R version 4.4.

2 (2024-10-31 ucrt) -- "Pile of Leaves"

Copyright (C) 2024 The R Founda on for Sta s cal Compu ng

Pla orm: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64

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You are welcome to redistribute it under certain condi ons.

Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribu on details.

Natural language support but running in an English locale

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Type 'contributors()' for more informa on and

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Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or

'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.

Type 'q()' to quit R.

> a <- 'Start and end with single quote'

> print(a)

[1] "Start and end with single quote"

> b <- "Start and end with double quotes"

> print(b)

[1] "Start and end with double quotes"

> c <- "single quote ' in between double quotes"

> print(c)

[1] "single quote ' in between double quotes"

> d <- 'Double quotes " in between single quote'

> print(d)

[1] "Double quotes \" in between single quote"

> e <- 'Mixed quotes"

+ print(e)

+ f <- 'Single quote ' inside single quote'

Error: unexpected symbol in:

"print(e)

f <- 'Single"

> print(f)

Error: object 'f' not found

> g <- "Double quotes " inside double quotes"

Error: unexpected symbol in "g <- "Double quotes " inside"

> print(g)

Error: object 'g' not found

>

>

> a <- "Hello"

> b <- 'How'

> c <- "are you? "

> print(paste(a,b,c))

[1] "Hello How are you? "

> print(paste(a,b,c, sep = "-"))

[1] "Hello-How-are you? "

> print(paste(a,b,c, sep = "", collapse = ""))

[1] "HelloHoware you? "

>

> # Total number of digits displayed. Last digit rounded off.

> result <- format(23.123456789, digits = 9)

> print(result)

[1] "23.1234568"

> # Display numbers in scien fic nota on.

> result <- format(c(6, 13.14521), scien fic = TRUE)

[1] "6.000000e+00" "1.314521e+01"

> # The minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal point.

> result <- format(23.47, nsmall = 5)

> print(result)

[1] "23.47000"

> # Format treats everything as a string.

> result <- format(6)

> print(result)

[1] "6"

> # Numbers are padded with blank in the beginning for width.

> result <- format(13.7, width = 6)

> print(result)

[1] " 13.7"

> # Le jus fy strings.

> result <- format("Hello", width = 8, jus fy = "l")

> print(result)

[1] "Hello "

> # Jus y string with center.

> result <- format("Hello", width = 8, jus fy = "c")

> print(result)

[1] " Hello "

>

>

>

> result <- nchar("Count the number of characters")

> print(result)

[1] 30

>

> # Changing to Upper case.

> result <- toupper("Changing To Upper")

[1] "CHANGING TO UPPER"

> # Changing to lower case.

> result <- tolower("Changing To Lower")

> print(result)

[1] "changing to lower"

>

>

>

> # Extract characters from 5th to 7th posi on.

> result <- substring("Extract", 5, 7)

> print(result)

[1] "act"

>

>

> # Atomic vector of type character.

> print("abc");

[1] "abc"

> # Atomic vector of type double.

> print(12.5)

[1] 12.5

> # Atomic vector of type integer.

> print(63L)

[1] 63

> # Atomic vector of type logical.

> print(TRUE)

[1] TRUE

> # Atomic vector of type complex.

> print(2+3i)

[1] 2+3i

> # Atomic vector of type raw.

[1] 68 65 6c 6c 6f

>

>

> # Crea ng a sequence from 5 to 13.

> v <- 5:13

> print(v)

[1] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

> # Crea ng a sequence from 6.6 to 12.6.

> v <- 6.6:12.6

> print(v)

[1] 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6

> # If the final element specified does not belong to the sequence then it is disca

> v <- 3.8:11.4

> print(v)

[1] 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8

>

>

> # Create vector with elements from 5 to 9 incremen ng by 0.4.

> print(seq(5, 9, by = 0.4))

[1] 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.6 9.0

>

>

> # The logical and numeric values are converted to characters.

> s <- c('apple','red',5,TRUE)

> print(s)

[1] "apple" "red" "5" "TRUE"

>

>

> # Accessing vector elements using posi on.

> t <- c("Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thurs","Fri","Sat")

> print(u)

[1] "Mon" "Tue" "Fri"

> # Accessing vector elements using logical indexing.

> v <- t[c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE)]

> print(v)

[1] "Sun" "Fri"

> # Accessing vector elements using nega ve indexing.

> x <- t[c(-2,-5)]

> print(x)

[1] "Sun" "Tue" "Wed" "Fri" "Sat"

> # Accessing vector elements using 0/1 indexing.

> y <- t[c(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)]

> print(y)

[1] "Sun"

>

>

>

> # Create two vectors.

> v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)

> v2 <- c(4,11,0,8,1,2)

> # Vector addi on.

