Q1. Define a Noun. Discuss countable and uncountable nouns.

Discuss the different

ways of forming plural forms of nouns.
● Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., John,
city, book, happiness).
● Countable Nouns:
Nouns that can be counted individually (e.g., apple, chair, dog).
Example: Three apples, five dogs.
● Uncountable Nouns:
Nouns that cannot be counted individually. They are often abstract or refer to
substances (e.g., water, sugar, furniture).
Example: This advice is helpful.
Ways of Forming Plurals:
1. Regular Plural: Add -s or -es.
○ Dog → Dogs, Box → Boxes.
2. Irregular Plurals: Change in spelling.
○ Man → Men, Child → Children.
3. No Change: Singular and plural forms are the same.
○ Deer → Deer, Fish → Fish.

Q2. Correct errors in noun usage:

(i) Her clothes were clean and free from dirt.
(ii) He peeled the apple with a knife.
(iii) He has moved the furniture in the living room.
(iv) New Delhi is the capital of India.
(v) The cattle were grazing in the field.
(vi) The scenery of Kerala is beautiful.
(vii) His mother-in-law was kind.
(viii) The counselor gave him much advice.
(ix) The tomatoes were red.
(x) She bought two dozen oranges.

Q3. Correct the errors of Nouns in the following:

1. This is a girls' college.
2. The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful.
3. Give me your scissors.
4. He needs my advice.
5. He has given me a ten rupee note.
6. Your trousers are dirty.
7. A five-man committee has been formed.
8. The rich hate the poor.
9. He has bought furniture from my house.
10. Whose cattle is this?

Q4. Choose the correct form of Nouns given in the brackets:

1. He has no brains.
2. It costs five hundred rupees.
3. He is suffering from measles.
4. I bought three dozen oranges.
5. Pay my thanks to him.
6. The oxen are not here.
7. Comb your hair.
8. She gave me two dozen apples.
9. She gave alms to the beggar.
10. The jury awarded the verdict.

Q5. Choose whether the following sentences need countable or uncountable nouns:
(i) The news was on T.V.
(ii) The tourists saw many deer in the forest.
(iii) Give my thanks to him.
(iv) Brush your hair.
(v) Grandfather bought one dozen bananas.
(vi) There were two liters of milk in the fridge.
(vii) The water was gushing out of the faucet.
(viii) Please pass the bread.
(ix) The chair was made of wood.
(x) The window was made of stained glass.

Q6. Change the following nouns from singular to plural:

1. Children
2. Phenomena
3. (No plural as gold is uncountable)
4. Families
5. Media
6. Oases
7. Geese
8. Tomatoes
9. Galleries
10. Selves

Q7. What are possessives? What are the different ways of forming possessives?
Examples:
● Definition: Possessives show ownership or relation.
● Formation:
1. Add 's to singular nouns (John's car).
2. Add ' to plural nouns ending in s (Boys' books).
3. Irregular plurals: Add 's (Children's toys).
Examples:
● Singular: The cat's tail.
● Plural: The students' results.

Q8. Add the missing possessive pronouns:

1. That pencil is mine.
2. Ravi’s bicycle is like yours.
3. Is that his?
4. That laptop is ours.
5. “That is mine!” He exclaimed.
6. This is a warm and close-knit family.
7. She said the purse is hers.
8. Raman has a football like yours.
9. Can you tell me which car is theirs?
10. Is that yours?

Q9. Put the following into Possessives:

1. James’s father.
2. The women’s club.
3. My sister-in-law’s name.
4. William and Mary’s wedding.
5. The day’s work.
6. The boys’ clothes.
7. The Hundred Years’ War.
8. The ladies’ hats.
9. Duty’s call.
10. God’s will.

Q10. Define a Pronoun and its kinds with examples:

● Definition: A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.
● Kinds:
1. Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
2. Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
3. Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself.
4. Relative Pronouns: who, which, that.
5. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Examples:
● Personal: He is my friend.
● Relative: This is the boy who helped me.
Q11. Correct the pronoun errors in the following sentences:
1. Timothy drove me home.
2. That belongs to her.
3. I can go to the meeting.
4. We can do it ourselves.
5. The gift is for them.
6. We are going to the play.
7. I am an artist.
8. They liked the cake.
9. It is she who is the leader.
10. That is what we do.

