Department of Information Technology

CERTIFICATE
Class: TYBSc.IT Year: 2024-2025

This is to certify that the work of Information Security practical entered in this
Journal is the work of Shree / Kumari
Of TYIT Roll no:

University Exam No: has satisfactorily completed the

required number of practical and worked for the 6th term the term of the year 2024
2025 in the college laboratory as laid down by the university.

Internal Examiner External Examiner Head of the Department

Date: / / 2025 Department of Bsc.IT

 INDEX

Practical
Details Date Signature
No

Introduction to Android, Introduction to Android Studio IDE,

0
Application Fundamentals:

1 Programming Resources

2 Programming Activities and fragments

3 Programs related to different Layouts

4 Programming UI elements

5 Programming menus, dialog, dialog fragments

6 Programs on Intents, Events, Listeners and Adapters

7 Programs on Services, notification and broadcast receivers

a. Database Programming with SQLite

8 b. Programming Network Communications and Services
(JSON)
 1

PRACTICAL 0
1. Introduction to Android, Introduction to Android Studio IDE, Application Fundamentals:
Creating a Project, Android Components, Activities, Services, Content Providers,
Broadcast Receivers, Interface overview, Creating Android Virtual device, USB
debugging mode, Android Application Overview. Simple “Hello World” program.
Solution:
Creating a project:
2
3
 4

Activity_Main.Kt
package com.rohit.hello

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

Activity_Main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World!"
 5

app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>

Apk in avd:
 6

BroadcastActivity:
How to receiving Broadcast
Apps can receive and android BroadcastReceiver in two ways: through manifest-declared
receivers and context-registered receivers. In this example, we are approaching manifest-
declared Receiver. Learn step by step to the kotlin broadcast receiver example works.

Step 1. Create an android app, For creating an Android app with kotlin read this tutorial.
Step 2. Creating Broadcast Receiver
Create and extend Subclass and BroadcastReceiver implement. onReceive(Context, Intent)
where onReceive method each message is received as an Intent object parameter.
MyReceiver.kt:
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.widget.Toast

class MyReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {

// TODO: This method is called when the BroadcastReceiver is receiving
// an Intent broadcast.
Toast.makeText(context, "Broadcast : Flight mode changed.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}
3.Declare a broadcast receiver in the manifest file
add the element<receiver> in your app’s manifest. Here is code snap
 7

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="in.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts">
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>
</activity>

<receiver
android:name=".MyReceiver"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.AIRPLANE_MODE"/>
</intent-filter>
 8

</receiver>
</application>

</manifest>
Note: If the app is not running and broadcast receiver declared in AndroidManifest.xml, then
the system will launch your app.

Step 4. MainActivity code, no needs to do anything

MainActivity.kt:
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

Step 5. Add following code in main_activity.xml

add <ImageView> and <TextView>widget layout file.
main_activity.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
 9

android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="@color/colorPrimary"
tools:context="in.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts.MainActivity">

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_width="40dp"
android:layout_height="40dp"
android:layout_margin="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:srcCompat="@mipmap/baseline_airplanemode_active_white_24" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="300dp"
android:layout_height="36dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:gravity="center_vertical"
android:text="Flight Mode"
android:textColor="@color/colorWhite"
android:textSize="24dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/imageView"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/imageView" />
 10

</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>

Create and manage virtual devices:

To open the AVD Manager, do one of the following:
• Select Tools > AVD Manager.
• Click AVD Manager AVD Manager icon in the toolbar.
11
12
 13

PRACTICAL 1
Programming Resources
Android Resources: (Color, Theme, String, Drawable, Dimension, Image).
Color:

Color.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<color name="colorPrimary">#008577</color>
<color name="colorPrimaryDark">#00574B</color>
<color name="colorAccent">#D81B60</color>
</resources>

Theme:
Style.xml
<resources>

<!-- Base application theme. -->

<style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Customize your theme here. -->
<item name="colorPrimary">@color/colorPrimary</item>
<item name="colorPrimaryDark">@color/colorPrimaryDark</item>
<item name="colorAccent">@color/colorAccent</item>
</style>

</resources>
 14

String:

String.xml:
<resources>
<string name="app_name">hello</string>
<string name="numbers">
<item>1</item>
<item>2</item>
<item>3</item>
</item>
</string>
</resources>
 15

Drawable:
1. Right click on drawable folder

2. Copy the image if you want to create image drawable

3. Paste that image file inside the drawable folder
 16

Note: to create drawable resource, right click on drawable folder and select drawable
resource file.

