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Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 153

2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division

What you should learn
• Use long division to divide
Long Division of Polynomials
polynomials by other In this section, you will study two procedures for dividing polynomials. These
polynomials. procedures are especially valuable in factoring and finding the zeros of polyno-
• Use synthetic division to divide mial functions. To begin, suppose you are given the graph of
polynomials by binomials of
the form !x ! k ". f !x" " 6x 3 ! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4.
• Use the Remainder Theorem Notice that a zero of f occurs at x " 2, as shown in Figure 2.27. Because x " 2
and the Factor Theorem. is a zero of f, you know that !x ! 2" is a factor of f !x". This means that there
Why you should learn it exists a second-degree polynomial q!x" such that

Synthetic division can help f !x" " !x ! 2" $ q!x".

you evaluate polynomial func- To find q!x", you can use long division, as illustrated in Example 1.
tions. For instance, in Exercise
73 on page 160, you will use
synthetic division to determine Example 1 Long Division of Polynomials
the number of U.S. military
personnel in 2008. Divide 6x 3 ! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4 by x ! 2, and use the result to factor the polyno-
mial completely.
Solution
6x 3
Think " 6x 2.
x
!7x 2
Think " !7x.
x
2x
Think " 2.
x

x!2) 6x3
6x 2 ! 7x # 2
! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4
643 75,2 12514 4
© Kevin Fleming/Corbis 6x3 ! 12x 2 Multiply: 6x2!x ! 2".
!7x 2 # 16x Subtract.
!7x 2 # 14x Multiply: !7x !x ! 2".
Lex 2x ! 4

Iif
Subtract.
y
2x ! 4 Multiply: 2!x ! 2".
( 12 , 0)
1
( 23 , 0)
x
as 0
From this division, you can conclude that
Subtract.

−1
1 3

2 4W MX
6x 3 ! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4 " !x ! 2"!6x 2 ! 7x # 2" y
and by factoring the quadratic 6x 2 ! 7x # 2, you have
−2
643 1982 thx Y
6x 3 ! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4 " !x ! 2"!2x ! 1"!3x ! 2".
Note that this factorization agrees with the graph shown in Figure 2.27 in that the
−3 f(x) = 6x 3 − 19x 2 + 16x − 4 1 2
three x-intercepts occur at x " 2, x " 2, and x " 3.
FIGURE 2.27 Now try Exercise 5.
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154 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Note that one of the many uses of In Example 1, x ! 2 is a factor of the polynomial 6x 3 ! 19x 2 # 16x ! 4,
polynomial division is to write a and the long division process produces a remainder of zero. Often, long division
function as a sum of terms to find slant
asymptotes (see Section 2.6). This is a
will produce a nonzero remainder. For instance, if you divide x 2 # 3x # 5 by
skill that is also used frequently in x # 1, you obtain the following.
calculus.
x#2 Quotient
Divisor x # 1 ) x 2 # 3x # 5 Dividend
2
x # x
2x # 5
2x # 2
3 Remainder

In fractional form, you can write this result as follows.

Remainder
Dividend
Quotient
x 2 # 3x # 5 3
"x#2#
x#1 x#1

Divisor Divisor

Have students identify the dividend, This implies that

divisor, quotient, and remainder when
dividing polynomials. x 2 # 3x # 5 " !x # 1"(x # 2" # 3 Multiply each side by !x # 1".

which illustrates the following theorem, called the Division Algorithm.

The Division Algorithm

If f !x" and d!x" are polynomials such that d!x" % 0, and the degree of d!x" is
less than or equal to the degree of f !x", there exist unique polynomials q!x"
and r!x" such that
f !x" " d!x"q!x" # r!x"

Dividend Quotient
Divisor Remainder

where r !x" " 0 or the degree of r!x" is less than the degree of d!x". If the
remainder r!x" is zero, d!x" divides evenly into f !x".

The Division Algorithm can also be written as

f !x" r !x"
" q!x" # .
d!x" d!x"
In the Division Algorithm, the rational expression f !x"#d!x" is improper because
the degree of f !x" is greater than or equal to the degree of d!x". On the other
hand, the rational expression r !x"#d!x" is proper because the degree of r !x" is less
than the degree of d!x".
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Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 155

Before you apply the Division Algorithm, follow these steps.