Q12. Discuss with examples the uses of Relative Pronouns.

● Relative Pronouns link a dependent clause to a main clause and refer to a noun
mentioned earlier.
○ Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Uses:
1. Who: Refers to people.
○ The boy who won the race is my friend.
2. Which: Refers to animals or things.
○ The book, which is on the table, is mine.
3. That: Refers to people, animals, or things.
○ This is the car that I bought.

Q13. Add missing Relative Pronouns:

1. I do not know what to do.
2. Tell me whose house this is.
3. I wonder what he means.
4. All that he said is correct.
5. The table you gave me has been stolen.
6. Ram, whom you like, has gone out.
7. Can you tell me whose purse this is?
8. All that glitters is not gold.

Q14. Supply the appropriate Interrogative Pronoun:

1. What is your name?
2. Who teaches you French?
3. Who wants a glass of water?
4. Who is coming to tea?
5. Where do you study?
6. What is your phone number?
7. Whose flower is it?
8. Which of you understand this exercise?
9. What makes coffee sweet?
10. Who understands this problem?

Q15. Define an Adverb. Discuss its types with examples.

● Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
● Types:
1. Adverb of Manner: She sings beautifully.
2. Adverb of Place: He is here.
3. Adverb of Time: We will meet tomorrow.
4. Adverb of Frequency: He often visits us.
5. Adverb of Degree: It is very hot today.

Q16. Identify the type of adverb:

1. He thinks carefully. (Manner)
2. She will travel to London early in the morning. (Time)
 3. The bag is upstairs. (Place)
4. The tests are administered frequently. (Frequency)
5. She plays the flute beautifully. (Manner)
6. They will go to the park tomorrow. (Time)
7. Her aunt and uncle lived in Tuscany for a year. (Time)
8. John looked everywhere. (Place)
9. It is extremely hot. (Degree)
10. She spoke softly. (Manner)

Q17. Correct the errors of Adverbs:

1. My principles have always inspired me to work hard.
2. From home, he went directly to his office.
3. The teacher was quite annoyed with her stupid answer.
4. They are quite rich but very miserly.
5. Traffic is usually heavy at this hour.
6. Raj and Gaurav are such nice people.
7. Her voice is rather sweet.
8. This bus is very crowded.
9. He worked only two sums.
10. The North-East express is often late.

Q18. Define an Adjective and discuss its types with examples.

● Adjective: A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
● Types:
1. Descriptive Adjective: The beautiful flowers bloomed.
2. Quantitative Adjective: He has enough money.
3. Demonstrative Adjective: This car is mine.
4. Possessive Adjective: My book is on the table.
5. Interrogative Adjective: Which book is yours?

Q19. Fill in the blanks choosing appropriate adjectives:

1. Mr. Sharma is senior to me.
2. Can you provide a few men to assist me in this work?
3. She respects her elder sister.
4. The office is farther than the store.
5. She needs a little help when the work is finished.
6. Your bed is next to my bed.
7. Let me have the latest edition of the book.
8. The few you sent were not many but proved useful.

Q20. Correct the errors of Adjectives:

1. That book is better than your book.
2. Gold is the most precious of all metals.
3. Who is more beautiful of the two sisters?
4. He is the stronger of the two brothers.
5. She is inferior to Ramesh in intelligence.
6. No other metal is as heavy as lead.
7. Iron is more useful than any other metal.
8. Rose is the loveliest of all flowers.
9. His eldest son joined the army.
10. He is the oldest man in the village.

Q21. Bring out the difference between the following by forming sentences:
1. Little, a little, the little:
○ There is little hope of success. (Almost none)
○ I have a little money. (Some)
○ The little money I had was spent. (Specific small amount)
2. Few, a few, the few:
○ Few people came to the event. (Hardly any)
○ A few people volunteered. (Some)
○ The few who attended enjoyed it. (Specific small group)
 3. Some & Any:
○ I need some water.
○ Do you have any questions?
4. Hard & Hardly:
○ He works hard.
○ I hardly know him.
5. Further & Farther:
○ We will discuss this further.
○ The house is farther away.
Q22. Form Adjectives from Nouns using appropriate suffixes (-ful, -ly, -y, -al, -ish,
-less):
1. Air → Airy
2. Dust → Dusty
3. Grass → Grassy
4. Rose → Rosy
5. Leaf → Leafy
6. Father → Fatherly
7. Hour → Hourly
8. Year → Yearly
9. Man → Manly
10. Loud → Loudly
11. Classic → Classical
12. Influence → Influential
13. Logic → Logical
14. Accident → Accidental
15. Government → Governmental
16. Book → Bookish
17. Slave → Slavish
18. Girl → Girlish
19. Red → Reddish
20. Boy → Boyish
21. Use → Useful
22. Truth → Truthful
23. Thought → Thoughtful
24. Help → Helpless
25. Cheer → Cheerless
26. Life → Lifeless
27. Penny → Penniless
28. Hope → Hopeless
29. Colour → Colourful
30. Job → Jobless

