7-9 06b Higher Week 6 Tasks Qs Only
7-9 06b Higher Week 6 Tasks Qs Only
(Higher 7+)
.
Remember: The exam is your opportunity to “show what you
know”!
WEEK 6 TASK 1
Estimated completion time = 90 minutes.
Answer ALL questions.
............................
AB : PQ = 2 : 5
..................... cm
(2)
..................... cm
(2)
2
do
3 The table shows information about the distances travelled by 50 new cars before a tyre was
changed.
...................... km
10 cm
12 cm
..................... cm³
3
5 Luke invested £4000 in a savings account for 3 years.
Compound interest was paid at a rate of 1.8% each year.
Luke got more interest than Alexa in total over the 3 years.
£ .........................
4c
6 The height, h metres, of a tall building is 184 metres correct to the nearest metre.
..................... cm
5
8 (a) Complete the table of values for y = x3 + 2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −6 3
(2)
(2)
(c) Use your graph to find the value of x when y = 6
...........................
(1)
(Total for Question 8 is 5 marks)
6
9 Here is some information about the population and the land area of England, Scotland and
Wales in 2016
(a) Calculate the total population of England, Scotland and Wales in 2016
...........................
(1)
(b) Calculate the average number of people per km2 in England, Scotland and Wales in 2016
Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number.
...........................
(3)
(Total for Question 9 is 4 marks)
7
10 There are n adults in a club.
54 of the adults are over 30 years of age.
……………………………………
8 − 3x
11 Solve = 8 – 2x
4
x =……………………..
8
12 Mrs Atkins is going to choose two students from her class to take part in a competition.
She can choose from 16 girls and 14 boys.
(a) Work out the number of different ways of choosing one girl and one boy.
...........................
(1)
(b) Work out the number of different ways of choosing two boys.
...........................
(2)
9c
13 (a) Show that the equation x4 – 3x – 1 = 0 has a solution between x = 1 and x = 2
(2)
4
(b) Show that for x ˃ 0 the equation x4 – 3x – 1 = 0 can be arranged to give x = √3x + 1
(1)
4
(c) Starting with x0 = 1, use the iteration formula xn + 1 = √3xn + 1 once to find
an estimate for a solution of x4 – 3x – 1 = 0
...........................
(1)
10
0
14
(5)
11
o
6πr + 3πt + 10t
(b)(i) Find the exact value of when r = 0 and t = 10
5
Give your answer in its simplest form.
...........................
(1)
(ii) Explain what your value in part (b)(i) represents.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
12
J
15 c is inversely proportional to d.
c = 0.5 when d = 6
……………………..……………………..
The total number of blue and green counters is twice the total number of red and yellow counters.
1
The number of green counters is of the number of blue counters.
6
Show that, to the nearest percent, the percentage of blue counters in the box is 57 %
13
17
..................... cm²
14
a
18 Frank invested an amount of money for 12 years.
The graph shows the value of Frank’s investment over the 12 year period.
(a) (i) Write down the amount of money that Frank invested.
£ .........................
(1)
15
Frank said that 12 years after he had made his investment, it was worth more than five times
its original value.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................
(3)
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
16
or
19
The incomplete histogram shows information about the weights of 100 babies.
All 100 babies have a weight between 1 kg and 5 kg.
17
20 Two bags, A and B, each contain only green marbles and red marbles.
One marble is going to be taken at random from bag A and placed in bag B.
Work out the probability that this marble will be a green marble.
...........................
18
21 Here is a solid cuboid.
Given that x > y, work out the value of x and the value of y.
You must show all your working.
x = .........................
y = .........................
19
WEEK 6 TASK 2
Estimated completion time = 90 minutes.
Answer ALL questions.
297 ´ 9.44
1 Work out an estimate for the value of
0.503
......................................................
(Total for Question 1 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2 The diagram shows a square ABCD.
D C
22 TheThe diagram
diagram shows
shows a square
a square ABCD.