Dimension, Image:
Main_Activity.kt:
package com.rohit.drwable

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

 17

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

activity_main.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:background="@drawable/one">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World!"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"/>

</LinearLayout>
Output:
 18

PRACTICAL 2
Programming Activities and fragments
Activity Life Cycle, Activity methods, Multiple Activities, Life Cycle of fragments and
multiple fragments.

Activity Lifecycle:

• onCreate(): Called by the OS when the activity is first created. This is where you
initialize any UI elements or data objects. You also have the savedInstanceState of the
activity that contains its previously saved state, and you can use it to recreate that state.\

fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_task_description)

• onStart(): Just before presenting the user with an activity, this method is called. It’s
always followed by onResume(). In here, you generally should start UI animations, audio
based content or anything else that requires the activity’s contents to be on screen.
•
 19

• onResume(): As an activity enters the foreground, this method is called. Here you have a
good place to restart animations, update UI elements, restart camera previews, resume
audio/video playback or initialize any components that you release during onPause().
• onPause(): This method is called before sliding into the background. Here you should
stop any visuals or audio associated with the activity such as UI animations, music
playback or the camera. This method is followed by onResume() if the activity returns to
the foreground or by onStop() if it becomes hidden.

• onStop(): This method is called right after onPause(), when the activity is no longer
visible to the user, and it’s a good place to save data that you want to commit to the disk.
It’s followed by either onRestart(), if this activity is coming back to the foreground, or
onDestroy() if it’s being released from memory.

• onRestart(): Called after stopping an activity, but just before starting it again. It’s always
followed by onStart().

• onDestroy(): This is the final callback you’ll receive from the OS before the activity is
destroyed. You can trigger an activity’s desctruction by calling finish(), or it can be
triggered by the system when the system needs to recoup memory. If your activity
includes any background threads or other long-running resources, destruction could lead
to a memory leak if they’re not released, so you need to remember to stop these processes
here as well.

EXAMPLE:
import android.os.Bundle
import android.support.design.widget.Snackbar
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.view.Menu
import android.view.MenuItem
import android.util.Log

import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_state_change.*

class StateChangeActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

val TAG = "StateChange"

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_state_change)
setSupportActionBar(toolbar)

fab.setOnClickListener { view ->

Snackbar.make(view, "Replace with your own action",
Snackbar.LENGTH_LONG)
.setAction("Action", null).show()
}
Log.i(TAG, "onCreate")
 20

}
}
override fun onStart() {
super.onStart()
Log.i(TAG, "onStart")
}

override fun onResume() {

super.onResume()
Log.i(TAG, "onResume")
}

override fun onPause() {

super.onPause()
Log.i(TAG, "onPause")
}

override fun onStop() {

super.onStop()
Log.i(TAG, "onStop")
}

override fun onRestart() {

super.onRestart()
Log.i(TAG, "onRestart")
}

override fun onDestroy() {

super.onDestroy()
Log.i(TAG, "onDestroy")
}

override fun onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle?) {

super.onSaveInstanceState(outState)
Log.i(TAG, "onSaveInstanceState")
}

override fun onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState)
Log.i(TAG, "onRestoreInstanceState")
}

Multiple Activities:
activity_first.xml code:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context="ganeshannt.frist.FristActivity">

<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:onClick="Ganesh"
android:text="click third activity"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
 21

tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="168dp"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_toEndOf="@+id/text"
android:layout_marginBottom="196dp" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="This s my first app!"
android:id="@+id/text"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="8dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="8dp" />
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/button"
android:text="click second activity"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
android:onClick="Ganesh"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="168dp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
android:layout_above="@+id/button2"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button2"
android:layout_marginBottom="40dp" />

</RelativeLayout>

activity_second.xml code:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="20pt"
android:text="second acticity is working...."
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimaryDark"/>

</LinearLayout>

activity_third.xml code:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="20pt"
android:text="Third activity is working ........."
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textColor="@color/colorPrimary"
/>

</LinearLayout>
 22

Activity_first.kt
package rohit.technobeat

import android.content.Intent
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_login.*
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_register.*
import rohit.technobeat.R.id.login
import rohit.technobeat.R.id.newaccount

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
second.setOnClickListener {
val intent = Intent(this, Activity_second::class.java)
// start your next activity
startActivity(intent)
}

third.setOnClickListener {
val intent = Intent(this, Activity_third::class.java)
// start your next activity
startActivity(intent)
}

}
}
 23

PRACTICAL 3
Programs related to different Layouts
Coordinate, Linear, Relative, Table, Absolute, Frame, List View, Grid View.

