11

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 1

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DEVELOPMENT & EDITORIAL TEAM:

Writers: Armando V. Erolin and Vilma Escal

Management Team:
Regional Director: Malcolm S. Garma
SDS: Margarito B. Materum
CLMD Chief: Genia V. Santos
CID Chief: Ellery G. Quintia
Regional EPS (Math): Bernadeth C. Daran
Regional LR Supervisor: Dennis M. Mendoza
SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
SDO LR: Daisy L. Mataac

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LESSON 1: Random Variables
EXPECTATIONS
This Supplementary Learning Material will help you to
 illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous)
 distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable
 find the possible values of a random variable.
Pretest
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. Which of the following represent a discrete random variable?
A. The weight in kilograms of randomly selected Senior High School students.
B. The time it takes a student to finish answering the midterm exams.
C. The number of patients who experience side effects after taking anti-biotics.
D. A patient’s body temperature reading in 0C.

2. Which of the following random variables is continuous?

A. The number of defective cellular phones in a box of 20.
B. The number of raffle tickets sold for a particular event.
C. The number of correct answers in 20-item multiple choices.
D. The time required to finished to certain job.

3. Let 𝑋 be the number of typographical errors found per page in certain books. The
table below shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.70 0.15 0.10 0.01
What is 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)?
A. 0.02 B. 0.04 C. 0.10 D. 0.09

4. Let 𝑋 be the number of boys in a four-child family. The probability distribution was
presented below.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 3 5 3 1
16 16 16 16
What is 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)?
1 1 5 3
A. 4
B. 16
C. 16
D. 4
5. Which of the following can be a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable 𝑋?
A.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.10 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.15

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B. 𝑋 2 4 6 8 10
𝑃(𝑋) 0.05 1.15 0.15 0.55 0.15
C. 𝑋 -1 1 3 5 7
𝑃(𝑋) 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20
D.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.40 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.10

6. An urn contains 5 balls. Each ball is labeled by numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. A person

randomly draws one ball. Let 𝑋 be the random variable for the number on the ball.
What are the possible values for the random variable 𝑋?
A. 𝑋 = {1, 2, 3, 4} C. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
C. 𝑋 = {0, 2, 4} D. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 3, 5}
7. Suppose that there are four colored candies in a box, two red and two blue. What is
the probability that you will get two red candies in one random picking?
1 1 1 2
A. B. C. D.
4 2 6 3
8. Let 𝑋 be the number of accidents in a particular intersection in a week. The table
below shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.45 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.05
What is the probability that accidents happen is at most 2?
A. 0.35 B. 0.25 C. 0.85 D. 0.15

LOOKING BACK
Let us recall that a statistical experiment is any process by which observations
are made and data is collected. The result of an experiment is known as Outcome.
Statistical experiments can have a few or a lot of possible outcomes. The collection of
all possible outcomes is known as the Sample space. The sample space is typically
denoted by S. When several outcomes are considered together, they are referred to as
an Event.
In simple experiments involving a small number of outcomes, it is convenient to
list the set of all possible outcomes.

Example 1: Tossing a fair coin once

If we toss a fair coin into the air, there are only two possible outcomes: it will
land as either “heads” (𝐻) or “tails” (𝑇). In other words, there is a 50% chance that the
coin will land heads and a 50% chance that the coin will land tails.
In this experiment, the sample space is:

𝑆 = {H, T} =

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Example 2: Rolling a die

A die is a cube with six sides. Each side contains one to six dots called pips. If
we roll a die and record the number of dots that occur face up, there will be six
possible outcomes.
The possible outcomes are or the sample space is:

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} =

Example 3: A person is chosen at random for an experiment and the sex of the person
is recorded.
In this experiment, there are only two possible outcomes. The chosen person
can be male or female. So, the sample space is:
S = {male, female}

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A random variable is a variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a
random procedure. Understanding the concept of sample space and random variables
important in the study of probability. In the next activity, we will focus on random
variables.

Illustrative Example 1.1

A salesperson has three tables left in the store to sell. We want to know how
many tables will be sold in the next five days. Since there are only three tables to be
sold, it is possible that no table will be sold. It is also possible that one, two, or all
three tables will be sold.
If we define our random variable 𝑋 as the number of tables sold in the next five
days, the random variable X may take on the values 0, 1, 2, or 3. In this case, the
random variable 𝑋 has specific values: 𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = 1; 𝑥 = 2; and 𝑥 = 3

Random Variable can be classified as

a. Discrete Random Variables are random variables that can take on a finite or
countable infinite number of distinct values. The values can each be described by an
integer value.
b. Continuous Random Variables are random variables that take an
uncountably infinite number of possible values, typically measurable quantities. The
values need to be measured and involve intervals along a number line.

Illustrative Example 1.2

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A study on the number of customers served by a restaurant on a particular day
was conducted. If the random variable 𝑋 denotes the number of customers served on
that day, then 𝑋 can take one of the values 𝑋 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ….
In this case the number of customers may increase indefinitely, and each
number represents distinct specific values. We call it a discrete random variable.