ABCD.
D C
N
N
A M B
M is
M the midpoint
is the of of
midpoint AB.
AB.
Work
N isN the out the area
midpoint
is the of triangle
of of
midpoint AD.AD. MCN.
2 2
TheThe area
area of of
thethe shaded
shaded triangle
triangle AMNAMN
is is
1818
cmcm
Work
Work outout
thethe area
area of of triangle
triangle MCN.
MCN.
......................................................
(2)
......................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 3 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
(Total for Question....3...................
is 4 marks) ................... ............
(2)
3
*S68589A0320* (Total for Question 3 is 4 marks)
Turn over
3
4 There are 140 balloons in a packet.
The balloons are red or yellow or blue or green.
20% of the balloons are red.
2
of the balloons are yellow.
7
The ratio of the number of blue balloons to the number of green balloons is 5 : 4
Work out the number of green balloons in the packet.
......................................................
(Total for Question 4 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
5 (a) Write down the value of 10−2
......................................................
(1)
(b) Write the number 375 000 000 in standard form.
......................................................
(1)
(c) Write the following numbers in order of size.
Start with the smallest number.
......................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 5 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
6 The diagram shows some information about junctions A, B and C on a motorway.
...................................................... mph
(Total for Question 6 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
7 Kirsty bought a new TV.
The total cost of the TV was £360, including VAT at 20%
Work out the cost of the TV before the VAT was added.
£......................................................
(Total for Question 7 is 2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2
8 (a) Complete the table of values for y =
x
x 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 5
y 4 0.4
(2)
2
(b) On the grid below, draw the graph of y = for values of x from 0.2 to 5
x
(2)
(Total for Question 8 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
9 A, B and C are three points.
The coordinates of A are (−2, 5)
The coordinates of B are (1, 1)
The coordinates of C are (19, −23)
Does point C lie on the straight line that passes through A and B?
You must show how you get your answer.
(a) Use the graph to find an estimate for the median height.
...................................................... m
(1)
(b) Use the graph to find an estimate for the interquartile range of the heights.
...................................................... m
(2)
(c) Use the graph to find an estimate for the percentage of these fir trees that have a
height greater than 30 metres.
......................................................%
(3)
(Total for Question 10 is 6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
3h
11 Jo has to make h the subject of the formula d=
2
Here is her working.
2d = 3h
2d 2 = 3h
2d 2
h=
3
What mistake has Jo made in the second line of her working?
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 11 is 1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________
..
12 Write 1.136 as a fraction in its simplest form.
......................................................
(Total for Question 12 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
13
Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle B.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(Total for Question 13 is 2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
14 Here is a table of values for m and for r
m 2 6 10 14
r 20 16 12 8
Harry says,
“r is inversely proportional to m because the values of r decrease by 4 and the
values of m increase by 4”
(a) Is Harry correct?
You must give a reason for your answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
y is inversely proportional to x2
(b) Complete this table of values.
x 1 2 5
y 50 2
(4)
(Total for Question 14 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
15
......................................................°
(Total for Question 15 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
45
16 Express 45 + in the form a 5 where a is an integer.
5
......................................................
(Total for Question 16 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2 5 8 11 14
Prove algebraically that the sum of the squares of any two consecutive terms of this
sequence is always 1 less than a multiple of 6
The car travelled at a constant speed of V m/s for the first 40 seconds.
It travelled 1 km in the 60 seconds.
Work out the value of V.
......................................................
(Total for Question 18 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
19 Here is a logo, OABCDEF.
......................................................
(Total for Question 19 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
20 Dan has a grid of nine circles.
20 Dan has a grid of nine circles.
20 Dan has a grid of nine circles.
20 Dan has a grid of nine circles.
DanDanchooses at random
chooses at randomtwo of of
two thethe
circles
circlesininthe
thegrid.
grid.
Dan chooses at random two of the circles in the grid.
