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Principles of Radiation

The document discusses the principles of radiation heat transfer, including the properties of radiation, thermal radiation, and the concepts of emissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity. It explains the significance of view factors in radiation exchange between surfaces and introduces the concept of blackbody radiation, emphasizing that no surface can emit more energy than a blackbody. Additionally, it outlines the net heat transfer between surfaces in enclosures and the relationship between surface temperature and radiation.

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14 views30 pages

Principles of Radiation

The document discusses the principles of radiation heat transfer, including the properties of radiation, thermal radiation, and the concepts of emissivity, absorptivity, and reflectivity. It explains the significance of view factors in radiation exchange between surfaces and introduces the concept of blackbody radiation, emphasizing that no surface can emit more energy than a blackbody. Additionally, it outlines the net heat transfer between surfaces in enclosures and the relationship between surface temperature and radiation.

Uploaded by

nkarimi1235
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radiation Heat Transfer

M.T. Manzari

1
Origin of Radiation

Changing Radiation
Electro-magnetic
electric/magnetic
waves (by photons or Quanta)
fields

2
Properties of Radiation
• It is a volumetric phenomena
• It propagates with speed of light (c=3e+8 m/s)
• Relationship between its wavelength and frequency:
c


• Energy of each photon:
c
e  h   h  h  Planck's Constant  6.6256 10 34 [ J . s]

• High frequency (short wavelength) radiation has higher
energy

3
Properties of Thermal Radiation

• Thermal radiation is a volumetric phenomena; in


opaque materials, most of the internal radiation never
reaches the surface and most of the radiation incident is
absorbed within a few mirco-meter from surface
• Thermal radiation does not need a medium (works even
in vacuum)
• Wavelength varies between 0.1 and 100 micro-meter
• Solar radiation ranges between 0.3-3 micro-meter
covering infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light
• Visible radiation ranges from 0.4-0.7 micro-meter

4
Radiation and Heat Transfer 1

In this course, we only consider thermal radiation exchange between surfaces

5
Emissivity, Absorptivity and Reflectivity

        1 For each wavelength


     1 For all wavelengths
6
Dependency on Temperature, Wave Length
and Angle

• The amount of emission, absorption and reflection of a surface depend on


• Temperature
• Wave length
• Angle it has with respect to other surfaces
• In this course, we ignore dependency on wavelength, although it can be very
important
• To account for angle, we should calculate View Factor (F)
• View factor FAB is the proportion of the radiation which leaves surface A that
strikes surface B

7
View Factor Properties
For any surface, view factor has the following properties

• Summation property: (when n surface form a closed cavity)


n

F
j 1
i j 1

• Superposition rule: (for any surfaces 1,2 and 3)


F12,3  F12  F13

• Reciprocity:
A1 F12  A2 F21

Note that FA→A is zero if the surface is convex


8
Surface Radiation from Blackbody

This is an idealized radiation system with the following properties:


• Perfect absorber of thermal radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
• Perfect diffuse emitter of thermal radiation with uniform radiation in all
directions
• At a specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more
energy than a blackbody
• According Stefan’s rule (1879), radiation emission of a blackbody is
Eb (T )   T 4 [W / m 2 ]
• Stephan-Boltzmann coefficient:
  5.67 108 [W / (m 2 K 4 )]
19
Radiation Between Two Black Surfaces

In general, when two black surfaces exchange radiation, the total


amount of heat transferred between them depends on their
surface area, temperature and the view factor:

20
Radiation Between Black Surfaces of a Closed
Cavity
Consider an enclosure consisting of “N” black surfaces. The net heat flux from any surface “i” in this
enclosure is given by

• Note that a negative heat flux means that the surface gains heat
from other surfaces
• Regardless of the shape of the surface, in thermal equilibrium, the
net heat transfer from a surface to itself is zero (surfaces only
exchange heat with each other)
21
Emission and Irradiation
• Assume gray and opaque surface
i  i and i   i  1

22
Radiation Between Any Two Surfaces
The net rate of heat transfer from surface “i” to surface “j” is

In analogy to electric circuits (Ohm’s law), this can be written as

Surface resistance to radiation 23


Radiation in Enclosures
• Consider an enclosure with “N” surfaces
• The net rate of heat transfer from surface “i” to other surfaces
of an enclosure is given by

• Note that node “Ji” cannot store energy, therefore, heat


received from “i” is passed to the other surfaces:

24

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