Operating Systems

UNIT-1: Part 1
 Topics
❖Introduction to Operating Systems
o Computer System Overview
o Components of a Computer System
o Functions of OS
o Different Types of OS
o OS Distributions and Versions

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 What is an Operating System?

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 What is an Operating System?

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Components of a Computer System
A computer system can be divided into four components:
Hardware— Provides the basic
computing resources the central
processing unit (CPU), the memory,
and the input/output (I/O) devices
Operating System — Software that
controls and Coordinates use of
hardware among various applications
and users
Application programs—such as word
processors, spreadsheets, compilers,
and web browsers
Users — People, Machines and Other
Computers
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Computer System Organization

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 Why Study Operating Systems?
❖ Only a small percentage of Computer Science
professional will be involved in the creation or
modification of an operating system.
❖ All code runs on top of an operating system.
❖ Knowledge of
❖ How OS works,
❖ How OS drives computer hardware,
❖ What OS provides to applications
is crucial to write efficient, effective, and secure Code.

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 Operating System Definition
❖ The operating system is the one program running at all times on
the computer (Kernel of the Operating System) , with all else
being either
❖ System programs or
❖ application programs.
❖ OS is resource allocator
❖ Allocates all the resources such as memory, processors,
devices, and information.
❖ OS is a Control Program-includes programs to manage the
resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a memory
management module, I/O programs, and a file system.

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Functions of Operating System (1)
Resource Manages and allocates memory, CPU time, and other
Management hardware resources among programs and processes.

Memory Manages the computer’s primary memory and provides

Management mechanisms for optimizing memory usage. (Maintains memory
logs)
File OS is responsible for organizing and managing the file system,
Management (Creation, deletion, and manipulation of files and directories)-
NTFS, ext4
Device Manages input/output devices, Maintains the status of all
Management devices connected to the system (device log),provides the
necessary drivers and interfaces
Process Starting, stopping, managing and scheduling of processes.
Management
Allocation and deallocation of resources
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Functions of Operating System (2)
Security Provides a secure environment for the user, applications, and
data (access controls and encryption)

Job Accounting Maintains log for all users

Keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs or users.
Error Detection These contain methods that include the production of dumps,
traces, error messages, and other debugging and error-
detecting methods.
Backup and Provides mechanisms for backing up data and recovering it in
Recovery case of system failures, errors, or disasters.

Updates and Operating systems regularly receive updates and patches to fix
Maintenance security vulnerabilities and improve functionality. For instance,
Windows Update and Linux package managers like apt or yum.
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Functions of Operating System (3)
User Interface Provides a user interface that enables users to interact with the
computer system (GUI/CLI/ both).
Networking Provides capabilities establishing and managing network connections,
network protocols,, sharing resources over a network.
System Calls Enable apps to interact with the OS and access its resources, Provides
portability and compatibility across different H/W and S/W platforms.
Time Sharing Enables multiple users to share a computer system and its resources
simultaneously (Time sharing mechanisms)
Virtualization Virtualization capabilities allow multiple operating systems or
applications to run on a single physical machine.
Performance Monitoring and optimizing system performance
Monitoring (Identifying bottlenecks, optimizing resource usage, and analyzing system logs and metrics)

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 Types of Operating System
Different types of operating systems are mentioned below:
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multi-Programming System
3. Multi-Processing System
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
5. Time-Sharing Operating System
6. Distributed Operating System
7. Network Operating System
8. Real-Time Operating System

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 1. Batch Operating System
➢ In a batch processing system, users submit their jobs to the system, and the
operating system collects these jobs into batches.
➢ The jobs in each batch are executed one after the other without any user
intervention until all the jobs in the batch have completed.

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 1. Batch Operating System (Contd..)
Key Characteristics of Batch processing system:

Minimal User • Users submit their jobs to the system and receive the results
Interaction when the jobs are completed.

• Efficient for tasks that are repetitive, time-consuming and

resource intensive.
Efficiency
• It speeds up the process by combining similar types of jobs and
runs them as a group.

Require an Operator • To club similar jobs having the same requirements.

• Early Mainframe computers for applications such as Payroll

Examples processing and scientific simulations
• Still used for Large Scale data processing

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 2. Multi-Programming Operating System
➢ Before the concept of Multiprogramming, CPU executes only one program at
a time.
➢ When the program undergoes in waiting state for an input/output operation,
the CPU remains idle which leads to underutilization of CPU and thus poor
performance.
➢ The concept of multiprogramming solves this issue by allowing more than
one program to execute in an operating system

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 2. Multi-Programming Operating System
Features of Multiprogramming:
➢ Need Single CPU for implementation.
➢ Context switch between process.
➢ Switching happens when current process undergoes waiting state.
Advantages:
➢ CPU idle time is reduced.
➢ High resource utilization.
➢ High Performance.
Drawbacks:
➢ CPU scheduling algorithms is required.
➢ In case of large number of jobs, long-term jobs require a longer wait.
➢ Memory management is needed to meet the storage requirements of
multiple programs

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 3. Multi-Processing Operating System

➢ Multiprocessing systems are computer systems that utilize multiple

processors or CPU cores to execute tasks concurrently.