Dan chooses at random two of the circles in the grid. 11
(a) (a) Show
Show thatthat
the the probability
probability thatthat
DanDan chooses
chooses thethe twocircles
two circlesshown
shownshaded
shadedbelow
belowisis 1
(a) Show that the probability that Dan chooses the two circles shown shaded below is 136 36
(a) Show that the probability that Dan chooses the two circles shown shaded below is 36
36
(2)
(2)(2)
(2)
Joan
Joan
also
also
has aa grid
hashas grid
of nine
of of
nine
circles.
circles.
Joan also a grid nine circles.
Joan also has a grid of nine circles.
Joan
Joan chooses
chooses atat random
random three
three ofof the
the circles
circles inin the
the grid.
grid.
Joan
Joan chooses
chooses at at random
random three
three ofof
thethecircles
circlesininthe
thegrid.
grid.
(b)
(b) Find
Find the
the probability
probability that
that these
these three
three circles are in
circles are in aa straight
straight line.
line.
(b) Find the probability that these three circles are in a straight
(b) Find the probability that these three circles are in a straight line. line.
......................................................
(3)
(Total for Question 20 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
. ..... ......... ... .......... .................... . . . .. . . . . .... . . . .. . . . ..
. . . . . .. . . . . .
(3)
(3)
. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .
(3)
(Total
(Total for
for Question
Question 20
20isis55marks)
marks)
(Total for Question 20 is 5 marks)
4
21 f(x) =
x+3
g(x) = 3x + 1
......................................................
(2)
..................................................................................
(5)
(Total for Question 21 is 7 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
.......................................................
(1)
7.4 - 2.52
(b) Work out
5.6 + 7.2
Write down all the figures on your calculator display.
..................................................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 1 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2 In a box there are only red beads, green beads, yellow beads and pink beads.
The table shows each of the probabilities that, when a bead is taken at random from the
box, the colour of the bead is red or is green.
The number of yellow beads is the same as the number of pink beads.
Vera is going to take at random one bead from the box and put the bead back in the box.
(a) Work out the probability that Vera will take a pink bead.
.......................................................
(2)
.......................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 2 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
3 The scatter graph shows information about the number of cups of tea sold by a cafe
each day and the temperature at noon that day.
On a different day 46 cups of tea were sold and the temperature at noon was 22°C
(a) Show this information on the scatter graph.
(1)
(b) What type of correlation does the scatter graph show?
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
.......................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 3 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
44 ABCD
ABCD
is aisrectangle.
a rectangle.
A x+4 B
3x
D C
AllAll
measurements areare
measurements in centimetres.
in centimetres.
TheThe perimeter
perimeter of of
thethe rectangle
rectangle is 38
is 38 cm.cm.
(a) (a) Work
Work out out
the the length
length of AD.
of AD.
....................................................... cm
(4)
Jamal says,
. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . cm
“If I double the value of x then the perimeter of the rectangle will double.” (4)
(b) says,
Jamal Is Jamal correct?
You must give a reason for your answer.
“If I double the value of x then the perimeter of the rectangle will double.”
......................................................................................................................................................
(b) Is Jamal correct?
You must give a reason for your answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .
(1)
. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .
(Total for Question 4 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .
(1)
5
*S68591A0524*
5 Here are the equations of five straight lines.
y=3 y = 3x + 2 3y = x + 2 x=3 x + 3y = 2
Each of these straight lines is parallel to the x-axis or is parallel to the y-axis or has a
positive gradient or has a negative gradient.
Complete the following table by placing a tick (✓) in the correct column for each equation.
y = 3x + 2
3y = x + 2
x=3
x + 3y = 2
A 15 cm B
17 cm
E
D C
....................................................... cm2
(Total for Question 6 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
....................................................... cm2
7
1
7 The mass of pint of milk is 303 g.
2
1 pint is 0.568 litres
1000 cm3 = 1 litre
Work out the density of the milk.