1. Write the dividend and divisor in descending powers of the variable.
2. Insert placeholders with zero coefficients for missing powers of the variable.

Example 2 Long Division of Polynomials

Divide x3 ! 1 by x ! 1.
Solution
Because there is no x 2-term or x-term in the dividend, you need to line up the

If
subtraction by using zero coefficients (or leaving spaces) for the missing terms.
o
I
x2 # x#1 remain
x ! 1 ) x # 0x 2
3
# 0x ! 1
x 3 ! x2
x2 # 0x
2 t0 1
x2 ! x x3 t 0 x
x!1
x!1
0
So, x ! 1 divides evenly into x 3 ! 1, and you can write
x3 ! 1
" x 2 # x # 1, x % 1.

my
x!1
Now try Exercise 13.

You can check the result of Example 2 by multiplying.

!x ! 1"!x 2 # x # 1" " x 3 # x2 # x ! x2 ! x ! 1 " x3 ! 1

Example 3 Long Division of Polynomials

Divide 2x 4 # 4x 3 ! 5x 2 # 3x ! 2 by x 2 # 2x ! 3.
Solution
2x 2 #1
# 2x ! 3 )

É
x2 2x 4 # 4x 3 ! 5x 2 # 3x ! 2
2x 4 # 4x 3 ! 6x 2
x 2 # 3x ! 2
x 2 # 2x ! 3
x#1
Note that the first subtraction eliminated two terms from the dividend. When this
happens, the quotient skips a term. You can write the result as
Remind students that when division
yields a remainder, it is important that 2x4 # 4x 3 ! 5x 2 # 3x ! 2 x#1
" 2x 2 # 1 # 2 .
they write the remainder term correctly. x 2 # 2x ! 3 x # 2x ! 3
Now try Exercise 15.

2x4
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156 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Synthetic Division
There is a nice shortcut for long division of polynomials when dividing by
divisors of the form x ! k. This shortcut is called synthetic division. The pattern
for synthetic division of a cubic polynomial is summarized as follows. (The
pattern for higher-degree polynomials is similar.)

Synthetic Division (for a Cubic Polynomial)

To divide ax3 # bx 2 # cx # d by x ! k, use the following pattern. ONLYworks
Point out to students that a graphing k a b c d Coefficients of dividend ifdividingby
utility can be used to check the answer
to a polynomial division problem. When
ka K
Vertical pattern: Add terms.
students graph both the original
polynomial division problem and the a r Diagonal pattern: Multiply by k.
Remainder
answer in the same viewing window, the
graphs should coincide. Coefficients of quotient

Synthetic division works only for divisors of the form x ! k. [Remember

that x # k " x ! !!k".] You cannot use synthetic division to divide a polynomial
by a quadratic such as x 2 ! 3.

Example 4 Using Synthetic Division

Use synthetic division to divide x 4 ! 10x 2 ! 2x # 4 by x # 3.

Solution
You should set up the array as follows. Note that a zero is included for the missing
x3-term in the dividend.
I 01 10 2 4
!3 1 0 !10 !2 4

Adddown
f
Fe
3

s
Then, use the synthetic division pattern by adding terms in columns and multi-
plying the results by !3. I
remainder

Divisor: x # 3 Dividend: x 4 ! 10x 2 ! 2x # 4

I
!3
3 1
x2
0 !10 !2
x 4
constant

!3 9 3 !3
1 !3 !1 1 1 Remainder: 1

So, you have

v3 3 2 XH
Quotient: x3 ! 3x2 ! x # 1
Its
x4 ! 10x 2 ! 2x # 4 1
" x 3 ! 3x 2 ! x # 1 # .
x#3 x#3
Now try Exercise 19.
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Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 157

The Remainder and Factor Theorems

The remainder obtained in the synthetic division process has an important
interpretation, as described in the Remainder Theorem.

The Remainder Theorem

If a polynomial f !x" is divided by x ! k, the remainder is
r " f !k".