Q23. Correct the errors in the usage of Adjectives:

1. The painting was beautiful.
2. The scenic landscape inspired the artist.
3. Sam and Saira were a wonderful couple.
4. The golden corn glistened in the field.
5. Music is the soothing balm that soothes the weary soul.
6. The shawl’s woven design was intricate.
7. The sweltering soup contained medicinal properties.
8. Nina is a professional ballet dancer.
9. The fragrant jasmine flowers were enchanting.
10. The blazing sun burned fiercely in the sky.

Q24. Define Preposition with Illustrations and Mention Ten Prepositions:

● Definition: A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other
words within a sentence. It shows the relationship between two elements in terms of
place, time, direction, cause, etc.
Examples of Prepositions:
● The book is on the table.
● She is going to the market.
Ten Prepositions in Sentences:
1. He went to the park.
2. The cat is under the bed.
3. She sat beside me.
4. They walked through the tunnel.
5. I will wait until 8 p.m.
6. The train arrived after midnight.
7. He jumped into the pool.
8. She leaned against the wall.
9. He was standing between the two cars.
10. The bird flew over the roof.

Q25. Choose the correct preposition:

1. Ravi walked across the park.
2. The book is lying on the table.
3. The stationery shop is between the chemist and the book shop.
4. He cannot submit his application until it is stamped with a seal.
5. It is getting cooler as the months pass by.
6. He ran towards the lake.
7. The students stood behind one another in single formation.
8. Rajiv walked into the hospital.
9. The team members were against the proposal.
10. The child searched inside her cupboard for her toy.

Q26. Difference Between 'A' and 'An' with Examples:

● A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
Example: A book, a car, a university (sounds like 'yu').
● An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.
Example: An apple, an hour (silent 'h'), an honest man.
Uses of Indefinite Articles:
1. To refer to a non-specific item:
○ I saw a dog in the park.
2. To indicate one of many:
○ An umbrella is necessary during the monsoon.

Q27. Use of the Definite Article ('The') with Examples:

● The is used to refer to something specific or unique.
Examples:
1. The sun rises in the east. (Unique object)
2. He read the book you gave him. (Specific object)
3. The Himalayas are majestic. (Specific group of mountains)

Q28. Conditions Where Articles Are Omitted:

1. Before uncountable and plural nouns when used in a general sense:
○ Water is essential for life.
○ Books are a source of knowledge.
2. Before proper nouns:
○ She lives in Paris.
3. Before abstract nouns when used generally:
○ Honesty is the best policy.
4. Before languages and subjects:
○ I speak French.
○ Mathematics is difficult.

Q29. Insert ‘A/An’ or ‘The’ in the blanks:

1. Italy is a European country.
2. Everyone respects an honest person.
3. The box is made of X wood.
4. He is very ill. He has to go to the hospital.
5. I shall be back in less than an hour.
6. Can you speak X French?
 7. The cake is made of X flour, X butter, and X sugar.
8. X Gold is a precious metal.
9. The door of the car is open.
10. There is a parcel that has arrived.

Q30. Correct the Errors of Articles:

1. This is the book he wants.
2. The university is a good one.
3. He gave me some advice.
4. He is the Managing Director of the company.
5. He lived and worked for the poor.
6. The Hindustan Times is a famous newspaper.
7. The more you eat, the more you suffer.
8. Man is mortal.
9. Read the first and second chapters of the book.
10. The United States of America is a big country.
Q31. Define Conjunctions and Various Kinds with Illustrations:
● Definition: A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences.
Example: I like tea and coffee.
Kinds of Conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect elements of equal importance.
○ Examples: and, but, or, so, yet
○ She is kind, but strict.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent
clause.
○ Examples: because, although, since, while
○ She stayed home because it was raining.
3. Correlative Conjunctions: Used in pairs.
○ Examples: either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also
○ He is neither rich nor famous.