Give your answer in g/cm3
....................................................... g/cm3
(Total for Question 7 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
8 Selina invests £2000 in a savings account for 3 years.
The account pays compound interest at a rate of 2.5% per annum.
Calculate the total amount of interest Selina will get by the end of the 3 years.
£.......................................................
(Total for Question 8 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
9 The diagram shows the right-angled triangle ABC.
....................................................... m
(Total for Question 9 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
10 A shop sells
17 different types of sandwich
15 different types of drink
26 different types of snack
14 different types of dessert.
A meal deal consists of either
a sandwich, a drink and a snack
or a sandwich, a drink and a dessert.
(a) Show that there are over 10 000 different ways to choose a meal deal.
(3)
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total for Question 10 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
11 (a) Expand and simplify (x + 2)(3x − 1)(x + 4)
..................................................................................
(3)
23 - 2 y
(b) Solve = y-7
4
y = .......................................................
(3)
(c) Solve 3p2 − 3p − 7 = 0
Give your solutions correct to 3 significant figures.
..................................................................................
(3)
(Total for Question 11 is 9 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
12
(a) Write down the inequalities that define the shaded region.
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
(3)
Natalie is asked to shade the region y ⩾ x on a coordinate grid.
Here is her answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total for Question 12 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
13 Solid A and solid B are similar.
The ratio of the volume of solid A to the volume of solid B is 27 : 1000
The surface area of solid A is 810 cm2
Calculate the surface area of solid B.
....................................................... cm2
(Total for Question 13 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
14
14
D C
E
A B
p
ABCD
ABCD is is a parallelogram.
a parallelogram.
AB ®
=p
AB = p
AD = q
®
TheAD = qE lies on AC such that AE : EC = 4 : 1
point
The point E lies on AC such that AE : EC = 4 : 1
Find DE in terms of p and q.
®
Give your
Find DEanswer in its
in terms of psimplest
and q. form.
Give your answer in its simplest form.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 14 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
................ .......................................
17
15 Here is a speed-time graph.
.......................................................
(3)
(b) Describe what your answer to part (a) represents.
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total for Question 15 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
16 Here is triangle ABC.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 16 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
17 A disc is placed on horizontal ground.
The disc exerts a force of F newtons over an area of A cm2
where
F = 576.2 correct to 1 decimal place
A = 72 correct to 2 significant figures.
The disc exerts a pressure of P newtons/cm2 on the ground.
By considering bounds, calculate the value of P to a suitable degree of accuracy.
You must show all your working and give a reason for your answer.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 17 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
18 Write the expression 4x2 + 12x + 7 in the form (ax + b)2 + c
.......................................................
(Total for Question 18 is 2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
......................................................
(Total for Question 19 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
20 Donna found out information about the areas, in m2, of some fields.
The table shows some information about her results.
.......................................................
(1)
The height of the bar for the class interval 10 000 < p ⩽ 30 000 is 4 cm.
(b) Work out the height of the bar for the class interval 30 000 < p ⩽ 60 000
....................................................... cm
(2)
(Total for Question 20 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
.......................................................
(2)
(b) Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 60 and 96
.......................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 1 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2 Nik owns a stationery shop.
She bought 72 pencils for a total cost of £4.68
Nik sells all 72 pencils for 15p each.
Work out Nik’s percentage profit.
Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
.......................................................%
(Total for Question 2 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
3 Joel is going to make candles.
He will pour melted wax into moulds.
Each mould is in the shape of a cylinder with diameter 12 cm and height 18 cm.
Joel has 15 kg of solid wax.
He knows that 1 kg of solid wax makes 1170 cm3 of melted wax.
7
To make each candle, Joel will pour melted wax into a mould to of the height
8
of the mould.
He wants to make as many candles as he can.
How many candles can Joel make when using 15 kg of solid wax?
You must show your working.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 3 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
4 In January, Lamai worked 45 hours per week and got paid £12.50 per hour.
In February, the number of hours Lamai worked per week was 20% less than the
number of hours she worked per week in January.