> add.result <- v1+v2

> print(add.result)

[1] 7 19 4 13 1 13

> # Vector subtrac on.

> sub.result <- v1-v2

> print(sub.result)

[1] -1 -3 4 -3 -1 9

> # Vector mul plica on.

> mul .result <- v1*v2

[1] 12 88 0 40 0 22

> # Vector division.

> divi.result <- v1/v2

> print(divi.result)

[1] 0.7500000 0.7272727 Inf 0.6250000 0.0000000 5.5000000

>

>

>

> v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)

> v2 <- c(4,11)

> # V2 becomes c(4,11,4,11,4,11)

> add.result <- v1+v2

> print(add.result)

[1] 7 19 8 16 4 22

>

>

> sub.result <- v1-v2

> print(sub.result)

[1] -1 -3 0 -6 -4 0

>

>

> v <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11, -9, 304)

> # Sort the elements of the vector.

> sort.result <- sort(v)

> print(sort.result)

[1] -9 0 3 4 5 8 11 304

> # Sort the elements in the reverse order.

> revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)

> print(revsort.result)

[1] 304 11 8 5 4 3 0 -9
> # Sor ng character vectors.

> v <- c("Red","Blue","yellow","violet")

> sort.result <- sort(v)

> print(sort.result)

[1] "Blue" "Red" "violet" "yellow"

> # Sor ng character vectors in reverse order.

> revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)

> print(revsort.result)

[1] "yellow" "violet" "Red" "Blue"

>

>

>

> # Create a list containing strings, numbers, vectors and a logical

> # values.

> list_data <- list("Red", "Green", c(21,32,11), TRUE, 51.23, 119.1)

> print(list_data)

[[1]]

[1] "Red"

[[2]]

[1] "Green"

[[3]]

[1] 21 32 11

[[4]]

[1] TRUE

[[5]]

[1] 51.23
[[6]]

[1] 119.1

>

>

> # Create a list containing a vector, a matrix and a list.

> list_data <- list(c("Jan","Feb","Mar"), matrix(c(3,9,5,1,-2,8), nrow = 2),

+ list("green",12.3))

> # Give names to the elements in the list.

> names(list_data) <- c("1st Quarter", "A_Matrix", "A Inner list")

> # Show the list.

> print(list_data)

$`1st Quarter`

[1] "Jan" "Feb" "Mar"

$A_Matrix

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 5 -2

[2,] 9 1 8

$`A Inner list`

$`A Inner list`[[1]]

[1] "green"

$`A Inner list`[[2]]

[1] 12.3

>

>

> # Create a list containing a vector, a matrix and a list.

+ list("green",12.3))

>

>

>

> # Give names to the elements in the list.

> names(list_data) <- c("1st Quarter", "A_Matrix", "A Inner list")

> # Access the first element of the list.

> print(list_data[1])

$`1st Quarter`

[1] "Jan" "Feb" "Mar"

> # Access the thrid element. As it is also a list, all its elements will be printe

> print(list_data[3])

$`A Inner list`

$`A Inner list`[[1]]

[1] "green"

$`A Inner list`[[2]]

[1] 12.3

> # Access the list element using the name of the element.

> print(list_data$A_Matrix)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 5 -2

[2,] 9 1 8

>

>

>

> # Create a list containing a vector, a matrix and a list.

+ list("green",12.3))

> # Give names to the elements in the list.

> names(list_data) <- c("1st Quarter", "A_Matrix", "A Inner list")

> # Add element at the end of the list.

> list_data[4] <- "New element"

> # Remove the last element.

> list_data[4] <- NULL

> # Print the 4th Element.

> print(list_data[4])

$<NA>

NULL

> # Update the 3rd Element.

> list_data[3] <- "updated element"

> print(list_data[3])

$`A Inner list`

[1] "updated element"

>

>

> # Create two lists.

> list1 <- list(1,2,3)

> list2 <- list("Sun","Mon","Tue")

> # Merge the two lists.

> merged.list <- c(list1,list2)

> # Print the merged list.

> print(merged.list)

[[1]]

[1] 1
[[2]]

[1] 2

[[3]]

[1] 3

[[4]]

[1] "Sun"

[[5]]

[1] "Mon"

[[6]]

[1] "Tue"

>

>

> # Create lists.

> list1 <- list(1:5)

> print(list1)

[[1]]

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> list2 <-list(10:14)

> print(list2)

[[1]]

[1] 10 11 12 13 14

> # Convert the lists to vectors.

> v1 <- unlist(list1)

> v2 <- unlist(list2)

[1] 1 2 3 4 5

> print(v2)

[1] 10 11 12 13 14

> # Now add the vectors

> result <- v1+v2

> print(result)

[1] 11 13 15 17 19

>

>

>

> # Elements are arranged sequen ally by row.

