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Number Theory

Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics focused on the study of integers and their properties, often regarded as 'The Queen of Mathematics.' It encompasses topics such as prime numbers, polynomial equations with integer coefficients, and has significant applications in cryptography. The document outlines various types of numbers, typical number theoretic questions, and emphasizes the practical relevance of number theory in everyday life.

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36 views12 pages

Number Theory

Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics focused on the study of integers and their properties, often regarded as 'The Queen of Mathematics.' It encompasses topics such as prime numbers, polynomial equations with integer coefficients, and has significant applications in cryptography. The document outlines various types of numbers, typical number theoretic questions, and emphasizes the practical relevance of number theory in everyday life.

Uploaded by

daban abdwlla
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Koya University
Faculty of Science & Health
Department of Mathematics

(What is number theory)

Prepared by :
Lavan Abdulla Hussin

Supervised by :
Asst.Prof.Dr.Abdulqader O.Hamadameen

2023-2024
Introduction

NUMBER THEORY • Number theory or, in older usage, arithmetic is


a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the
integers. • It is sometimes called "The Queen of Mathematics" • The
word "arithmetic" is used by the general public to mean "elementary
calculations" (+, -, *, /). • It has also acquired other meanings in
computer science, as floating point arithmetic. • Particularly in the
study prime numbers as well the properties of objects made out of the
integers or defined as generalization of the integers.

1
Abstract

Number theory is the study of the integers (e.g. whole numbers) and
related objects. Topics studied by number theorists include the
problem of determining the distribution of prime numbers within the
integers and the structure and number of solutions of systems of
polynomial equations with integer coefficients. Number theory is
about the properties of integers. Although integers are familiar and
their properties seem simple, number theory is a challenging subject.
Number theory has become increasingly important because of its
applications to cryptography

2
What is number theory?

Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a


branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the
integers and arithmetic functions. German mathematician Carl
Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the
sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics. Number
theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of
mathematical objects constructed from integers (for example, rational
numbers), or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example,
algebraic integers)

But what is the actual logic that exist in the arabic algorithms?
There are angles

3
( TYPES OF NUMBERS )

• Counting Numbers
- positive whole numbers excluding zero or {1,2,3,4, 5...} also called
natural numbers

• Whole Numbers
- positive integers including zero or {0, 1,2,3,4, 5...}.

• Integers
- numbers formed by the natural numbers including 0 together with
the negatives of the non-zero natural numbers
or {...,-3,-2,- 1,0,1,2,3,...}

• Complex Numbers
- the combination of real numbers and imaginary number (non-real
numbers) some examples are √−1, √−2, 3i, 1 +4i

• Odd Numbers
- a number when divided by 2 contains a remainder of 1. -
Mathematically, n is odd if there are exist a number k, such that
n=2k+1 where k is an integer.

4
• Even Numbers
- a number divisible by 2 - Mathematically n is even if there exist a
number k, such that n=2k where k is integer.

• Prime Numbers or A Prime


- a natural numbers greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other
than 1 and itself, some example are 2,3,5, 11.

• Composite Numbers
- a positive integer which has a positive divisor other than 1 or itself -
in other words any positive integer greater than 1 that is not a prime
number - some examples are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, etc.

• Perfect Numbers
- a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive
divisors, that is, the sum of its positive divisors excluding the number
itself - Some examples are 6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336

5
• In symbols

R - real numbers
Q - rational numbers
N - natural numbers or counting numbers
W - whole numbers
Z – integers
Z - positive integers
Z - negative integers

6
(Some Typical Number Theoretic Questions)

The main goal of number theory is to discover interesting and


unexpected relationships between different sorts of numbers and to
prove that these relationships are true. In this section we will describe
a few typical number theoretic problems, some of which we will
eventually solve, some of which have known solutions too difficult
for us to include, and some of which remain unsolved to this day.

Sums of Squares I.
Can the sum of two squares be a square? The answer is clearly
"YES"; for example 32 + 47 = 52 and 52 + 122 = 132. These are
examples of Pythagorean triples. We will describe all Pythagorean
triples

Sums of Squares II.


Which numbers are sums of two squares? It often turns out that
questions of this sort are easier to answer first for primes, so we ask
which (odd) prime numbers are a sum of two squares. For example

7
Number Shapes.
The square numbers are the numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, ... that can be
arranged in the shape of a square. The triangular numbers are the
numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, ... that can be arranged in the shape of a triangle.
The first few triangular and square numbers are illustrated

(Tringular numbers)

(Square numbers)

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There is an easy geometric way to verify Gauss's formula, which may
be the way he discovered it himself.
The idea is to take two triangles consisting
of 1 + 2+...+ n pebbles and fit them together with one additional
diagonal
of n + 1 pebbles. illustrates this idea for n = 6.

(1+2+3+4+5+6) +7+(6+5+4+3+2+1) =72

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Conclusion

In conclusion, number theory is far from being an abstract discipline


that exists solely in the realm of academia. Its principles and concepts
have practical applications that affect our daily lives in numerous
ways. From ensuring secure communication to optimizing resources
and enhancing recreational activities, number theory plays a crucial
role in various aspects of modern society. By understanding the
significance of number theory in everyday life, we can appreciate the
elegance and utility of this branch of mathematics.

10
References

1-Neugebauer & Sachs 1945, The term takiltum is problematic.


Robson prefers the rendering "The holding-square of the diagonal
from which 1 is torn out, so that the short side comes up...".Robson
2001,
2- Computer science and its relation to mathematics" DE Knuth – The
American Mathematical Monthly, 1974
3-Applications of number theory to numerical analysis", Lo-keng
Hua, Luogeng Hua, Yuan Wang, Springer-Verlag, 1981, ISBN 978-3-
540-10382-0
4- See the remarks in the introduction to Iwaniec & Kowalski 2004:
"However much stronger...".
5- See, for example, the initial comment in Iwaniec & Kowalski 2004
6-See the proof in Davenport & Montgomery 2000, section 1
7-From the preface of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae; the translation is
taken from Goldstein & Schappacher 2007
8- Euler was generous in giving credit to others (Varadarajan 2006),
not always correctly.

11

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