UNIT-5

REGULAR EXPRESSION,MATPLOTLIB,LINEAR REGRESSION

REGULAR EXPRESSION:
Python RegEx

A RegEx,or Regular Expression, is a

sequence of characters that forms a search pattern.

RegEx can be used to check if a string contains the specified search pattern.

RegEx Module

Python has a built-in package called re, which can be used to work with Regular
Expressions.

Import the re module:

import re
RegEx in Python

When you have imported the re module, you can start using regular expressions:

Example:

import re

#Check if the string starts with "The" and ends with "Spain": txt = "The rain in

Spain"

x = re.search("^The.*Spain$", txt)

if x:
print("YES! We have a match!") else:

print("No match")

Output:

YES! We have a match!

Functions of REGEX:
Search()
Findall()
Sub()
Split()
.Span()
.String()
.Group()
Search()
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Women" x = re.search("^The.*Women$", txt) if (x):
print("YES! We have a match!") else:
print("No match")
Output:
Yes! We have a match!
findall()
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Women"
#Return a list containing every occurrence of “me": x = re.findall("me", txt)
print(x)
Output:
['me']
Sub()
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Rose"
x = re.sub("\s", “5", txt)
print("x")
Output:
The5Beautiful5Rose
Split()
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Rose"
x = re.split("\s",txt)
print(x)
Output:
['The', Beautiful','Rose']
META CHARACTERS:

Special sequences:
 .SPAN()
Returns a tuple containing the start-, and end positions of the match.
.STRING()
It returns a string passed into the function.
.GROUP()
The part of the string is returned where the match is found. .SPAN():
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Women"
x = re.search(r"\bW\w+", str)
print(x.span())
Output:
(14, 19)
.String():
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Women"
x = re.search(r"\bW\w+",txt)
print(x.string())
Output:
Women
.group()
Example program:
import re
txt = "The Beautiful Women"
x =re.search(r"\bB\w“, “\bW\w”,txt)
print(x.group())
Output:
Beautiful Women
LINEAR REGRESSION:
❖ Linear regression is a statistical method used for modelling the relationship
between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables by fitting a
linear equation to the observed data. The simplest form of linear regression with
one independent variable is called simple linear regression, while multiple linear
regression involves two or more independent variables.
Types of Linear Regression:
Simple Linear Regression:

This is the simplest form of linear

regression, and it involves only one
independent variable and one
dependent variable. The equation for
simple linear regression is:

where:
Y is the dependent variable
X is the independent variable
β0 is the intercept
β1 is the slope
Multiple Linear Regression:
This involves more than one independent variable and one dependent variable. The
equation for multiple linear regression is:

where:
Y is the dependent variable
X1, X2, …, Xp are the independent variables
β0 is the intercept
β1, β2, …, βn are the slopes
Some other regression types are-
∙ Polynomial Regression – Polynomial regression goes beyond simple linear
regression by incorporating higher-order polynomial terms of the independent
variable(s) into the model. It is represented by the general equation:
∙ Ridge Regression – Ridge regression is a regularization technique used to prevent
overfitting in linear regression models, especially when dealing with multiple
independent variables. It introduces a penalty term to the least squares objective
function, biasing the model towards solutions with smaller coefficients. The
equation for ridge regression becomes:
∙ Lasso Regression – Lasso regression is another regularization technique that uses
an L1 penalty term to shrink the coefficients of less important independent
variables towards zero, effectively performing feature selection. The equation for
lasso regression becomes:
∙ Elastic Net Regression – Elastic net regression combines the penalties of ridge and
lasso regression, offering a balance between their strengths. It uses a mixed penalty
term of the form
The goal of the algorithm is to find the best Fit Line equation that can predict the
values based on the independent variables.

In regression set of records are present with X and Y values and these values are
used to learn a function so if you want to predict Y from an unknown X this learned
function can be used. In regression we have to find the value of Y, So, a function is
required that
predicts continuous Y in the case of regression given X as independent features.
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plt.show()

In [1]: In [6]:

# Import
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# PLOT() - SINGLE LINE

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.array([0,5])
y = np.array([10,40]) # Multiple line
plt.plot(x,y)
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In [7]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

# Line STYLE
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In [8]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, ls='dotted')
plt.show()

# Line color
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In [9]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, ls='dashed', color='m')

plt.show()

# Line width
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In [10]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, ls='dashed', color='m', lw=2.0)

plt.show()

# PLOT without line

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In [12]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, 'o')
plt.show()

# MATPLOTLIB MARKERS
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In [13]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, marker='D')
plt.show()

# Format strings-(marker|line|color)
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In [14]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', linestyle='-', color='r')

plt.show()

# MARKER SIZE
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In [15]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', ms=10)

plt.show()

# MARKER COLOR:
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In [16]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', ms=20, mec='k', mfc='none')

plt.show()