> M <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE)

> print(M)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 4 5

[2,] 6 7 8

[3,] 9 10 11

[4,] 12 13 14

> # Elements are arranged sequen ally by column.

> N <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = FALSE)

> print(N)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 7 11

[2,] 4 8 12

[3,] 5 9 13

[4,] 6 10 14

> # Define the column and row names.

> rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")

> colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

> P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames))

col1 col2 col3

row1 3 4 5

row2 6 7 8

row3 9 10 11

row4 12 13 14

>

>

> # Define the column and row names.

> rownames = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")

> colnames = c("col1", "col2", "col3")

> # Create the matrix.

> P <- matrix(c(3:14), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(rownames, colnames))

> # Access the element at 3rd column and 1st row.

> print(P[1,3])

[1] 5

> # Access the element at 2nd column and 4th row.

> print(P[4,2])

[1] 13

> # Access only the 2nd row.

> print(P[2,])

col1 col2 col3

6 7 8

> # Access only the 3rd column.

> print(P[,3])

row1 row2 row3 row4

5 8 11 14

>

>

> # Create two 2x3 matrices.

> matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 -1 2

[2,] 9 4 6

> matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2)

> print(matrix2)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 0 3

[2,] 2 9 4

> # Add the matrices.

> result <- matrix1 + matrix2

> cat("Result of addi on","\n")

Result of addi on

> print(result)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 8 -1 5

[2,] 11 13 10

> # Subtract the matrices

> result <- matrix1 - matrix2

> cat("Result of subtrac on","\n")

Result of subtrac on

> print(result)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] -2 -1 -1

[2,] 7 -5 2

>

>

>

>

> # Create two 2x3 matrices.

> matrix1 <- matrix(c(3, 9, -1, 4, 2, 6), nrow = 2)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 3 -1 2

[2,] 9 4 6

> matrix2 <- matrix(c(5, 2, 0, 9, 3, 4), nrow = 2)

> print(matrix2)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 0 3

[2,] 2 9 4

> # Mul ply the matrices.

> result <- matrix1 * matrix2

> cat("Result of mul plica on","\n")

Result of mul plica on

> print(result)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 15 0 6

[2,] 18 36 24

> # Divide the matrices

> result <- matrix1 / matrix2

> cat("Result of division","\n")

Result of division

> print(result)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 0.6 -Inf 0.6666667

[2,] 4.5 0.4444444 1.5000000

>

>

>

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)

> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)

> result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))

> print(result)

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

>

>

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)

> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)

> column.names <- c("COL1","COL2","COL3")

> row.names <- c("ROW1","ROW2","ROW3")

> matrix.names <- c("Matrix1","Matrix2")

> # Take these vectors as input to the array.

> result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2),dimnames = list(row.names,colum

+ matrix.names))

Error: unexpected symbol in:

"result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2),dimnames = list(row.names,colum

matrix.names"
> print(result)

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

>

>

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)

> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)

> column.names <- c("COL1","COL2","COL3")

> row.names <- c("ROW1","ROW2","ROW3")

> matrix.names <- c("Matrix1","Matrix2")

> # Take these vectors as input to the array.

> result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2),dimnames = list(row.names,

+ column.names, matrix.names))

> # Print the third row of the second matrix of the array.

> print(result[3,,2])

COL1 COL2 COL3

3 12 15

> # Print the element in the 1st row and 3rd column of the 1st matrix.
> print(result[1,3,1])

[1] 13

> # Print the 2nd Matrix.

> print(result[,,2])

COL1 COL2 COL3

ROW1 5 10 13

ROW2 9 11 14

ROW3 3 12 15

>

>

>

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)

> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)

> # Take these vectors as input to the array.

> array1 <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector3 <- c(9,1,0)

> vector4 <- c(6,0,11,3,14,1,2,6,9)

> array2 <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))

> # create matrices from these arrays.

> matrix1 <- array1[,,2]

> matrix2 <- array2[,,2]

> # Add the matrices.

> result <- matrix1+matrix2

> print(result)

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 10 20 26

[2,] 18 22 28

[3,] 6 24 30

>
>

>

> # Create two vectors of different lengths.

> vector1 <- c(5,9,3)

> vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)

> # Take these vectors as input to the array.

> new.array <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))

> print(new.array)

,,1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

,,2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 5 10 13

[2,] 9 11 14

[3,] 3 12 15

> # Use apply to calculate the sum of the rows across all the matrices.

> result <- apply(new.array, c(1), sum)

> print(result)

[1] 56 68 60

>

>

>