradiated back to Earth, thus increasing the Earth's
temperature.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Naturally Occurring Greenhouse Gases:

✓ CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases
✓ Water vapor
✓ Methane
✓ Nitrous oxide
✓ Ozone
Industrial Greenhouse Gases
1- Carbon dioxide:
✓ By burning fossil fuels, solid waste, and wood.
2- Methane:
✓ Emitted during the production of coal, natural gas, and oil.
✓ Also, as a result of the decomposition of organic
✓ wastes in landfills ,‫ مقالب القمامة‬and the raising of livestock ‫ المواشي‬.
✓ Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide
3- Nitrous oxide
Is emitted during:
✓ Combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
✓ Agricultural and industrial activities
✓ Nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide

END OF LECTURE
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

LECTURE 2
WIND ENERGY
- Wind is a form of solar energy.
- Winds are caused by the unequal heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the earth.
- Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a
kite and generating electricity.
- The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity.
- Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
- This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain ( ‫طحن‬
‫ ) الحبوب‬or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity.
how do wind turbines make electricity?
- A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.
- Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make
electricity.
- The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.
How Does a Wind Turbine Work?
- The energy in the wind turns two or three blades around a rotor.
- The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to generate
electricity.
- Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy.
- At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster
and less turbulent (i.e. steady) wind.
- Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or
they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity
distribution.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Inside the wind turbine:

Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades
causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.
Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically
to stop the rotor in emergencies.
Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles
per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph (mile=1.6 km). Turbines do
not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the
high winds.
Gearbox: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800
rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The
gearbox is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring
"direct drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need
gearboxes.
Generator: Usually an induction generator that produces 50/60-cycle AC electricity.
High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per
minute.
Nacelle (‫)الهيكل‬: The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and
high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for
a helicopter to land on.
Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep
the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice.
Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more
energy and generate more electricity.
Wind direction: This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into
the wind. Other turbines are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient
the turbine properly to the wind.
Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor
facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a
yaw drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind.
Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.

Types of Wind Turbines

- Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal axis, and the
vertical axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French
inventor.
- Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two or three blades.
- These three-bladed wind turbines are operated "upwind", with the blades facing
into the wind.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)

Sizes of Wind Turbines

- From 100 kilowatts to several megawatts.
- Larger turbines are grouped into wind farms, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid.
- The largest wind farm in Egypt is Zarafana Wind Farm, which has a capacity of 545 MW.

Stand-Alone Systems
• systems not connected to the utility grid
• require batteries to store excess power generated for use when the wind is calm.
• They need a charge controller to keep the batteries from overcharging.
Deep-cycle batteries:
can discharge and recharge 80% of their capacity hundreds of times, which makes them
a good option for remote renewable energy systems.
Automotive batteries are shallow-cycle batteries:
Should not be used in renewable energy systems because of their short life in deep-
cycling operations.
• Small wind turbines generate direct current (DC) electricity.
• In very small systems, DC appliances operate directly off the batteries.
• To use standard appliances that use conventional household alternating current
(AC), you must install an inverter to convert DC electricity from the batteries
to AC.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

For safety, batteries should be isolated from living areas and electronics because they
contain corrosive and explosive substances.
Lead-acid batteries also require protection from temperature extremes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of wind turbine (‫)مهم جدا‬

Advantages:
1. Wind energy is fueled by the wind, so it's a clean fuel source.
2. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants.
3. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or
greenhouse gases.
4. Wind energy is a domestic source of energy.
5. Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the wind, which is sustainable.
6. Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies ( costing
between 4 and 6 cents per KWH)
7. Wind turbines can be built on farms or ranches ,) ‫ ( مزارع مواشي‬thus benefiting the
economy in rural ) ‫ (ريفیة‬areas, where most of the best wind sites are found.
8. Wind turbines use only a fraction of the land.
9. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer for the use of the land.
Disadvantages:
1. Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost-
competitive.
2. It requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
3. the wind is intermittent (‫ )متقطعة‬and it does not always blow when electricity is
needed.
4. Wind energy cannot be stored (unless batteries are used).
5. Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where
electricity is needed.
6. Impact on the environment:
✓ The noise produced by the rotor blades
✓ visual impacts
✓ birds have been killed by flying into the rotors
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Kinetic Energy of Air:

𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 m: mass of air v: speed of wind
𝟐

𝒎 = 𝜹 × 𝒗𝒐𝒍 = 𝜹𝑨𝑽𝒕
𝒌𝒈
𝜹: 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 ( 𝟑 ) , 𝒕: 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝑨: 𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒎
𝟑𝟓𝟑 −𝒉 𝒌𝒈
𝜹= 𝒆𝟐𝟗.𝟑(𝑻+𝟐𝟕𝟑) ( 𝟑 )
𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎
𝑻: 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒊𝒖𝒔
𝒉: 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝑨𝜹𝒕𝒗𝟑
𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 𝟏
𝝆 = = 𝜹𝒗𝟑 𝝆 ~ 𝒗𝟑
𝑨 𝟐
𝝆: 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝑾/𝒎𝟐
Example: A desert city in California with an elevation of about 350 m and is known
for its extensive wind farms. Compute the power density of the wind when the air
temperature is 30℃ and the speed of the wind is 12 m/s.
A wind turbine at the site has three rotating blades; each is 20 m in length. Compute the
power captured by the blades.
h = 350 m , T = 30℃ , v = 12 m/s , r = 20m

𝟑𝟓𝟑 −𝒉 𝒌𝒈 𝟑𝟓𝟑 −𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝜹= 𝒆𝟐𝟗.𝟑(𝑻+𝟐𝟕𝟑) ( 𝟑 ) = 𝒆𝟐𝟗.𝟑(𝟑𝟎+𝟐𝟕𝟑) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒈/ 𝒎𝟑
𝑻 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝒘
𝝆= 𝜹𝒗 = (𝟏. 𝟏𝟐)(𝟏𝟐)𝟑 = 𝟗𝟔𝟕. 𝟕 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒎
𝑷 = 𝑨𝝆 = 𝝅𝒓 𝟐 𝝆 = 𝝅 𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟗𝟔𝟕. 𝟕) = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑾
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Turbine Efficiency:

Example: Compute the total efficiency if the efficiency of the rotating blade and rotor
mechanism is 40%, the efficiency of the gearbox is 95% and the efficiency of the
generator is 70% Solution.
Solution: ɳ = ɳb x ɳ(gear) x ɳg = 0.4 x 0.95 x 0.7 = 26.6%

Tip speed ratio (TSR)

The tip velocity of the turbine is less than wind speed.

v: wind speed
vtip: tip velocity of blade
n: rotor speed of generator
TSR can be changed by changing the pitch angle.
 ‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‪ ،‬ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْتَ ''‬
‫َّللاُ‪ ،‬ه‬ ‫س ْبحانَ هللاِ‪ ،‬وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه ِ‬
‫ّلِل‪ ،‬وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬ ‫أربَ ٌع‪ُ :‬‬
‫َالم إلى هللاِ ْ‬ ‫يقول النبي ﷺ‪'' :‬أَح ُّ‬
‫َب الك ِ‬

‫االثبات سؤال امتحان‬

 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

LECTURE 3
HYDROELECTRIC POWER (HYDROPOWER)
• How hydropower works
• Types of Hydropower Plants
• Advantages and disadvantages
How Hydropower Works?

• Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity.

• Water constantly moves through a global cycle, evaporating from lakes and oceans,
forming clouds, precipitating as rain or snow, then flowing back down to the ocean.

• The energy of this water cycle, driven by the sun, can be used to produce electricity or for
mechanical tasks like grinding grain.

• Hydropower uses a fuel (water) that is not used up in the process.

• Because the water cycle is an endless, constantly recharging system, hydropower is

considered a renewable energy.

• When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydroelectric
power or hydropower.