For a proof of the Remainder Theorem, see Proofs in Mathematics on page 213.
The Remainder Theorem tells you that synthetic division can be used to
evaluate a polynomial function. That is, to evaluate a polynomial function f !x"
when x " k, divide f !x" by x ! k. The remainder will be f !k", as illustrated in
Example 5.

Example 5 Using the Remainder Theorem

Use the Remainder Theorem to evaluate the following function at x " !2.
f !x" " 3x3 # 8x 2 # 5x ! 7
x2
Solution
Additional Example Using synthetic division, you obtain the following.
Use the Remainder Theorem to evaluate
f !x" " 4x 2 ! 10x ! 21 when x " 5. I 3
!2 3 8 85 !7 5 7
Solution !6 !4 !2
Using synthetic division, you obtain the 3 2 1 !9
following.
5 4 !10 !21 Because the remainder is r " !9, you can conclude that
20 50 x
f !!2" " !9.
xr " f !k"
512 7
4 10 29
This means that !!2, !9" is a point212
Because the remainder is 29, you can
conclude that f !5" " 29.
fl 2!2 in the213
substituting x " 3 81
on the graph of f. You can check this by
original function.
Check
24 2 32 to y
f !!2" " 3!!2" # 8!!2" # 5!!2" ! 7
3

a
" 3!!8" # 8!4" ! 10 ! 7 " !9
Now try Exercise 45.

Another important theorem is the Factor Theorem, stated below. This theo-
rem states that you can test to see whether a polynomial has !x ! k" as a factor
by evaluating the polynomial at x " k. If the result is 0, !x ! k" is a factor.

The Factor Theorem

A polynomial f !x" has a factor !x ! k" if and only if f !k" " 0.

For a proof of the Factor Theorem, see Proofs in Mathematics on page 213.
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158 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Example 6 Factoring a Polynomial: Repeated Division

Show that !x ! 2" and !x # 3" are factors of

f !x" " 2x 4 # 7x 3 ! 4x 2 ! 27x ! 18.
Then find the remaining factors of f !x".
Solution
Using synthetic division with the factor !x ! 2", you obtain the following.
2 2 7 !4 !27 !18
4 22 36 18
0 remainder, so f !2" " 0 and
2 11 18 9 0 !x ! 2" is a factor.

Take the result of this division and perform synthetic division again using the
factor !x # 3".
!3 2 11 18 9
f(x) = 2x 4 + 7x 3 − 4x 2 − 27x − 18
y !6 !15 !9
0 remainder, so f !!3" " 0
40 2 5 3 0 and !x # 3" is a factor.
30
Because the resulting quadratic expression factors as
(− 32 , 0( 2010 2x 2 # 5x # 3 " !2x # 3"!x # 1"
(2, 0)
x
−4 −1 1 3 4
the complete factorization of f !x" is
(− 1, 0)
f !x" " !x ! 2"!x # 3"!2x # 3"!x # 1".
(−3, 0) −20
−30 Note that this factorization implies that f has four real zeros:
−40 x " 2, x " !3, x " ! 32, and x " !1.
FIGURE 2.28 This is confirmed by the graph of f, which is shown in Figure 2.28.
Now try Exercise 57.

Uses of the Remainder in Synthetic Division

The remainder r, obtained in the synthetic division of f !x" by x ! k,
provides the following information.
Activities
1. Divide using long division. 1. The remainder r gives the value of f at x " k. That is, r " f !k".
4x 5 ! x 3 # 2x2 ! x
2x # 1
2. If r " 0, !x ! k" is a factor of f !x".