1. linear layout:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

<Button android:id="@+id/btnStartService"
android:layout_width="270dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="start_service"/>

<Button android:id="@+id/btnPauseService"
android:layout_width="270dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="pause_service"/>

<Button android:id="@+id/btnStopService"
android:layout_width="270dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="stop_service"/>

</LinearLayout>

2. Relative:

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:paddingLeft="16dp"
android:paddingRight="16dp" >

<EditText
android:id="@+id/name"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="@string/reminder" />

<LinearLayout
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/name">

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="New Button"
android:id="@+id/button" />
 24

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="New Button"
android:id="@+id/button2" />

</LinearLayout>

</RelativeLayout>

3. Table:
Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TableLayout android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginLeft="50dp"
android:layout_marginTop="150dp">
<TableRow>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn1"
android:text="1"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn2"
android:text="2"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn3"
android:text="3"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
</TableRow>
<TableRow>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn4"
android:text="4"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn5"
android:text="5"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/><Button
android:id="@+id/btn6"
android:text="6"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
</TableRow>
<TableRow>
<Button
android:id="@+id/btn7"
android:text="7"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
 25

<Button
android:id="@+id/btn8"
android:text="8"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/><Button
android:id="@+id/btn9"
android:text="9"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>

</LinearLayout>

Activity_main.kt
package com.r.table_view

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
import org.jetbrains.anko.toast

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

btn1.setOnClickListener {
toast("1")
}
btn2.setOnClickListener {
toast("2")
}
btn3.setOnClickListener {
toast("3")
}
btn4.setOnClickListener {
toast("4")
}
btn5.setOnClickListener {
toast("5")
}
btn6.setOnClickListener {
toast("6")
}
btn7.setOnClickListener {
toast("7")
}
btn8.setOnClickListener {
toast("8")
}
btn9.setOnClickListener {
toast("9")
}

}
}

output:
 26

4. Frame:

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<ImageView android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:src="@drawable/red"
android:scaleType="centerCrop"/>
<TextView
android:textSize="100dp"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World!"
android:gravity="center"
android:textColor="@color/rohit"
android:layout_marginTop="220dp"
/>

</FrameLayout>
 27

Activity_main.kt

package com.rohit.frame_layout

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

output:

5. List View:

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/btn"
 28

android:text="Click me to view list"

android:layout_marginTop="200dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="90dp"/>
</LinearLayout>

String.xml
<resources>
<string name="app_name">list</string>

<array name="insert_list">
<item>one</item>
<item>two</item>
<item>three</item>
<item>four</item>
<item>five</item>
<item>six</item>
<item>seven</item>
<item>eight</item>
<item>nine</item>
<item>ten</item>
</array>
</resources>

Activity_list_view.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ListView
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".list_view" android:entries="@array/insert_list">

</ListView>

List_view.kt:
package com.rohit.list

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class list_view : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_list_view)
}
}

main_Activity.kt
package com.rohit.list

import android.content.Intent
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

 29

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

btn.setOnClickListener {
val intent =Intent(this, list_view::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}

}
}

output:

6. Grid layout:
7. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<GridLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:rowCount="3"
android:columnCount="3"
android:padding="20dp">

<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="1"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="2"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
 30

android:text="3"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="4"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="5"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="6"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="7"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="8"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="110dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android:text="9"/>

</GridLayout>

mainActvity.kt:
package com.rohit.grid_layout

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

output:
31
 32

PRACTICAL 4
Programming UI elements
Design App With UI:
mainActivity.kt:
package rohit.technobeat

import android.content.Intent
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_login.*
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_register.*
import rohit.technobeat.R.id.login
import rohit.technobeat.R.id.newaccount

