Shubhang Garodia

HEATING EFFECTS
Heating effect of carbonate & bicarbonate salts
All carbonates except (Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose on heating giving CO2
Li2CO3  Li2O + CO2
MCO3  MO + CO2 [M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba]
1
Ag 2CO 3  2Ag + CO2 + O2
Black 2
Yellow

Cu (OH) 2 .CuCO 3 
     2CuO + CO2 + H2O
Basic Cu ( II ) carbonate

ZnCO 3  ZnO + CO2

white Yellow( hot )
white( cold )
PbO + CO  2PbCO 3 .Pb(OH) 2 350C
PbCO3  Yellow 2 
  Pb3O 4  CO 2  H 2 O
 White Lead 

1
HgCO3  Hg + O  + CO2
2 2
(NH4)2CO3  2NH3 + H2O + CO2
All bicarbonates decompose to give carbonates and CO2. eg.

2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
[General reaction 2HCO 3  CO 32 +H2O + CO2]
Heating effect of ammonium salts
(NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
NH4NO2  N2 + 2H2O
NH4NO3  N2O + 2H2O
2NH4 ClO4  N2 + Cl2 + 2O2 + 4H2O
2NH4 IO3  N2 + I2 + O2 + 4H2O
[If anionic part is oxdising in nature, then N2 will be the product (some times N2O).]
(NH4)2HPO4  HPO3 + H2O + 2NH3
(NH4)2SO4  NH3 + H2SO4
2(NH3)3PO4 2NH3 + P2O5 + 3H2O
(NH4)2CO3  2NH3 + H2O + CO2
[If anionic part weakly oxidising or non oxidising in nature then NH3 will be the product.]
Heating effect of nitrate salts
1
MNO3  KNO2 + O2
2
[M = Na, K, Rb, Cs]
1
2LiNO3  Li2O + 2NO2 + O2
2
Shubhang Garodia
2M(NO3)2  2MO + 4NO2 + O2
[M = all bivalent metals eg. Zn+2, Mg+2, Sr+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Pb+2]
Hg(NO3)2  Hg + 2NO2 + O2 ; 2AgNO3  2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

Heating effect of Halides salts

2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Cl2 ; AuCl3AuCl + Cl2
Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 + Hg ; NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
Pb(SCN)4 Pb(SCN)2 + (SCN)2
PbCl4 PbCl2 + Cl2 [PbBr4 PbBr2 + Br2 & PbI4 does not exists]

Heating effect of hydrated chloride salts


MgCl2 . 6H2O  MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O

2FeCl3 . 6H2O  Fe2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O

2AlCl3 . 6H2O  Al2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O
C
CoCl 2 .6H 2 O 50
C 58C
 CoCl2 .4H 2 O  CoCl 2
.2H 2O 140
  CoCl 2
 2 H 2O
Re d violet  2 H O Blue 2
 2 H 2O Pink
Pink

Hydrated Co2+ salt - Pink

Anhydrous Co2+ salt - Blue

Heating effect of hydrated Sulphate salts

CuSO4 .5H 2O 100C
 CuSO 4 .H 2O 220
 C
 CuSO 4 
800C 1
  CuO + SO2 + O
Blue vitriol 4H2O Bluish White  H 2 O White 2 2
CuO + SO3
Black
300C
FeSO 4 .7 H 2O  FeSO4 
 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 (very important)
Green Vitriol
7 H O 2
from 2 moles


Fe2(SO4)3  Fe2O3 + 3SO3

1 1
C
CaSO4 .2H 2O 120
  (CaSO4. 2 H2O) +1 2 H2O
gypsum
Plaster of pairs
1
CaSO4 .2H 2O CaSO 4 + 2 H2O
Dead burnt
gypsum

1
O 
C 70200C 200C
ZnSO4.7H2O70
  ZnSO4.6H2O    ZnSO4.H2  ZnSO   800C
4   ZnO + SO2 + O
– H 2O – 5H 2 O – H2O 2 2
Shubhang Garodia
MgSO 4 .7 H 2 O 
epsom salt

 MgSO4 [Same as ZnSO4 ]
 7 H 2O

2NaHSO3 


2NaHSO4  Na2SO4 + H2O + SO3
220C
Na2S2O3.5H2O  Na2S2O3 + 5H2O
3Na2SO4 + Na2S5.

Heating effect of Oxide salts

 ZnO ZnO
2Ag2O  4Ag + O2 ; white yellow
300C

 1 PbO PbO
PbO2  PbO + O ;
2 2 yellow
(Massicot)
Red
(Litharge)

3MnO2 900C Pb 3O 4
  Mn3O4 + O2 ;
Red lead
6PbO + O2
Litharge
7
2CrO5  Cr2O3 + O2 ;
2
5  400C 1
I2O5  I2 + O HgO  HgO strong
 Hg + O
2 2 yellow red heating 2 2

3
2CrO3 420C
  Cr2O3 + 2 O2 ; HgI2 HgI2
Scarlet Red Yellow sublimate

Heating effect of dichromate & chromate salts

3

2K2Cr2O7  2K2CrO4 + Cr2O3 + O2
2
yellow green

Heating effect of phosphate salts


NaH2PO4  H2O + NaPO3
1º phosphate salt


Na2HPO4  H2O + Na2P2O7
2º phosphate salt


Na3PO4  No effect
3º phosphate salt

Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O  NaNH4HPO4 High
 temp .
 NaPO3 + NH3 + H2O
4H O 2


2Mg(NH4)PO4  Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O
Shubhang Garodia
Heating effect of Acids

conc.
 1
2HNO3  H2O + 2NO2 + O2
2

444C
H2SO4  H2O + SO3
1
H2SO4 
800C
 H2O + SO2 + O
2 2
3H2SO3 2H2SO4 + S + H2O
3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
HClO3HClO4 + ClO2 + H2O
3HOCl 2HCl +HClO3

4H3PO3 
 3H3PO4 + PH3
200C

2H3PO2  H3PO4 + PH3

2NaH2PO2  Na2HPO4 + PH3
C C
 4HPO3 
H3PO4 220 320C
  H4P2O7 320
  2P2O5 + 2H2O
Re d
 H2B4O7  2B O + H O
H3BO3 100C C
  4HBO2 140
 hot 2 3 2


H2C2O4  H2O + CO + CO2

Heating effects of acetate salts


CH3CO2K  K2CO3 + CH3COCH3

Pb(OAc)2  PbO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Mg(OAc)2  MgO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Be(OAc)2  BeO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Ca(OAc)2  CaCO3 + CH3COCH3
Ba(OAc)2  BaCO3 + CH3COCH3
Heating effects of oxalate salts
7Na2C2O4  7Na2CO3 + 2CO2 + 3CO + 2C

SnC2O4  SnO + CO2 + CO
FeC2O4  FeO + CO + CO2

Ag2C2O4  2Ag + 2CO2
HgC2O4  Hg + 2CO2
Heating effects of formate salts
HCO2Na 350C
  Na2C2O4 + H2

2HCOOAg  HCOOH + 2Ag + CO2
(HCOO)2Hg  HCOOH + Hg + CO2