Answer: 2x 4 ! x 3 # x ! 1 #
1 3. If r " 0, !k, 0" is an x-intercept of the graph of f.
2x # 1
2. Use synthetic division to determine if
!x # 3" is a factor of
f !x" " 3x 3 # 4x 2 ! 18x ! 3. Throughout this text, the importance of developing several problem-solving
Answer: No, it is not. strategies is emphasized. In the exercises for this section, try using more than one
3. Use the Remainder Theorem to evalu- strategy to solve several of the exercises. For instance, if you find that x ! k
ate f !!3" for f !x" " 2x 3 ! 4x 2 # 1. divides evenly into f !x" (with no remainder), try sketching the graph of f. You
Answer: !89 should find that !k, 0" is an x-intercept of the graph.
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Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 159

2.3 Exercises
VOCABULARY CHECK:
1. Two forms of the Division Algorithm are shown below. Identify and label each term or function.
f !x" r !x"
f !x" " d!x"q!x" # r !x" " q!x" #
d!x" d!x"
In Exercises 2–5, fill in the blanks.
2. The rational expression p!x"#q!x" is called ________ if the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to
that of the denominator, and is called ________ if the degree of the numerator is less than that of the denominator.
3. An alternative method to long division of polynomials is called ________ ________, in which the divisor must be
of the form x ! k.
4. The ________ Theorem states that a polynomial f !x" has a factor !x ! k" if and only if f !k" " 0.
5. The ________ Theorem states that if a polynomial f !x" is divided by x ! k, the remainder is r " f !k".
PREREQUISITE SKILLS REVIEW: Practice and review algebra skills needed for this section at www.Eduspace.com.

Analytical Analysis In Exercises 1 and 2, use long division x4 2x3 ! 4x 2 ! 15x # 5

to verify that y1 ! y2. 17. 18.
!x ! 1"3 !x ! 1"2
x2 4
1. y1 " , y2 " x ! 2 # In Exercises 19 –36, use synthetic division to divide.
x#2 x#2
x4 ! 3x 2 ! 1 39 19. !3x3 ! 17x 2 # 15x ! 25" & !x ! 5"
2. y1 " , y2 " x 2 ! 8 # 2
x2 # 5 x #5 20. !5x3 # 18x 2 # 7x ! 6" & !x # 3"
21. !4x3 ! 9x # 8x 2 ! 18" & !x # 2"
Graphical Analysis In Exercises 3 and 4, (a) use a graphing
22. !9x3 ! 16x ! 18x 2 # 32" & !x ! 2"
utility to graph the two equations in the same viewing
window, (b) use the graphs to verify that the expressions 23. !!x3 # 75x ! 250" & !x # 10"
are equivalent, and (c) use long division to verify the results 24. !3x3 ! 16x 2 ! 72" & !x ! 6"
algebraically. 25. !5x3 ! 6x 2 # 8" & !x ! 4"
x5 ! 3x 3 4x 26. !5x3 # 6x # 8" & !x # 2"
3. y1 " , y2 " x 3 ! 4x #
x2 # 1 x2 # 1 10x 4 ! 50x3 ! 800 x 5 ! 13x 4 ! 120x # 80
27. 28.
x3 ! 2x2 # 5 2!x # 4" x!6 x#3
4. y1 " 2 , y2 " x ! 3 # 2
x #x#1 x #x#1 x3 # 512 x 3 ! 729
29. 30.
x#8 x!9
In Exercises 5 –18, use long division to divide. !3x 4 !3x 4
31. 32.
5. !2x 2 # 10x # 12" & !x # 3" x!2 x#2
6. !5x 2 ! 17x ! 12" & !x ! 4" 180x ! x 4 5 ! 3x # 2x 2 ! x3
33. 34.
7. !4x3 ! 7x 2 ! 11x # 5" & !4x # 5" x!6 x#1
8. !6x3 ! 16x 2 # 17x ! 6" & !3x ! 2" 4x3 # 16x 2 ! 23x ! 15 3x3 ! 4x 2 # 5
35. 36.
9. !x # 5x # 6x ! x ! 2" & !x # 2"
4 3 2 x # 21 x ! 23
10. !x3 # 4x 2 ! 3x ! 12" & !x ! 3"
In Exercises 37– 44, write the function in the form
11. !7x # 3" & !x # 2" 12. !8x ! 5" & !2x # 1" f $x% ! $x " k%q$x% # r for the given value of k, and demon-
13. !6x3 # 10x 2 # x # 8" & !2x 2 # 1" strate that f $k% ! r.
14. !x3 ! 9" & !x 2 # 1" Function Value of k
15. !x 4 # 3x2 # 1" & !x2 ! 2x # 3" 37. f !x" " x3 ! x 2 ! 14x # 11 k"4
16. !x 5 # 7" & !x 3 ! 1" 38. f !x" " x3 ! 5x 2 ! 11x # 8 k " !2
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160 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Function Value of k Function Factors