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
login.setOnClickListener {
val intent = Intent(this, LoginActivity::class.java)
// start your next activity
startActivity(intent)
}

newaccount.setOnClickListener {
val intent = Intent(this, RegisterActivity::class.java)
// start your next activity
startActivity(intent)
}

}
}

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:gravity="center_horizontal"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:background="@drawable/home"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<ScrollView
android:id="@+id/login_form"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
 33

android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center">

<android.support.v7.widget.AppCompatTextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="210dp"
android:alpha="0.7"
android:text="TECHNOBEAT"
android:textColor="#000000"
android:textSize="33dp"
android:textStyle="bold"
tools:layout_marginLeft="85dp" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/login"
style="?android:textAppearanceSmall"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:text="Login"
android:background="@drawable/round_button"
android:alpha="0.8"
android:textStyle="bold" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/newaccount"
style="?android:textAppearanceSmall"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
android:text="REGISTER"
android:background="@drawable/round_button"
android:alpha="0.8"
android:textStyle="bold" />

</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>
</LinearLayout>

Output:
34
 35

PRACTICAL 5
Programming menus, dialog, dialog fragments
Alert:
val alertDialog: AlertDialog? = activity?.let {
val builder = AlertDialog.Builder(it)
builder.apply {
setPositiveButton(R.string.ok,
DialogInterface.OnClickListener { dialog, id ->
// User clicked OK button
})
setNegativeButton(R.string.cancel,
DialogInterface.OnClickListener { dialog, id ->
// User cancelled the dialog
})
}
// Set other dialog properties
...

// Create the AlertDialog

builder.create()
}

output:

Menu:
menu.xml:
<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”utf-8″?>
<menu xmlns:android=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android&#8221;
xmlns:app=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto”&gt;

<item
android:id=”@+id/menu_1″
android:icon=”@drawable/ic_menu_1″
android:title=”Menu 1″
app:showAsAction=”always” />
 36

<item
android:id=”@+id/menu_2″
android:icon=”@drawable/ic_menu_2″
android:title=”Menu 2″ />

<item
android:id=”@+id/menu_3″
android:icon=”@drawable/ic_menu_3″
android:title=”Menu 3″ />

<item
android:id=”@+id/menu_4″
android:icon=”@drawable/ic_menu_4″
android:title=”Menu 4″ />

</menu>

MainActivity.kt:
package rohit.com

import android.os.Bundle
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.view.Menu
import android.view.MenuItem
import android.widget.Toast
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}

override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu): Boolean {

menuInflater.inflate(R.menu.main, menu)
return true
}

override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem): Boolean {

when (item.itemId) {
R.id.menu_1 -> {
Toast.makeText(this, “Menu 1 is selected”, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
return true
}
R.id.menu_2 -> {
Toast.makeText(this, “Menu 2 is selected”, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
return true
}
R.id.menu_3 -> {
Toast.makeText(this, “Menu 3 is selected”, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
return true
}
R.id.menu_4 -> {
Toast.makeText(this, “Menu 4 is selected”, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
return true
}
else -> return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
}
}
}
 37

Output:
 38

PRACTICAL 6
Programs on Intents, Events Listeners and Adapters

Note: Refer Table layout code for Events Listeners and

for Intent GUI code
 39

Practical 7
Programs on Services, notification and broadcast
receivers
1. Programs on Services:
Services are commands which are used by kotlin in functions to execute the task. They are :
IntentService, onStartCommand(),onHandleIntent() etc.

2. notification and broadcast receivers:

Step 1. Create an android app, For creating an Android app with kotlin read this tutorial.
Step 2. Creating Broadcast Receiver Create and extend Subclass and BroadcastReceiver
implement.onReceive(Context, Intent) where onReceive method each message is received as an
Intent object parameter.

MyReceiver.kt:
package `in`.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.widget.Toast

class MyReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {

// TODO: This method is called when the BroadcastReceiver is receiving
// an Intent broadcast.
Toast.makeText(context, "Broadcast : Flight mode changed.",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}

Step 3. Declare a broadcast receiver in the manifest file add the element<receiver> in your app’s
manifest. Here is code snap

AndroidManifest.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="in.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts">

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

 40

</intent-filter>
</activity>

<receiver
android:name=".MyReceiver"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.AIRPLANE_MODE"/>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>

</manifest>

Note: If the app is not running and broadcast receiver declared in AndroidManifest.xml, then the
system will launch your app.