She was paid 32% more per hour in February than in January.
Work out how much more Lamai was paid per week in February than in January.
£.......................................................
(Total for Question 4 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2.5 Weight
w 3.0(w kg) 4Frequency
3.0 2.5
w < 3.5
w ⩽ 3.0 8 4
3.5 3.0
w < 4.0
w ⩽ 3.5 11 8
4.0 3.5
w < 4.5
w ⩽ 4.0 2 11
4.0 < w ⩽ 4.5 2
Work out an estimate for the mean weight.
Work out an estimate for the mean weight.
....................................................... kg
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . kg
7 Point
7 APoint A has coordinates (−4, 2)
Point APoint A is translated to the point with coordinates (−1, −3)
Find, as a column vector, the vector that describes this translation.
Find, as a column vector, the vector that describes this translation.
..............
..............
6
*S68593A0624*
3
8 It takes 4 hours to print some letters when 7 printers are used.
4
Work out the time taken to print the letters when 3 printers are used.
Give your answer in hours and minutes.
(a) Write down estimates for the coordinates of the turning point on the graph of y = 4 + 3x − x2
(............................ , ............................)
(1)
(b) Use the graph to find estimates of the solutions to the equation 4 + 3x − x2 = −2
........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 9 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
10 Peter pays £5000 for a factory machine.
The value of the machine depreciates at a rate of x% per annum.
At the end of 6 years the value of the machine is £3493.62
Calculate the value of x.
Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 10 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
11 PQR and PST are two triangles.
(a) Work out the interquartile range for the distances thrown by the male athletes.
.................................................................................. m
(2)
Fayha says,
“The box plots show that the male athletes threw the javelin further than the female athletes.”
(b) Is Fayha correct?
Give a reason for your answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Work out an estimate for the number of the female athletes that threw the javelin a
distance greater than 33 m.
..................................................................................
(2)
(Total for Question 12 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
13 Here are the first six terms of a quadratic sequence.
10 19 34 55 82 115
..................................................................................
(Total for Question 13 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
2x 2 + 10x - 48 ax + b
14 Show that can be written in the form where a, b, c and d are integers.
2
x - 64 cx + d
....................................................... cm2
(2)
(b) Calculate the length of AC.
Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
....................................................... cm
(3)
(Total for Question 15 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
16 (a) Show that the equation 5x = x3 – 9 can be rearranged to give x= 3
9 + 5x
(1)
(b) Starting with x0 = 3,
use the iteration formula xn +1 = 3 9 + 5xn three times to find an estimate for a
solution of 5x = x3 − 9
Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
.......................................................
(3)
(Total for Question 16 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
17 Here is a speed-time graph for the first 40 seconds of an aeroplane’s journey.
Work out an estimate for the distance the aeroplane travelled in the first 40 seconds of its journey.
Use 4 strips of equal width.
....................................................... m
(Total for Question 17 is 3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
18 The centre of the base of a solid cone is placed at the centre of the flat face of a
hemisphere to make a sculpture.
(5)
Callum finds out that each tin of paint will actually cover 7.5 m2
(b) How does this affect your answer to part (a)?
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total for Question 18 is 6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
19 200 people were asked if they like any of running, cycling or swimming.
Of these people,
8 like running, swimming and cycling
16 like running and swimming but not cycling
33 do not like any of these activities
28 like cycling and swimming
all 40 people who like cycling like at least one other activity
124 like running
One of the people asked is chosen at random.
Given that this person likes swimming, find the probability that this person likes cycling.
.......................................................
(Total for Question 19 is 5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
20 The diagram shows a triangular prism.
.......................................................°
(Total for Question 20 is 4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
21 The graph of y = f(x) is shown on the grid below.
(3)
T is a circle with centre (0, 0)
P is the point on T with coordinates (12, −9)
(c) Find an equation of the tangent to T at the point P.
..................................................................................
(3)
(Total for Question 21 is 7 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________