39. f !x" " 15x 4 # 10x3 ! 6x 2 # 14 k " !23 61. f !x" " 6x3 # 41x 2 ! 9x ! 14 !2x #1", !3x ! 2"
40. f !x" " 10x3 ! 22x 2 ! 3x # 4 k " 15 62. f !x" " 10x3 !11x 2 !72x #45 !2x # 5", !5x !3"
41. f !x" " x3 # 3x 2 ! 2x ! 14 k " &2 63. f !x" " 2x3 ! x 2 ! 10x # 5 !2x ! 1", !x#&5 "
42. f !x" " x 3 # 2x 2 ! 5x ! 4 k " !&5 64. f !x" " x3 # 3x 2 ! 48x ! 144 !x # 4&3 ", !x # 3"
43. f !x" " !4x3 # 6x 2 # 12x # 4 k " 1 ! &3
44. f !x" " !3x3 # 8x 2 # 10x ! 8 k " 2 # &2 Graphical Analysis In Exercises 65–68, (a) use the zero or
root feature of a graphing utility to approximate the zeros
of the function accurate to three decimal places, (b) deter-
In Exercises 45–48, use synthetic division to find each func-
mine one of the exact zeros, and (c) use synthetic division
tion value. Verify your answers using another method.
to verify your result from part (b), and then factor the
45. f !x" " 4x3 ! 13x # 10 polynomial completely.
(a) f !1" (b) f !!2" (c) f ! 12" (d) f !8" 65. f !x" " x3 ! 2x 2 ! 5x # 10
46. g!x" " x 6 ! 4x 4 # 3x 2 # 2 66. g!x" " x3 ! 4x 2 ! 2x # 8
(a) g!2" (b) g!!4" (c) g!3" (d) g!!1" 67. h!t" " t 3 ! 2t 2 ! 7t # 2
47. h!x" " 3x3 # 5x 2 ! 10x # 1 68. f !s" " s3 ! 12s 2 # 40s ! 24
(a) h!3" (b) h! 13" (c) h!!2" (d) h!!5"
48. f !x" " 0.4x4 ! 1.6x3 # 0.7x 2 ! 2 In Exercises 69–72, simplify the rational expression by
using long division or synthetic division.
(a) f !1" (b) f !!2" (c) f !5" (d) f !!10"
4x 3 ! 8x 2 # x # 3 x 3 # x 2 ! 64x ! 64
69. 70.
In Exercises 49–56, use synthetic division to show that x is 2x ! 3 x#8
a solution of the third-degree polynomial equation, and x 4 # 6x3 # 11x 2 # 6x x 4 # 9x 3 ! 5x 2 ! 36x # 4
use the result to factor the polynomial completely. List all 71. 72.
x 2 # 3x # 2 x2 ! 4
real solutions of the equation.
Polynomial Equation Value of x
49. x3 ! 7x # 6 " 0 x"2 Model It
50. x3 ! 28x ! 48 " 0 x " !4
73. Data Analysis: Military Personnel The numbers M
51. 2x3 ! 15x 2 # 27x ! 10 " 0 x " 21 (in thousands) of United States military personnel on
52. 48x3 ! 80x 2 # 41x ! 6 " 0 x " 23 active duty for the years 1993 through 2003 are shown
53. x # 2x ! 3x ! 6 " 0
3 2 x " &3 in the table, where t represents the year, with t " 3
corresponding to 1993. (Source: U.S. Department of
54. x3 # 2x 2 ! 2x ! 4 " 0 x " &2
Defense)
55. x3 ! 3x 2 # 2 " 0 x " 1 # &3
56. x3 ! x 2 ! 13x ! 3 " 0 x " 2 ! &5
Year, t Military personnel, M
In Exercises 57– 64, (a) verify the given factors of the func-
3 1705
tion f, (b) find the remaining factors of f, (c) use your results
to write the complete factorization of f, (d) list all real zeros 4 1611
of f, and (e) confirm your results by using a graphing utility 5 1518
to graph the function. 6 1472
Function Factors 7 1439
8 1407
57. f !x" " 2x 3 # x 2 ! 5x # 2 !x # 2", !x ! 1"
9 1386
58. f !x" " 3x3 # 2x 2 ! 19x # 6 !x # 3", !x ! 2"
10 1384
59. f !x" " x 4 ! 4x3 ! 15x 2 !x ! 5", !x # 4"
11 1385
# 58x ! 40
12 1412
60. f !x" " 8x 4 ! 14x3 ! 71x 2 !x # 2", !x ! 4" 13 1434
! 10x # 24
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Section 2.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 161