Step 4. MainActivity code, no needs to do anything

MainActivity.kt:
package `in`.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}

Step 5. Add following code in main_activity.xml

add <ImageView> and <TextView>widget layout file.

main_activity.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:background="@color/colorPrimary"
tools:context="in.eyehunt.androidbroadcasts.MainActivity">

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_width="40dp"
android:layout_height="40dp"
android:layout_margin="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
app:srcCompat="@mipmap/baseline_airplanemode_active_white_24" />

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
 41

android:layout_width="300dp"
android:layout_height="36dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:gravity="center_vertical"
android:text="Flight Mode"
android:textColor="@color/colorWhite"
android:textSize="24dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/imageView"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/imageView" />
</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>

Output:
 42

PRACTICAL 8
A. Database Programming with SQLite
activity_main.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:gravity="center"
tools:context="com.tutorialkart.sqlitetutorial.MainActivity">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="SQLite Tutorial - User Management"
android:textSize="20dp"
android:padding="10dp" />

<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<EditText
android:id="@+id/edittext_userid"
android:hint="User ID"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/edittext_name"
android:hint="User Name"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/edittext_age"
android:hint="User Age"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</LinearLayout>

<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<Button
android:id="@+id/button_add_user"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:onClick="addUser"
android:text="Add" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_delete_user"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
 43

android:onClick="deleteUser"
android:text="Delete" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button_show_all"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:onClick="showAllUsers"
android:text="Show All" />
</LinearLayout>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textview_result"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/ll_entries"
android:padding="15dp"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"></LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>

UserModel.kt:
package com.tutorialkart.sqlitetutorial

class UserModel(val userid: String, val name: String, val age: String)

DBContract.kt
package com.tutorialkart.sqlitetutorial

import android.provider.BaseColumns

object DBContract {

/* Inner class that defines the table contents */

class UserEntry : BaseColumns {
companion object {
val TABLE_NAME = "users"
val COLUMN_USER_ID = "userid"
val COLUMN_NAME = "name"
val COLUMN_AGE = "age"
}
}
}

UserDBHelper.kt:
package com.tutorialkart.sqlitetutorial

import android.content.ContentValues
import android.content.Context
import android.database.Cursor
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConstraintException
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteException
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper
 44

import java.util.ArrayList

class UsersDBHelper(context: Context) : SQLiteOpenHelper(context, DATABASE_NAME, null,

DATABASE_VERSION) {
override fun onCreate(db: SQLiteDatabase) {
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES)
}

override fun onUpgrade(db: SQLiteDatabase, oldVersion: Int, newVersion: Int) {

// This database is only a cache for online data, so its upgrade policy is
// to simply to discard the data and start over
db.execSQL(SQL_DELETE_ENTRIES)
onCreate(db)
}

override fun onDowngrade(db: SQLiteDatabase, oldVersion: Int, newVersion: Int) {

onUpgrade(db, oldVersion, newVersion)
}

@Throws(SQLiteConstraintException::class)
fun insertUser(user: UserModel): Boolean {
// Gets the data repository in write mode
val db = writableDatabase

// Create a new map of values, where column names are the keys
val values = ContentValues()
values.put(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_USER_ID, user.userid)
values.put(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_NAME, user.name)
values.put(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_AGE, user.age)

// Insert the new row, returning the primary key value of the new row
val newRowId = db.insert(DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME, null, values)

return true
}

@Throws(SQLiteConstraintException::class)
fun deleteUser(userid: String): Boolean {
// Gets the data repository in write mode
val db = writableDatabase
// Define 'where' part of query.
val selection = DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_USER_ID + " LIKE ?"
// Specify arguments in placeholder order.
val selectionArgs = arrayOf(userid)
// Issue SQL statement.
db.delete(DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME, selection, selectionArgs)

return true
}

fun readUser(userid: String): ArrayList<UserModel> {

val users = ArrayList<UserModel>()
val db = writableDatabase
var cursor: Cursor? = null
try {
cursor = db.rawQuery("select * from " + DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME + " WHERE " +
DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_USER_ID + "='" + userid + "'", null)
} catch (e: SQLiteException) {
// if table not yet present, create it
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES)
return ArrayList()
}