Q32. Correct the Errors in the Following Sentences:

1. His father died of cholera.
2. Shambhu is a naughty boy.
3. He is the most intelligent of the two boys.
4. The lid of this kettle is very heavy.
5. An angel lives in heaven.
6. He knew that she was ill.
7. Neither Sohan nor Mohan has stolen my watch.
8. Krishna is the tallest boy in the class.
9. This is our attitude towards Ahimsa and truth.
10. How does Vinoba appeal to the landlords?
11. In summer, the days are warmer than the nights.
12. The orator and the statesman are dead.
13. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east.
14. My sister, who lives in the U.S.A., is a teacher.
15. Two and two make four.
16. If I had worked hard, I would have passed.
17. He drives at seventy kilometers an hour.
18. The furniture is made of wood.
19. As you sow, so shall you reap.
20. Economics is not a difficult subject.

Q33. Define a Verb. Discuss Different Types with Examples:

● Definition: A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being.
Types of Verbs:
1. Action Verbs: Show actions.
○ She runs every morning.
2. Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to additional information.
○ He is happy.
 3. Auxiliary Verbs: Help the main verb.
○ She is writing a book.
4. Modal Verbs: Express possibility, necessity, or ability.
○ He can swim.

Q34. Explain the Difference Between Finite and Non-Finite Verbs with Examples:
1. Finite Verbs:
○ Change form based on tense, number, or person.
○ She writes a letter every day.
○ They write letters daily.
2. Non-Finite Verbs:
○ Do not change form. Types: Gerunds, Infinitives, Participles.
○ To swim is fun. (Infinitive)
○ Swimming is healthy. (Gerund)
○ The swimming dog reached the shore. (Participle)

Q35. Define and Give 5 Examples of the Gerund Verb Form:

● Definition: A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun.
● Examples:
1. Swimming is a great exercise.
2. He enjoys reading books.
3. Cooking is her passion.
4. They discussed travelling abroad.
5. Dancing makes her happy.

Q36. Define and Give 5 Examples of the Infinitive Verb Form:

● Definition: An infinitive is the base form of a verb, often preceded by "to," used as a
noun, adjective, or adverb.
● Examples:
1. He likes to read novels.
2. To sing is her dream.
3. She promised to help him.
4. I decided to study harder.
5. It is important to listen carefully.

Q37. Define and Give 5 Examples of the Participle Verb Form:

● Definition: A participle is a verb form used as an adjective.
○ Present participle: Ends in -ing.
○ Past participle: Ends in -ed (regular) or irregular forms.
Examples:
1. The broken vase lay on the floor. (Past participle)
2. The dancing couple stole the show. (Present participle)
3. I found the lost keys. (Past participle)
4. The laughing child ran through the garden. (Present participle)
5. The baked bread smelled delicious. (Past participle)

Q38. Discuss with Illustrations the Uses of 'Be' Forms of Verbs:

● Definition: The "be" forms of verbs include: is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being.
They express state, identity, or action.
Examples:
1. She is a teacher. (Present state)
2. They were happy. (Past state)
3. The project has been completed. (Passive voice)
4. He is being lazy. (Continuous action)
5. Let it be as it is. (Command)

Q39. What are Modal Auxiliaries? Discuss Their Uses with Examples:
● Definition: Modal auxiliaries are helping verbs that express necessity, possibility,
permission, or ability.
Examples: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
Uses:
 1. Ability: She can dance well.
2. Possibility: It might rain tomorrow.
3. Necessity: You must follow the rules.
4. Permission: You may leave early.
5. Obligation: He should apologize.