76. !2x ! 1" is a factor of the polynomial

Model It (co n t i n u e d )
6x 6 # x 5 ! 92x 4 # 45x 3 # 184x 2 # 4x ! 48.
(a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
data. 77. The rational expression
(b) Use the regression feature of the graphing utility to x3 # 2x 2 ! 13x # 10
find a cubic model for the data. Graph the model in x 2 ! 4x ! 12
the same viewing window as the scatter plot.
is improper.
(c) Use the model to create a table of estimated values
of M. Compare the model with the original data. 78. Exploration Use the form f !x" " !x ! k"q!x" # r to
create a cubic function that (a) passes through the point
(d) Use synthetic division to evaluate the model for the
!2, 5" and rises to the right, and (b) passes through the point
year 2008. Even though the model is relatively
!!3, 1" and falls to the right. (There are many correct
accurate for estimating the given data, would you
answers.)
use this model to predict the number of military
personnel in the future? Explain.
Think About It In Exercises 79 and 80, perform the
division by assuming that n is a positive integer.
74. Data Analysis: Cable Television The average monthly x 3n # 9x 2n # 27x n # 27 x 3n ! 3x 2n # 5x n ! 6
79. 80.
basic rates R (in dollars) for cable television in the United xn # 3 xn ! 2
States for the years 1992 through 2002 are shown in the
table, where t represents the year, with t " 2 corresponding 81. Writing Briefly explain what it means for a divisor to
to 1992. (Source: Kagan Research LLC) divide evenly into a dividend.
82. Writing Briefly explain how to check polynomial divi-
sion, and justify your reasoning. Give an example.
Year, t Basic rate, R
Exploration In Exercises 83 and 84, find the constant c
2 19.08 such that the denominator will divide evenly into the
3 19.39 numerator.
4 21.62
x 3 # 4x 2 ! 3x # c x 5 ! 2x 2 # x # c
5 23.07 83. 84.
x!5 x#2
6 24.41
7 26.48 Think About It In Exercises 85 and 86, answer the
8 27.81 questions about the division f $x% $ $x " k%, where
9 28.92 f $x% ! $x # 3%2$x " 3%$x # 1%3.
10 30.37 85. What is the remainder when k " !3? Explain.
11 32.87 86. If it is necessary to find f !2", is it easier to evaluate the
12 34.71 function directly or to use synthetic division? Explain.
(a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the data.
Skills Review
(b) Use the regression feature of the graphing utility to
find a cubic model for the data. Then graph the model
In Exercises 87–92, use any method to solve the quadratic
in the same viewing window as the scatter plot.
equation.
Compare the model with the data.
(c) Use synthetic division to evaluate the model for the 87. 9x 2 ! 25 " 0 88. 16x 2 ! 21 " 0
year 2008. 89. 5x 2 ! 3x ! 14 " 0 90. 8x 2 ! 22x # 15 " 0
91. 2x 2 # 6x # 3 " 0 92. x 2 # 3x ! 3 " 0
Synthesis
In Exercises 93– 96, find a polynomial function that has the
True or False? In Exercises 75–77, determine whether the given zeros. (There are many correct answers.)
statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
93. 0, 3, 4 94. !6, 1
75. If !7x # 4" is a factor of some polynomial function f, then
4 95. !3, 1 # &2, 1 ! &2 96. 1, !2, 2 # &3, 2 ! &3
7 is a zero of f.