Illustrative Example 1.3

Suppose we are interested in looking at statistics test scores from a sample of
40 students. The random variable would be the test scores which would range from
0% to 100%. In this case we will use intervals to denote the various values of the
random variable.
When we use intervals for our random variable, all values in the interval are
possible values of the random variable. We call this kind of variable as continuous
random variable.

Activity 1.1
Follow the direction in each number:

1. List the sample space for each of the following statistical experiments:
a. A coin is tossed at the start of a basketball match.
b. A customer selects a table from tables numbered 1 to 10 at a restaurant.

2. In each case below, identify the random variable and classify it as discrete or
continuous:
a. Ben has two sisters.
b. Roberto jumped 1.85 meters in the high jump.

Activity 1.2
Consider the chance experiment of randomly selecting one of ten apartments in a
small building. The apartments are numbered from 1 to 10. Information about the
features of each apartment includes the number of bedrooms, the floor number, the
size of the apartment, and the distance to the elevator.

a. List the sample space for this experiment

b. Which 2 features are discrete random variables?

c. Which 2 features are continuous random variables?

LESSON 2: Probability Distributions of Discrete Random Variables

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EXPECTATIONS
This Supplementary Learning Material will help you to
 Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties
LOOKING BACK
In our study of random variables, we have learned that there are two kinds of
random variables, namely discrete and continuous. Discrete random variables can take
one of a countable list of distinct values while continuous random variables can take
any value in an interval or collection of intervals. In finding their probabilities, we
consider discrete and continuous random variables separately because probabilities
are specified differently for each. For discrete random variables, we can find
probabilities for exact outcomes.

Probability Notation for a Discrete Random Variable

The probability of an event (𝐸) denoted by 𝑃(𝐸) is the chance or likelihood of
that event occurring. To be more precise and consistent when describing the
probability of an event, a numerical measure is applied.
The numerical systems used to describe probability assigns values ranging from
zero (0) for impossible events up to one (1) for those events that are certain to occur.
The probability of all other events lies between these two extreme values.
In any experiment, the probability that an event E occurs is given by
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐸 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
If 𝐸 is certain to occur, 𝑃(𝐸) = 1.
If 𝐸 is impossible to occur, 𝑃(𝐸) = 0.

Properties of the Probabilities of Discrete Random Variables

1. The probability of each value is between 0 and 1.

2. The sum of all the probabilities is equal to 1.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable

For a discrete random variable, we may either create a table or use a formula to
give probabilities for each possible value. The correspondence between values and
probabilities is called the probability distribution function (pdf) for the variable.
The probability distribution function for a discrete random variable 𝑋 is a table
or rule that assigns probabilities to the possible values of the random variable 𝑋.

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Illustrative Example 2.1
Let X = sum obtained from rolling two fair dice. Here is the chart
representation showing the sample space for the sum of two dots facing up when we
roll two fair dice. In this case, the random variable 𝑋 could take on integer values from
2 to 12. The chart shows the 36-point sample space. There are 36 equally likely simple
events in the sample space, so each simple event has the probability of 1/36.

2nd Die
Sum 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Die 3
st
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Using the sample space to find probabilities of discrete random variables

Here is the sample space for the sum of two dice.
S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

We can find the probability for each value of 𝑋 by adding the probabilities of
the simple events that have that value. The probabilities for the possible values of 𝑋
are as follows:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 2 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 1
1) 𝑃 (2) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
= 36
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 3 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 2
2) 𝑃 (3) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
= 36

Using the sample space above, the probability distribution table for the sum of two
dice are as follows:
Let X be the sum of two dice
𝐗 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
1 2 2 3 1 4 1 5 6 6 5 4 1 3 1 2 1
𝐏(𝐗) 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 36
36 36 18 36 12 36 9 36 36 6 36 36 9 36 12 36 12

Illustrative Example 2.2

A pack (or deck) of playing cards has 52 cards. These 52 cards consist of four
suits: hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. Hearts and diamonds are red cards while
clubs and spades are black cards. Each suit contains 13 cards, namely 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, jack, queen, king, and ace. The jack, queen, and king are also known as face
cards (since there is a face drawn on them).

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a. Suppose a card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability of events A, B, and C.
i. A = card drawn is an ace
Answer: There are 4 aces in a pack of 52 playing cards. The probability of drawing an
4 1
ace is 𝑃(𝑎𝑐𝑒) = 52
= 13
ii. B = card drawn is red.
Answer: Since half of the cards are red and the other half is black, the probability of
26 1
drawing a red card is P(red) = 52
or 2.
iii. C = card drawn is a face card
Answer: The face cards are 4 jacks, 4 queens and 4 kings. The probability of drawing a
12 3
face card is 𝑃(𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑) = 52
or 13
b. A hand of 5 cards is drawn from a pack of playing cards. Let E be the event
that the hand contains five aces.
Answer: Since there are only 4 aces in a pack, event E cannot occur. Therefore, E is
an impossible event. Hence, 𝑃(𝐸) = 0.

Activity 2.1
We toss a fair coin three times into the air and observe the outcomes.
a. List the sample space S.
S ={𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ , _____ }
b. What is the probability that three tosses of a fair coin will result in:
i. 3 heads? ii. 2 heads? iii. 1 head? iv. 0 head?