• There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all powered by the kinetic
energy of flowing water as it moves downstream.

• Turbines and generators convert the energy into electricity, which is then fed into the
electrical grid to be used.

Types of Hydropower Plants

There are three types of hydropower facilities:

1- Impoundment 2- diversion )‫(تحويلة‬ 3- and pumped storage.

• Some hydropower plants use dams, and some do not.

• Dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later.
• Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to
large projects producing electricity for utilities.

1-Impoundment )‫(ماء مجمع في سد‬:

• Is the most common type of hydropower plants.

• Is considered as a large hydropower system.
• Uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

• Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which
activates a generator to produce electricity.
• The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to
maintain a constant reservoir level.
• The water release rate may be controlled to meet changing electricity needs or
to maintain a constant reservoir level.
• Unlike other types of hydropower facilities, impoundment facilities offer the
benefit of providing a consistently reliable water supply.
• Besides electricity generation, the impoundment dam's water is also stored for
irrigation, domestic use, and other industrial applications.
• Water released from the reservoir flows through the plant's turbine system,
which generates electricity.

Schematic of an Impoundment facility

2-Diversion )‫(تحويلة‬:
• A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river
through a canal or penstock ‫ماسورة‬.
• No dam was required.
• Additionally, since diversion facilities operate as open systems (where all water
entering the facility also leaves it), "waterpower" cannot be stored as in
impoundment systems.
• For this reason, large-scale diversion facilities must be installed at rivers that
have consistent and predictable flow rates, depending on the time of year.
• Otherwise, diversion facilities are best applied on a smaller scale in remote
locations away from primary utility power grids.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Schematic of a Diversion facility

2-Pumped storage:
• When the electricity demand is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by
pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir.
• During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower
reservoir to generate electricity.

Schematic of a pumped storage facility

Sizes of hydropower plants:

• large power plants: supply many consumers with electricity.
• small and micro plants: operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.
Large hydropower plants: are defined as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30
megawatts.
Small hydropower plants: are defined as facilities that have a capacity between 100
kilowatts and 30 megawatts.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Micro hydropower plants: A micro hydropower plant has a capacity up to 100 kilowatts.
A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home,
farm, ranch ( ‫) مزرعة مواشي‬, or village.

Advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:
❖ Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.
❖ Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as
coal or natural gas.
❖ Hydropower is a domestic source of energy.
❖ Hydropower is a renewable power source because it relies on the water cycle,
which is driven by the sun.
❖ Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of
water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.
❖ Hydroelectric Power is a secure source of energy because it does not depend upon
imports or the price of oil.
❖ Hydroelectric power plants can be created anywhere there is a source of water.
Although typically thought of on a large scale, like a dam, small-scale hydroelectric
plants are a cheap way to power even a single household.
❖ Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity:
Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of opportunities,
such as fishing, swimming, and boating.
Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.

Disadvantages:
❖ The use of a power plant is dependent on rain and precipitation ‫هطول األمطار بكثافة‬.
The precipitation causes the water to flow faster, turning the turbines, and powering
the hydroelectric plant.
❖ Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past
impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to
the ocean.
❖ Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem
that is harmful to (riverbank ‫ ) ضفة النھر‬habitats ( ‫ ) بیئة النباتات او الحیوانات‬and is
addressed using techniques, which oxygenate the water.
❖ Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is
also critical for the survival of riverbank habitats.
❖ Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought (‫) جفاف‬. When water is not
available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity.