var name: String

var age: String
if (cursor!!.moveToFirst()) {
 45

while (cursor.isAfterLast == false) {

name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_NAME))
age = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_AGE))

users.add(UserModel(userid, name, age))

cursor.moveToNext()
}
}
return users
}

fun readAllUsers(): ArrayList<UserModel> {

val users = ArrayList<UserModel>()
val db = writableDatabase
var cursor: Cursor? = null
try {
cursor = db.rawQuery("select * from " + DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME, null)
} catch (e: SQLiteException) {
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES)
return ArrayList()
}

var userid: String

var name: String
var age: String
if (cursor!!.moveToFirst()) {
while (cursor.isAfterLast == false) {
userid =
cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_USER_ID))
name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_NAME))
age = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_AGE))

users.add(UserModel(userid, name, age))

cursor.moveToNext()
}
}
return users
}

companion object {
// If you change the database schema, you must increment the database version.
val DATABASE_VERSION = 1
val DATABASE_NAME = "FeedReader.db"

private val SQL_CREATE_ENTRIES =

"CREATE TABLE " + DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME + " (" +
DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_USER_ID + " TEXT PRIMARY KEY," +
DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_NAME + " TEXT," +
DBContract.UserEntry.COLUMN_AGE + " TEXT)"

private val SQL_DELETE_ENTRIES = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DBContract.UserEntry.TABLE_NAME

}

MainActivity.kt:
package com.tutorialkart.sqlitetutorial

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.TextView
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

 46

lateinit var usersDBHelper : UsersDBHelper

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

usersDBHelper = UsersDBHelper(this)
}

fun addUser(v:View){
var userid = this.edittext_userid.text.toString()
var name = this.edittext_name.text.toString()
var age = this.edittext_age.text.toString()
var result = usersDBHelper.insertUser(UserModel(userid = userid,name = name,age = age))
//clear all edittext s
this.edittext_age.setText("")
this.edittext_name.setText("")
this.edittext_userid.setText("")
this.textview_result.text = "Added user : "+result
this.ll_entries.removeAllViews()
}

fun deleteUser(v:View){
var userid = this.edittext_userid.text.toString()
val result = usersDBHelper.deleteUser(userid)
this.textview_result.text = "Deleted user : "+result
this.ll_entries.removeAllViews()
}

fun showAllUsers(v:View){
var users = usersDBHelper.readAllUsers()
this.ll_entries.removeAllViews()
users.forEach {
var tv_user = TextView(this)
tv_user.textSize = 30F
tv_user.text = it.name.toString() + " - " + it.age.toString()
this.ll_entries.addView(tv_user)
}
this.textview_result.text = "Fetched " + users.size + " users"
}
}

output:
47
 48

B. Programming Network Communications and

Services (JSON)

1. Handling connectivity errors in Android apps with Kotlin:

Open your build.gradle file and add the following dependencies:

implementation 'com.android.support:design:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.3.0'
implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-scalars:2.3.0'

Open your AndroidManifest.xml file and add the permissions like so:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.android.internetconnectivity">

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

[...]

</manifest>

When there is a network connection, we will fetch data from an API. Let’s set up an interface
to hold the endpoints we will access. Create a new Kotlin file named ApiService and paste this:
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.http.GET

interface ApiService {
@GET(".")
fun getFeeds(): Call<String>
}

For this demo, we are only going to access one endpoint, which is equivalent to our base URL.
It’s for this reason we used a dot instead of the usual /some-url in the @GET annotation.

When these items are fetched, we will display the items in a list. We, therefore, need a
RecyclerView in the layout and a matching adapter. Create a new Kotlin file named
RecyclerAdapter and paste this:
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.TextView

class RecyclerAdapter : RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerAdapter.ViewHolder>() {

private var list = ArrayList<String>()

fun setItems(newList: ArrayList<String>){

this.list = newList
 49

this.notifyDataSetChanged()
}

override fun getItemCount() = list.size

override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): ViewHolder {

val view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.context)
.inflate(android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, parent, false)

return ViewHolder(view)
}

override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ViewHolder, position: Int) {

holder.textView.text = list[position]
}

inner class ViewHolder(itemView: View?): RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {

var textView: TextView = itemView!!.findViewById(android.R.id.text1)
}

he adapter handles the display of items on a list. It has some overridden methods like:

getItemCount – to tell the size of the list to be populated.