Activity 2.2
A company staff consists of 20 accountants, 12 economists and 4 secretaries. A
staff is chosen at random. Find the probability that the staff is an accountant.

Remember
A random variable is a variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a
random procedure.
Discrete Random Variables are random variables that can take on a finite or
countable infinite number of distinct values. The values can each be described by an
integer value.
Continuous Random Variables are random variables that take an uncountably
infinite number of possible values, typically measurable quantities. The values need to
be measured and involve intervals along a number line.
A probability distribution is a distribution of the probabilities associated with
each possible values of a random variable.

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The two basic properties of probability are:
1. The probability assigned to each value of the random variable must be
between 0 and 1, inclusively.
2. The sum of the probabilities assigned to all the values of the random variable
must be equal to 1.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are interested in
counting the number of boys (out of two children) in each family. Suppose the random
variable x denotes the number of boys,
a) what are the possible values of the random variable x?
b) Is the random variable discrete or continuous?
2. In each case below, identify the random variable and classify it as discrete or
continuous:
a. Juan has 15 siblings.
b. Duration (in minutes) of long-distance call
3. If one card is drawn at random from a standard 52 playing cards, what is the
probability that the card drawn is:
a. an ace? b. a red king? c. a queen? d. a spade? e. a face card?

POST TEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. The height in meters of randomly selected group of students.
B. The number of students attended in the online class per day.
C. The time taken to complete the game.
D. The amount of rainfall in Taguig City in a year.

2. The following are discrete random variables except?

A. The number of girls in a three-child family.
B. The number of calls received in a day by a company.
C. The amount of time a customer spends waiting to serve.
D. The number of defective items in a sample of 10 boxes.

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For numbers 3-5.
Let 𝑋 be the number of encoding errors a student makes on a given page. The
table below shows a probability distribution of 𝑋.

𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.55 0.25 0.08 0.02
3. What is 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)?
A. 0.02 B. 0.04 C. 0.10 D. 0.09

4. What is the probability does student commit at least 2 mistakes?

A. 0.50 B. 0.20 C. 0.15 D. 0.08

5. What is the probability does student commit exactly 1 error?

A. 0.55 B. 0.80 C. 0.20 D. 0.25

6. Which of the following can be a probability distribution for a discrete random

variable 𝑋?
A.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.20 0.15 0.40 0.20 0.15

B. 𝑋 2 4 6 8 10
𝑃(𝑋) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.20
C. 𝑋 -1 1 3 5 7
𝑃(𝑋) 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
D.
𝑋 0 1 2 3 4
𝑃(𝑋) 0.45 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.10

7. A box contains 4 colored balls. Each ball is labeled by numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. A person

randomly draws one ball. Let 𝑋 be the random variable for the number on the ball.
What are the possible values for the random variable 𝑋?
A. 𝑋 = {1, 2, 3, 4} C. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
C. 𝑋 = {0, 2, 4} D. 𝑋 = {0, 1, 3, 5}

8. In tossing three coins, what is the probability of getting no heads?

1 1 1 3
A. B. C. D.
4 8 2 4

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12 (This is a Government Property. Not for Sale.)
Activity 1.1
1) a. There are only two possible
outcomes – head or tail
S = { head, tail }
or S = { H, T }
b. The sample space are the
tables numbered 1 to 10
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
2) a. number of sisters; discrete
b. height; continuous
Activity 1.2
a. S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
b. (Note: answers are not in
particular order)
P(accountant) = 20/36
Activity 2.2 1. number of bedrooms
2. floor number
iv. P(0 head) = 1/8 c. (Note: answers are not in
iii. P(1 head) = 3/8 particular order)
ii. P(2 heads) = 3/8 1. size of the apartment
b. i. P(3 heads) = 1/8 2. distance to elevator
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
a. S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Activity 2.1 1. a. the random variable 𝑋 may
take on the values 0, 1, or 2
D 5. b. discrete
B 4. 2. a. number of siblings; discrete
8. B C 3. b. time; continuous
7. A C 2. 3. a. P(ace) = 4/52 or 1/13
6. B B 1. b. P(red king) = 2/52 or 1/26
POSTTEST c. P(queen) = 4/52 or 1/13
d. P(spade) = 13/52 or 1/4
e. P(face card) = 12/52 or 3/13
D 5.
A 4.
8. C B 3.
7. C D 2.
6. C C 1.
PRETEST
ASSESSMENT
Answer Key
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References

Bluman, AG. (2012). “Elementary Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach’’, 8th ed. New
York: McGraw Hill
McCune, A. (2010) “Statistics: Practice Makes Perfect. United States’’, The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc
Mercado del Rosario, A.C. (2010) “Basic Statistics with Probability’’, 3rd ed. Philippines:
Del Ros Publishing House.
Belecina, R.R, Baccay, E.S, Matoe, E.B. (2016) “Statistics and Probability’’, 1st ed.
Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Phoenix Publishing House (2016) “Soaring 21st Century Mathematics: Statistics and
Probability’’, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House.

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