Q40. Identify the Kind of Verbal Used in the Sentences:

1. Running is a good form of exercise. (Gerund)
2. He enjoyed painting. (Gerund)
3. She was singing her favorite song. (Present Participle)
4. The burning sun scorched the earth. (Present Participle)
5. To swim is relaxing. (Infinitive)
6. I like to cook. (Infinitive)
7. She had a proposal to present. (Infinitive)
8. They resolved to protect her. (Infinitive)
9. The swaying palm trees danced. (Present Participle)
10. The wrecked sailboat washed up on shore. (Past Participle)
Q41. Rewrite the following sentences by using the verbs in their correct forms:
1. I finished my work in time last year.
2. We did not see him this morning.
3. We will arrive there next Monday.
4. Have you ever traveled to Greece?
5. He said that he would come soon.
6. I generally get up early in the morning.
7. None of us was free to go there.
8. He ran in the race yesterday.
9. Need he come early tomorrow?
10. The bird sings melodiously.

Q42. Define Tense. Discuss the Different Types with Examples:

● Definition: Tense refers to the time when an action takes place.
● Types:
1. Present Tense: Action happening now.
■ She sings beautifully.
2. Past Tense: Action completed in the past.
■ He walked to the park.
3. Future Tense: Action that will happen.
■ They will visit us tomorrow.
Each tense has four forms:
1. Simple: I eat.
2. Continuous: I am eating.
3. Perfect: I have eaten.
4. Perfect Continuous: I have been eating.

Q43. Uses of Simple Present Tense with Examples:

● Uses:
1. General truths: The sun rises in the east.
2. Habitual actions: He drinks tea every morning.
3. Fixed future events: The train leaves at 8 PM.

Q44. Uses of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Tenses:

1. Present Perfect: Expresses actions completed in the recent past or with relevance
to the present.
○ She has just finished her homework.
○ I have lived here for five years.
2. Present Perfect Continuous: Emphasizes the duration of an action that started in
the past and is still ongoing.
○ She has been reading for two hours.
○ We have been waiting for you since morning.

Q45. Uses of Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses:

 1. Simple Past: Expresses a completed action in the past.
○ He visited Paris last year.
○ They went to the beach.
2. Past Continuous: Describes an ongoing action in the past.
○ I was reading when she called.
○ They were playing football yesterday evening.

Q46. Uses of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses:

1. Past Perfect: Describes an action that was completed before another past action.
○ He had finished his homework before the movie started.
2. Past Perfect Continuous: Highlights the duration of an action that was happening
before another action in the past.
○ She had been waiting for two hours when the bus arrived.

Q47. Discuss the Future Tense with Examples:

● Simple Future: I will call you tomorrow.
● Future Continuous: We will be traveling next week.
● Future Perfect: She will have completed the task by then.
● Future Perfect Continuous: By next year, he will have been working here for 10
years.

Q48. Supply the Present Tense of the Verbs in Brackets:

1. She goes to school every day.
2. I always meet you at my grandmother’s home.
3. We now learn English.
4. The baby is crying because it is hungry now.
5. The sun always shines in India.
6. I am wearing a coat because it is cold.
7. The child is eating an apple.
8. The architects are making the drawing-plan of this building.
9. He sings in French.
10. It is raining now.

Q49. Rewrite the Following with Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Tenses:
1. I have not seen you for a long time.
2. You must tell me what you have been doing since I saw you.
3. He has not been here since Monday; I wonder where he has been living since
then.
4. I have been trying to learn English for years, but I have not succeeded yet.
5. We have lived here for the last six months and just have decided to move.
6. You already have drunk three cups of tea since you sat here.
7. I have been waiting here for her since 7 a.m., and she has not come yet.
8. He has not had a holiday for nine years because he has been too busy.
9. We have been talking for several days.
10. She has been painting the scenery.

Q50. Rewrite the Following in Simple Past Tense:

1. I broke a cup.
2. It began to rain.
3. Birds flew high.
4. You lied to me.
5. He tore his coat.
6. I chose a book.
7. You ate a biscuit.
8. They drove home.
9. You hid the key.
10. We rang the bell.
Q51. Rewrite the Sentences with the Correct Present Continuous Verb Form:
1. He is sitting in a café when I see him.
2. He is eating his dinner.
 3. When I am going out, the sun is shining.
4. Since it is raining, she is carrying an umbrella.
5. The boy is falling down the stairs.
6. I am reading a book.
7. We are living in London.
8. The phone is ringing.
9. The light is shining very brightly.
10. He is playing the piano.