Small hydro
Types of small hydro systems:
1- Reservoir-Type
2- Diversion-Type
‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‪ ،‬ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْتَ ''‬
‫َّللاُ‪ ،‬ه‬ ‫س ْبحانَ هللاِ‪ ،‬وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه ِ‬
‫ّلِل‪ ،‬وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬ ‫أربَ ٌع‪ُ :‬‬
‫َالم إلى هللاِ ْ‬ ‫يقول النبي ﷺ‪'' :‬أَح ُّ‬
‫َب الك ِ‬
 ‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‪ ،‬ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْتَ ''‬
‫َّللاُ‪ ،‬ه‬ ‫س ْبحانَ هللاِ‪ ،‬وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه ِ‬
‫ّلِل‪ ،‬وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬ ‫أربَ ٌع‪ُ :‬‬
‫َالم إلى هللاِ ْ‬ ‫يقول النبي ﷺ‪'' :‬أَح ُّ‬
‫َب الك ِ‬

‫‪END OF LECTURE‬‬

‫❖ قال رسول هللا صلى هللا علیه وسلم‪" :‬من أكل طعاما ثم قال‪ :‬الحمد هلل الذي أطعمني‬
‫هذا الطعام ورزقنيه من غير حول مني وال قوة غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه وما تأخر‪،‬‬
‫ومن لبس ثوبا فقال‪ :‬الحمد هلل الذي كساني هذا الثوب ورزقنيه من غير حول‬
‫مني وال قوة غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه وما تأخر"‪.‬‬

‫سائِل‪َ ،‬و َمن َّال يَتَبَ َّرم ِبإِ ْل َح ِ‬

‫اح ِعبَا ِد ِه‬ ‫طهُ َكثْ َرة ُ ْال َم َ‬
‫س ْم ٍع‪َ ،‬ويَا َم ْن َال ت ُ ْغ ِل ُ‬
‫ع ْن َ‬ ‫❖ اللَّ ُھ َّم يَا َم ْن َال يَ ْشغ َْلهُ َ‬
‫س ْم ٌع َ‬
‫علَ ْی ِه‪ ،‬أ َ ِذ ْقنَا بَ ْردَ َرحْ َمتِكَ َو َك َر َم ا ْس ِت َجابَتِكَ ‪..‬‬
‫ال ُملٌ ِحینَ َ‬

‫❖ لیس كل إنعام كرامة‪ ،‬وال كل امتحان عقوبة‪..‬‬

 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

LECTURE 4
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
What is geothermal energy?
Is the energy comes from the ground or power extracted from heat stored in the earth
Geo: earth, Thermal: heat

How is Geothermal Energy Generated?

o Temperatures hotter than the sun’s surface are continuously produced inside the
earth by a slow decay of radioactive particles.
o The most common method that scientists use to find geothermal reservoirs is
drilling a deep well and testing the temperature deep underground.
o Steam or very hot water from deep within the earth is piped to the surface and used
as a heat source to produce electricity.
o Earth’s kinetic energy is converted into electricity.
o People around the world use geothermal energy to produce electricity and heat their
homes by digging deep wells and pumping the heated water or steam to the surface.
o Geothermal site must have the magma close enough to the surface to heat reservoirs
accessible by current drilling technology.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

o Underground reservoirs are often surrounded by very hard rock. The geothermal
fluid can cause water pollution due to the presence of some gases and metals in the
reservoirs.
o Geothermal fields could also produce carbon dioxide, but at much lower level (1/6)
than what a natural gas power plant produces.
o Processing the reservoir fluid can produce objectionable odors.

Geothermal Energy Generation

Direct Electrical
• Small scale uses • Dry steam
• Heating homes • Flash steam
• Hot springs • Binary cycle
• Greenhouse heating
• Food dehydration plants
• Agriculture
• Crop drying
• Milk pasteurization

Types of Geothermal plants

• Dry steam plants
• Flash steam plants
• Binary cycle plants

1- Dry steam plants

Use steam piped directly from a

geothermal reservoir to turn the turbo
generator
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

2- Flash steam plants

• The hot water from deep inside the earth is pumped
under great pressure to the surface When it reaches
the surface the pressure is reduced and as a result,
some of the water changes to steam to drive the
generator turbines.
• When the steam cools it condenses into water and is
injected into the earth to be heated by geothermal
rocks to be used again.
• Most geothermal plants are flash steam plants they
are the most common form of geothermal power
plants.

