INTRODUCTION TO
DBMS
DATABASE
• A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS).
• Examples of database in a real life:
➢ Telephone directory:
➢ Flight reservation schedule
➢ University student database
DATA CONCEPTS AND CHARACTERISTICS
• Data are raw facts which means that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal their
meanings.
• For example in a banking system , data is the whole collection of bank account numbers,
customers names, addresses, and their other personal information etc.
• An individual will find difficult to process such data however when data is arranged relationally
it then becomes information which is more useful to users.
• Features of data
➢ Consistent, integral, non redundant, secured, centrally managed and shared among multiple
applications.
DBMS VS FILE SYSTEM
• Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving user’s data while
considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs that manipulate the
database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the DBMS engine to
provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and
retrieve data.
• A file system is a technique of arranging the files in a storage medium like a hard disk, pen drive, DVD,
etc. It helps you to organizes the data and allows easy retrieval of files when they are required. It mostly
consists of different types of files like mp3, mp4, txt, doc, etc. that are grouped into directories.
• A file system enables you to handle the way of reading and writing data to the storage medium. It is
directly installed into the computer with the Operating systems such as Windows and Linux.
DBMS VS FILE SYSTEM
DATA MODELS
• Underlying the structure of a database is the data model: a collection of conceptual tools
for describing data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints. There
are a number of different data models that we shall cover in the text. The data models
can be classified into four different categories:
➢ Relational Model
➢ Entity Relationship Model
➢ Semi Structured Data Model
➢ Object Based Data Model
DATA MODELS
• Relational Model. The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both
data and the relationships among those data. Each table has multiple columns, and each
column has a unique name. Tables are also known as relations. The relational model is an
example of a record-based model. Record-based models are so named because the
database is structured in fixed-format records of several types. Each table contains
records of a particular type. Each record type defines a fixed number of fields, or
attributes. The columns of the table correspond to the attributes of the record type. The
relational data model is the most widely used data model, and a vast majority of current
database systems are based on the relational model.
DATA MODELS
• Entity-Relationship Model. The entity-relationship (E-R) data model uses a collection
of basic objects, called entities, and relationships among these objects. An entity is a “thing”
or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. The entity
relationship model is widely used in database design.
• Semi-structured Data Model. The semi-structured data model permits the
specification of data where individual data items of the same type may have different sets
of attributes. This is in contrast to the data models mentioned earlier, where every data
item of a particular type must have the same set of attributes. JSON and Extensible Markup
Language (XML) are widely used semi-structured data representations.
DATA MODELS
• Object-Based Data Model. Object-oriented programming (especially in Java, C++, or
C#) has become the dominant software-development methodology. This led initially to
the development of a distinct object-oriented data model, but today the concept of
objects is well integrated into relational databases. Standards exist to store objects in
relational tables. Database systems allow procedures to be stored in the database system
and executed by the database system. This can be seen as extending the relational model
with notions of encapsulation, methods, and object identity.
DBMS
• A database-management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to
access those data. The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains information relevant to an
enterprise.
• The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both
convenient and efficient.
• Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. Management of data involves both
defining structures for storage of information and providing mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In
addition, the database system must ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or
attempts at unauthorized access. If data are to be shared among several users, the system must avoid possible
anomalous results.
WHAT IS THE NEED OF DBMS?
• Database systems are basically developed for large amount of data. When dealing with
huge amount of data, there are two things that require optimization: Storage of
data and retrieval of data.
• Storage: According to the principles of database systems, the data is stored in such a
way that it acquires lot less space as the redundant data (duplicate data) has been
removed before storage.
• Fast Retrieval of data: Along with storing the data in an optimized and systematic
manner, it is also important that we retrieve the data quickly when needed. Database
systems ensure that the data is retrieved as quickly as possible.
DATABASE APPLICATIONS
• Applications where we use Database Management Systems are:
• Telecom: There is a database to keeps track of the information regarding calls made, network usage, customer
details etc. Without the database systems it is hard to maintain that huge amount of data that keeps updating
every millisecond.
• Industry: Where it is a manufacturing unit, warehouse or distribution centre, each one needs a database to
keep the records of ins and outs. For example distribution centre should keep a track of the product units that
supplied into the centre as well as the products that got delivered out from the distribution centre on each
day; this is where DBMS comes into picture.
• Banking System: For storing customer info, tracking day to day credit and debit transactions, generating bank
statements etc.All this work has been done with the help of Database management systems.
• Sales:To store customer information, production information and invoice details.
DATABASE APPLICATIONS
• Airlines: To travel though airlines, we make early reservations, this reservation
information along with flight schedule is stored in database.
• Education sector: Database systems are frequently used in schools and colleges to
store and retrieve the data regarding student details, staff details, course details, exam
details, payroll data, attendance details, fees details etc. There is a hell lot amount of inter-
related data that needs to be stored and retrieved in an efficient manner.