Q52. Explain Tense Sequence with Examples:

● Tense Sequence: The logical relationship of verb tenses in the main and
subordinate clauses. The verb tense in the dependent clause must align with the
tense in the main clause.
Rules:
1. If the main clause is in the present or future tense, the dependent clause can use any
tense.
○ She says that she is reading a book.
○ He will tell me when the train arrives.
2. If the main clause is in the past tense, the dependent clause generally uses a past
tense.
○ She said that she was reading a book.
○ He explained that the train had arrived late.

Q53. Define Conditionals and Discuss Different Types with Examples:

● Conditionals: Sentences that express a condition and its result. They use if or other
conditional words.
Types:
1. Zero Conditional: General truths or laws.
○ If water boils, it evaporates.
2. First Conditional: Real situations with future possibilities.
○ If you study, you will pass.
3. Second Conditional: Unreal or hypothetical situations in the present/future.
○ If I were rich, I would buy a car.
4. Third Conditional: Unreal past situations.
○ If she had studied, she would have passed.

Q54. Define the Term ‘Phrase’ and Provide 5-6 Examples:

● Phrase: A group of words without a subject-verb combination, functioning as a single
part of speech.
Examples:
1. In the garden (prepositional phrase).
2. To run fast (infinitive phrase).
3. The singing bird (participial phrase).
4. A bouquet of flowers (noun phrase).
5. Was waiting for the train (verb phrase).

Q55. Explain the Different Types of Phrases with Examples:

1. Noun Phrase: Acts as a noun.
○ The little boy played in the park.
2. Verb Phrase: Contains the main verb and helping verbs.
○ She is singing beautifully.
3. Adjective Phrase: Modifies a noun.
○ The girl with long hair is my friend.
4. Adverb Phrase: Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
○ She spoke in a soft voice.
5. Prepositional Phrase: Begins with a preposition.
○ He sat under the tree.
6. Infinitive Phrase: Begins with "to" + base verb.
○ She wants to learn French.

Q56. Identify the Function of the Participial Phrase:

 1. The stone steps, having been worn down by generations of students, needed to
be replaced. (Adjective)
2. Working around the clock, the firefighters finally put out the last of the brush fire.
(Adverb)
3. The pond, frozen over since early December, is now safe for ice-skating.
(Adjective)
4. Walking rapidly, we reached the town in fifteen minutes. (Adverb)
5. Annoyed by the noise, the teacher spoke sharply to the class. (Adjective)
6. Tom, having won the chess game, looked up happily. (Adjective)
7. Having won every game but one, the Delhi Daredevils were now in the lead.
(Adjective)
8. Climbing slowly, we approached the top of the hill. (Adverb)
9. Ravi, worn out by his long trip, slept for twelve hours. (Adjective)
10. Staring out the window at the rain, Kiran became more and more impatient.
(Adverb)

Q57. Define the Term ‘Complex Sentence’ with Examples:

● Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
Examples:
1. Although it was raining, we went outside.
2. He stayed home because he was feeling unwell.

Q58. Define and Provide Examples of Various Clauses:

1. Independent Clause: Can stand alone as a complete sentence.
○ She enjoys reading.
2. Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone and relies on the main clause.
○ Because she enjoys reading.
3. Relative Clause: Modifies a noun, introduced by relative pronouns (who, which,
that).
○ The girl who sings beautifully won the contest.
4. Adverbial Clause: Functions as an adverb.
○ She stayed home because it was raining.
5. Noun Clause: Functions as a noun.
○ What he said* is true.*

Q59. Define and Explain Relative, Independent, and Dependent Clauses with
Examples:
1. Relative Clause: Adds information about a noun using who, which, that.
○ The car that he bought is expensive.
2. Independent Clause: A complete sentence by itself.
○ She runs every day.
3. Dependent Clause: Requires an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
○ Although she runs every day.