# markerfacecolor or mfc
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In [17]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', ms=20, mec='c', mfc='r')

plt.show()

# Matplotlib labels
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In [18]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 120, 125])

y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 310, 320, 330])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel("Temperature")
plt.ylabel("Gradient")
plt.show()
 # Title for a plot

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In [19]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95])

y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 310])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel("Temperature")
plt.ylabel("Gradient")
plt.title("Comparison") # Fixed indentation here
plt.show()
 # Matplotlib grids

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In [20]: import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95])

y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 310])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel("Temperature")
plt.ylabel("Gradient")
plt.grid()
plt.show()
 # Grid lines for x axis

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In [21]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 5])
y = np.array([10, 40])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.grid(axis='x') # You may also use plt.grid(True, axis='x')
plt.show()
 # Grid lines for y axis

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In [22]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 5])
y = np.array([10, 40])

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.grid(axis='y')
plt.show()
 # Subplots

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In [23]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
 y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

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In [24]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 1)
plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 2)
 plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 3)
plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 4)
plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 5)
plt.plot(x, y)

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(2, 3, 6)
plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

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 # Title for subplot

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 In [25]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("SALES")

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("INCOME")

plt.show()

# Super title

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 In [26]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("SALES")

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("INCOME")

plt.suptitle("MY SHOP")

plt.show()

# Scatter plot

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 In [27]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86])

plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()

# Multiple plots

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 In [28]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x1 = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y1 = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86])

plt.scatter(x1, y1)

x2 = np.array([2, 2, 8, 1, 15, 8, 12, 9, 7, 3, 11, 4, 7, 14, 12]) y2 =

np.array([100, 105, 84, 105, 90, 99, 90, 95, 94, 100, 79, 112, 91, 80,

plt.scatter(x2, y2)

plt.show()

# color

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 In [29]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x1 = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y1 = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86])

plt.scatter(x1, y1, color='hotpink')

x2 = np.array([2, 2, 8, 1, 15, 8, 12, 9, 7, 3, 11, 4, 7, 14, 12]) y2 =

np.array([100, 105, 84, 105, 90, 99, 90, 95, 94, 100, 79, 112, 91, 80,

plt.scatter(x2, y2, color='#88c999')

plt.show()

# Color each dot

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 In [30]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86]) colors
= np.array(["red", "green", "blue", "yellow", "pink", "black", "oran

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors)
plt.show()

# Color map

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 In [31]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86])
colors = np.array([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, cmap='viridis')

plt.show()

# DOT SIZE

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 In [32]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86]) sizes
= np.array([20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 60, 90, 10, 300, 600, 800, 7

plt.scatter(x, y, s=sizes)
plt.show()

# ALPHA

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 In [33]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5, 7, 8, 7, 2, 17, 2, 9, 4, 11, 12, 9, 6])

y = np.array([99, 86, 87, 88, 111, 86, 103, 87, 94, 78, 77, 85, 86]) sizes
= np.array([20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 60, 90, 10, 300, 600, 800, 7

plt.scatter(x, y, s=sizes, alpha=0.5)

plt.show()

# COMBINATION OF COLOR SIZE & ALPHA

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 In [34]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
y = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
colors = np.random.randint(100, size=(100))
sizes = 10 * np.random.randint(100, size=(100))

plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, s=sizes, alpha=0.5, cmap='nipy_spectral')

plt.colorbar()
plt.show()

# Matplotlib Bars:

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 In [35]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y)
plt.show()

# Horizontal Bars

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 In [36]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()

# Bar Color

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 In [37]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color="red")
plt.show()

# Color Names

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 In [38]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color="hotpink")
plt.show()

# Bar Width

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 In [39]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, width=0.5) # Adjust the width as needed

plt.show()

# Bar Height

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 In [40]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y, height=0.5) # Adjust the height as needed

plt.show()

# Histogram

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 In [41]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)

plt.hist(x)
plt.show()

# Matplotlib Pie Charts

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 In [42]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

plt.pie(y)
plt.show()

# Labels:

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 In [43]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels)
plt.show()

# Start Angle

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 In [44]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels, startangle=90)

plt.show()

# Explode

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 In [45]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
myexplode = [0.2, 0, 0, 0]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels, explode=myexplode)

plt.show()

# Colors

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 In [46]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
mycolors = ["black", "hotpink", "b", "#4CAF50"]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels, colors=mycolors)

plt.show()

# Legend

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 In [47]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels)
plt.legend()
plt.show()

# Legend With Header:

localhost:8888/notebooks/Matplotlib_Practise.ipynb 42/43
12/7/23, 1:14 PM Matplotlib_Practise - Jupyter Notebook
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
In [48]: In [ ]: import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas",
"Cherries", "Dates"]

plt.pie(y, labels=mylabels)
plt.legend(title="Four Fruits:")
plt.show()

localhost:8888/notebooks/Matplotlib_Practise.ipynb 43/43