onCreateViewHolder – used to choose a layout for a list row.
onBindViewHolder – to bind data to each row depending on the position, etc.
Next, we will update the layout of our MainActivity‘s activity_main.xml file like so:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:src="@drawable/no_internet_connection" />

</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>

The layout contains a RecyclerView for our list items and an ImageView to show an error message.
We also need an error message image. Once you have an image, rename the file to
no_internet_connection and save it to your drawable folder: NameOfProject/app/src/main/res/drawable.
 50

For us to monitor when the connectivity changes, we need broadcast receivers. Broadcast receivers are
components that allow you to register and listen to Android system and application events. Usually, the
Android system sends broadcast events when various system events occur and your app needs to register
to get these events.
Let’s register a listener to be triggered when the internet connection is online or offline. Open your
MainActivity file and paste the following code:
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.content.IntentFilter
import android.net.ConnectivityManager
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager
import android.util.Log
import android.view.View
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
import okhttp3.OkHttpClient
import org.json.JSONObject
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.Callback
import retrofit2.Response
import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.converter.scalars.ScalarsConverterFactory

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private val arrayList = ArrayList<String>()

private val adapter = RecyclerAdapter()
private val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl("https://api.reddit.com/")
.addConverterFactory(ScalarsConverterFactory.create())
.client(OkHttpClient.Builder().build())
.build()

private var broadcastReceiver: BroadcastReceiver = object : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
val notConnected = intent.getBooleanExtra(ConnectivityManager
.EXTRA_NO_CONNECTIVITY, false)
if (notConnected) {
disconnected()
} else {
connected()
}
}
}

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
setupRecyclerView()
}

Above, we initialized some variables:

arrayList – we will add fetched items to this list.

 51

adapter – this is the instance of the adapter class.

retrofit – a Retrofit instance.
broadcastReciever – this instance implements the onRecieve callback. This callback method is called
when the system has notified us of a change in the network connection. In the callback, we then check to
know the connectivity status thereby calling either a private connected or disconnected function.
After creating the broadcast receiver, we have to register it to get updates and unregister if there are no
more activities. To do this, add the following functions to the code above in the
MainActivity:
override fun onStart() {
super.onStart()
registerReceiver(broadcastReceiver, IntentFilter(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION))
}

override fun onStop() {

super.onStop()
unregisterReceiver(broadcastReceiver)
}

In the onCreate function, we set up our RecyclerView by calling the setupRecyclerView. Create a private
function in the MainActivity class and set it up like this:
private fun setupRecyclerView(){
with(recyclerView){
layoutManager = LinearLayoutManager(this@MainActivity)
adapter = [email protected]
}
}

Remember we mentioned the connected and disconnected functions earlier in this post. We will now add
them to the class. Add them to the MainActivity file like so:
private fun disconnected() {
recyclerView.visibility = View.INVISIBLE
imageView.visibility = View.VISIBLE
}

private fun connected() {

recyclerView.visibility = View.VISIBLE
imageView.visibility = View.INVISIBLE
fetchFeeds()
}

The disconnected function is called when there is no network connection. It hides the RecyclerView and
shows the ImageView. The connected function is called when there is an active internet connection. It
shows the RecyclerView, hides the ImageView, and finally calls the fetchFeeds function.
Next, in the same file, paste the following code:
private fun fetchFeeds() {
retrofit.create(ApiService::class.java)
.getFeeds()
.enqueue(object : Callback<String> {
override fun onFailure(call: Call<String>, t: Throwable) {
 52

Log.e("MainActivityTag", t.message)
}

override fun onResponse(call: Call<String>?, response: Response<String>) {

addTitleToList(response.body()!!)
}

})
}

This function calls the API to get data. When the call is successful, we have another function that helps us
add the title of the posts gotten from the endpoint to our list and then to our adapter. Create a function
named addTitleToList and set it up like so:
private fun addTitleToList(response: String) {
val jsonObject = JSONObject(response).getJSONObject("data")
val children = jsonObject.getJSONArray("children")

for (i in 0..(children.length()-1)) {
val item = children.getJSONObject(i).getJSONObject("data").getString("title")
arrayList.add(item)
adapter.setItems(arrayList)
}
}