Q60. What are the Four Basic Sentence Structures? Define with Examples:
1. Simple Sentence: One independent clause.
○ She sings.
2. Compound Sentence: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or
semicolon.
○ She sings, and he dances.
3. Complex Sentence: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
○ Although it was raining, we went outside.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence: Two or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
○ Although it was raining, we went outside, and they stayed home.
Q61. Identify the type of sentence (Simple, Compound, Complex, or
Compound-Complex):
1. James and his friend Ryan had planned to return to Canada.
○ Simple Sentence (One independent clause).
2. Although we searched everywhere, Mohan could find no trace of his shoes.
 ○ Complex Sentence (One independent clause + one dependent clause).
3. Aliya wrote an original poem, and her mother corrected her spelling mistakes.
○ Compound Sentence (Two independent clauses joined by and).
4. None of the other jurors asked me to change my mind.
○ Simple Sentence (One independent clause).
5. Anjali and Madhuri whispered and giggled all night.
○ Simple Sentence (One independent clause).
6. That he is my cousin cannot be denied.
○ Complex Sentence (One independent clause + one dependent clause).
7. The boy who is speaking is my brother, and he will be staying with us.
○ Compound-Complex Sentence (Two independent clauses + one dependent
clause).
8. I know you don't like this, but that doesn't matter.
○ Compound Sentence (Two independent clauses joined by but).
9. The ocean waves glittered.
○ Simple Sentence (One independent clause).
10. Whereas John had completed the assigned tasks, Peter had not.
○ Complex Sentence (One independent clause + one dependent clause).

Q62. Explain with Examples How Commands and Instructions Are Expressed:
1. Imperative Sentences: Used to express commands or instructions. The subject is
usually implied (you).
○ Examples:
■ Open the door.
■ Please sit down.
■ Don't touch the stove.
2. Polite Instructions: Use modal verbs like please, should, must.
○ Examples:
■ You must complete your homework.
■ Please turn off the lights when you leave.

Q63. Discuss Several Ways of Indicating Possibility:

1. Modal Verbs: May, might, could indicate possibility.
○ It may rain today.
○ She might come to the party.
2. Adverbs: Possibly, perhaps, maybe.
○ Perhaps he is busy.
3. Conditional Sentences: Indicate possible outcomes.
○ If you try hard, you could succeed.

Q64. Identify the Form of Expression Used in the Sentences:

1. It may rain tomorrow.
○ Possibility
2. Be careful! The ice is going to crack.
○ Warning
3. The captain ordered his men to move forward.
○ Command
4. I wish you would be quiet.
○ Wish
5. Suppose we try doing it this way.
○ Suggestion
6. Could the news be true?
○ Possibility
7. She intends to complete the course.
○ Intention
8. He’ll be visiting Italy in the summer.
○ Plan
9. He’s quite willing to come.
○ Willingness
10. She promised him she would attend the art gallery’s opening.
○ Promise
Q65. Discuss Several Ways of Expressing Obligation and Necessity:
1. Using Modals: Must, have to, should.
○ You must submit the report by Monday.
○ We have to leave early.
2. Expressions: It is necessary, it is obligatory.
○ It is necessary to follow the rules.
3. Negative Forms:
○ You must not cheat in the exam.

Q66. Verbs and Nouns to Express Intention with Examples:

1. Verbs:
○ Intend, plan, decide, aim, resolve.
○ She intends to start a business.
○ They plan to visit Europe.
2. Nouns:
○ Intention, plan, decision, resolution.
○ Her intention is to help others.
○ They made a plan to improve sales.

Q67. Expressing Probability and Likelihood:

1. Modal Verbs: May, might, could, must.
○ He might attend the meeting.
○ It must be true.
2. Adverbs: Probably, possibly, certainly.
○ She is probably at the library.
3. Conditional Sentences: Indicating likelihood.
○ If the weather improves, they will likely go hiking.

Q68. Discuss How to Express Wish and Hope:

1. Wish: Expressing regret or a desire for something unlikely or impossible.
○ I wish I were taller.
○ He wishes he had studied harder.
2. Hope: Indicates a positive desire for the future.
○ I hope you succeed.
○ She hopes to travel next year.

Q69. Discuss How Plans and Arrangements Are Expressed:

1. Using Modals: Will, shall, going to.
○ We will visit them tomorrow.
○ I am going to meet my friends.
2. Present Continuous Tense:
○ They are leaving for Paris next week.
3. Expressions:
○ We have made plans to renovate the house.

Q70. Expressing Determination and Resolve:

1. Using Strong Verbs: Will, shall, determined to.
○ I will complete the project no matter what.
○ She is determined to succeed.
2. Expressions of Resolve:
○ Nothing can stop me from achieving my goal.
○ Come what may, I will finish the task.