• Online shopping: You must be aware of the online shopping websites such as Amazon,
Flipkart etc. These sites store the product information, your addresses and preferences,
credit details and provide you the relevant list of products based on your query. All this
involves a Database management system.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• Database Administrator (DBA) :
• Database Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who defines the schema and also controls the
3 levels of database. The DBA will then create a new account id and password for the user if
he/she need to access the data base. DBA is also responsible for providing security to the data
base and he allows only the authorized users to access/modify the data base. The functions of a
DBA include:
• Schema definition. The DBA creates the original database schema by executing a set of data
definition statements in the DDL.
• Storage structure and access-method definition. The DBA may specify some
parameters pertaining to the physical organization of the data and the indices to be created.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• Schema and physical-organization modification. The DBA carries out changes to
the schema and physical organization to reflect the changing needs of the organization, or
to alter the physical organization to improve performance.
• Granting of authorization for data access. By granting different types of
authorization, the database administrator can regulate which parts of the database
various users can access. The authorization information is kept in a special system
structure that the database system consults whenever a user tries to access the data in
the system.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• Routine maintenance. Examples of the database administrator’s routine maintenance
activities are:
➢ Periodically backing up the database onto remote servers, to prevent loss of data in case
of disasters such as flooding.
➢ Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations, and upgrading
disk space as required.
➢ Monitoring jobs running on the database and ensuring that performance is not degraded
by very expensive tasks submitted by some users.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
• The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic client/server architecture is
used to deal with a large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.
• The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation which are
connected via the network.
• DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected to the database to get their
request done.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
• Here we will discuss three kinds of Architecture –
Centralized DBMS Architecture , Client- Server
Architecture and Distributes system.
• Centralized DBMS Architecture.
• A centralized database is stored at a single location such
as a mainframe computer. It is maintained and modified
from that location only and usually accessed using an
internet connection such as a LAN or WAN. The
centralized database is used by organizations such as
colleges, companies, banks etc.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
• Client Server Architecture
• The concept of client/server architecture assumes an underlying
framework that consists of many PCs as well as a smaller number
of mainframe machines, connected via LANs and other types of
computer networks. A client in this framework is typically a user
machine that provides user interface capabilities and local
processing. When a client requires access to additional
functionality, such as database access which does not exist at that
machine, it connects to a server that provides the needed
functionality.
• A Server is a system which contains both Hardware and
Software which provides services to client Machines like file
access, printing and database access.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
• Types of DBMS Architecture in Client-
Server Architecture
• Database architecture can be seen as a
single tier or multi-tier. But logically,
database architecture is of two types
like: 2-tier architecture and 3-tier
architecture.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
1. I-Tier Architecture
• In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means the user can
directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
• Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself. It doesn't provide a
handy tool for end users.
• The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local application, where
programmers can directly communicate with the database for the quick response.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
2. 2- Tier Architecture
• The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the two-tier architecture,
applications on the client end can directly communicate with the database at the
server side. For this interaction,API's like: ODBC, JDBC are used.
• The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.
• The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like: query processing
and transaction management.
• To communicate with the DBMS, client-side application establishes a connection with
the server side.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
3. 3-Tier Architecture
• The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and server.
In this architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
• The application on the client-end interacts with an application server which
further communicates with the database system.
• End user has no idea about the existence of the database beyond the
application server. The database also has no idea about any other user beyond
the application.
• The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
• A distributed database is a database that consists of two or more files located in different sites either on the same
network or on entirely different networks. Portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations and
processing is distributed among multiple database nodes.
• Types of distributed system
1. Homogeneous Database:
In a homogeneous database, all different sites store database identically. The operating system, database management
system, and the data structures used – all are the same at all sites. Hence, they’re easy to manage.
2. Heterogeneous Database:
In a heterogeneous distributed database, different sites can use different schema and software that can lead to
problems in query processing and transactions. Also, a particular site might be completely unaware of the other
sites. Different computers may use a different operating system, different database application. They may even use
different data models for the database. Hence, translations are required for different sites to communicate.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
Features of distributed databases
• Location independent
• Distributed query processing
• Distributed transaction management
• Hardware independent
• Operating system independent
• Network independent
• Transaction transparency
• DBMS independent
CLOUD DATABASE
• A cloud database is a database service built and accessed through a cloud platform. It serves many of the
same functions as a traditional database with the added flexibility of cloud computing. Users install software
on a cloud infrastructure to implement the database.
• Key features:
• A database service built and accessed through a cloud platform
• Enables enterprise users to host databases without buying dedicated hardware
• Can be managed by the user or offered as a service and managed by a provider
• Can support relational databases (including MySQL and PostgreSQL) and NoSQL
databases (including MongoDB and Apache CouchDB)
• Accessed through a web interface or vendor-provided API
THANK YOU