3- Binary cycle plants

• Transfers the heat from geothermal
hot water to another liquid.

• The heat causes the second liquid to

turn to steam which is used to drive
a generator turbine.
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

Geothermal Power Plants and the Environment

• Geothermal power plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, so their emission
levels are very low.
• Release less than 1% of carbon dioxide emissions of a fossil fuel plant.
• Use scrubber systems to clean the air of hydrogen sulfide.
• Emits 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than fossil fuel plants.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
✓ Very high efficiency/high net yield ✓ Can’t provide our current energy needs
✓ Very reliable (runs 24 hrs. a day) ✓ Can only be used in certain areas
✓ Very clean – no air pollution or GHGs ✓ Water contains minerals that can be corrosive
✓ Renewable and sustainable and difficult to get rid of them safely
✓ Conserves fossil fuels ✓ Harmful gases can escape from deep within the earth
✓ Can help decrease dependence on foreign oil ✓ Piping system requires large areas of land
✓ No transportation involved ✓ High initial cost

Environmental Effects/ Benefits

• Remarkable difference in environmental effects compared to fossil fuels (Leaves
almost no footprints)
• Most hardware used to extract geothermal energy is underground (Minimal use of
surface)

Can production be developed in areas where geothermal is minimally

developed?
• Ring of Fire: good hydrothermal resources
• But with continuing research and deeper drilling abilities, these “hot spots” won’t
even matter
 '' َ‫ ال يَض ُُّركَ بأَيِ ِهنه بَدَأْت‬،‫وَّللاُ أ ْكبَ ُر‬
‫ ه‬،ُ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫ وا ْلح َْم ُد ِ ه‬،ِ‫س ْبحانَ هللا‬
‫ وال إلَهَ هإال ه‬،‫ّلِل‬ ُ :‫أربَ ٌع‬
ْ ِ‫َالم إلى هللا‬ ُّ ‫ ''أَح‬:‫يقول النبي ﷺ‬
ِ ‫َب الك‬

• Drills will be able to reach farther down to draw energy from any source, whether
or not is developed or a “hot spot”
• Not everyone agrees that geothermal energy is a solution to our energy crisis
• Too costly
• Noise
• Use of fresh water
• Land Surveying
• The technology is not quite there
• Some people just believe that our fossil fuels will “never” run out
• Don’t believe that fossil fuels are finite

Conclusion
• Geothermal appears to be a sound solution to energy needs
• Geothermal energy has the ability to expand.
• Few environmental effects.
• Very cost efficient
• Geothermal is RENEWABLE

END OF LECTURE

‫ آمين‬..‫ والنصر والتحرير‬،‫ العزة والتمكين‬،‫اللهم اكتب ألهلنا في فلسطين في هذا الشهر الفضيل‬

‫وإذا القلوب توكلت ما ضرها عسر الحياة وربها يكفيها‬

‫شدَائِ ُد أ َ ْقبَلَتْ بِ ُجنُو ِد َهـــــا‬

‫َوإِذَا ال ه‬
ْ‫س هر ِة أ َ ْو َجعَــــــك‬
َ ‫َوال هد ْه ُر ِم ْن بَ ْع ِد ال َم‬

‫ب‬
ٍ ‫اح‬
ِ ‫ص‬َ ‫خ أ َ ْو‬
ٍ َ ‫ش ْيئا ً ِم ْن أ‬ ُ ‫الَ ت َ ْر‬
َ ‫ج‬
‫أ َ َرأَيْتَ ِظلهكَ فِي ال ه‬
‫ظالَ ِم َمشَى َمعَكْ ؟‬

‫اء فَفَ ْوقَ َهـا‬ ‫ارفَ ْع يَ َد ْيكَ إِلَى ال ه‬

ِ ‫س َم‬ ْ ‫َو‬
َ ‫ب ِإذَا نَـــا َد ْيتَهُ َمـــــا‬
ْ‫ضيهعَــــــــك‬ ٌّ ‫َر‬