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 3. Multi-Processing Operating System
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
•It increases the throughput of the system.
•As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with
another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
•Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex

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 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
➢ Allows multiple tasks (processes) to run concurrently on a single computer
system.
➢ CPU switches rapidly between different tasks, giving the appearance that
multiple tasks are running simultaneously.

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 4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
Advantages:
➢ allowing users to work on multiple tasks simultaneously, reducing downtime
and improving efficiency.
➢ Maximize resource utilization such as CPU time and memory
Drawbacks:
➢ Managing multiple tasks concurrently adds complexity to the operating
system.
➢ Resource Contention can occur when multiple tasks compete for the same
resources

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 5. Time Sharing Operating System
➢ A time-sharing operating system enables concurrent use of the computer
by multiple users.
➢ Processor’s time is shared among multiple users simultaneously

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 5. Time Sharing Operating System
Advantages
➢ Enables many users located at different terminals to simultaneously
use a single computer system.
➢ Avoids duplication of software.
➢ Reduces idle time of CPU

Disadvantages/ Challenges:
➢ Communication Overhead
➢ Ensuring Reliability
➢ Preserving Security and Integrity of user programs

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 6. Distributed Operating System
➢ Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network.
➢ Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
➢ Remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

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 6. Distributed Operating System
Advantages
➢ Allow remote working.
➢ Faster exchange of data among users.
➢ Failure in one site may not cause much disruption to the system.
➢ Minimize the load on the host computer.
Disadvantages
➢ If the primary network fails, entire system shuts down.
➢ Expensive to install.
➢ Require a high level of expertise to maintain.

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 7. Networked Operating System
➢ Networked operating systems primarily focus on managing network-related
operations and services within a single computer or node.
➢ They are designed to facilitate communication and connectivity within the local
network.
➢ Eg: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
Linux and Mac OS X.

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 7. Networked Operating System
Advantages:
➢ Centralized servers are highly stable.
➢ Security is server managed.
➢ Upgradation of new technologies and hardware can be easily
integrated into the system.
➢ It is possible to remotely access servers from different locations

Disadvantages:
➢ High cost of buying and running a server.
➢ Dependency on a central location for most operations.
➢ Regular maintenance and updates are required.

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 8. Real-Time Operating System
➢ Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are used in environments where a
large number of events must be accepted and processed in a short time or
within certain deadlines.
Hard real- Guarantee that critical tasks complete on time.
time
systems Secondary storage is limited or missing.

Examples: Medical imaging systems, industrial control

systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems etc.
Soft real- Soft real-time systems are less restrictive.
time
Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard
systems
real-time systems.

Examples: Multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced

Scientific Projects like undersea exploration etc.

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 8. Realtime Operating System
Advantages:
➢ Maximum utilization of devices and systems.
➢ Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less.
➢ Since the size of programs is small, RTOS can also be embedded systems
➢ These types of systems are error-free.

Disadvantages:
➢ Very few tasks run simultaneously, and their concentration is very less on few
applications to avoid errors.
➢ The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
➢ It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
➢ RTOS performs minimal task switching.

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 Operating System Distributions
➢ An operating system distribution is a complete package of an operating
system that includes the core OS kernel, system utilities, libraries, and
often a collection of software applications and tools.
➢ These distributions are typically customized and bundled to serve various
purposes and cater to different user needs.
➢ Some well-known operating system distributions include:
Linux Distributions:
• Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, Fedora, and Arch Linux
are examples of operating system distributions.
• Cater to desktop, server, and embedded use cases.

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 Operating System Distributions
UNIX Variants: UNIX-like operating systems such as macOS, AIX (Avanced
Interactive Executive), HP-UX (Hewlettte Packard Unix), and Solaris have
their own distributions or versions customized for specific hardware and
enterprise environments.

Windows Editions: Microsoft Windows has multiple editions like Windows

10 Home, Windows 10 Pro, Windows Server, and Windows Enterprise, each
tailored for different user categories and needs.

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 Operating System Versions
➢ Operating systems are updated and improved over time to fix bugs,
enhance security, and add new features.

➢ Each new version typically receives a unique version number or name.

➢ Operating system versions are crucial because they indicate the level of
updates, security patches, and new features available in a particular
release.

➢ Users and administrators can choose the version that best suits their
needs based on factors like stability, support, and compatibility with their
hardware and software requirements.
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 Operating System Versions

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 Quiz Time
1. Which OS reads and reacts in terms of actual time?
2. A systematic procedure for moving the CPU to new process
is known as ____________
3. UNIX is written in which language?
4. Main memory of a computer system is? (Volatile/Non-
Volatile)
5. The speed of writing data in magnetic tape disks is
comparable to that of disk drives. State True/False

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 Quiz Time
6. Which of the following is not an operating system?
Linux/Dos/Oracle/Windows
7. What type of extension name do notepads use?
8. Where are the errors and bugs recorded? (Notepad/New
program/ Running process/Logfile)

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 Quiz Time (Q9)

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Thank you
Dr. K. Radhika
Professor, AI&DS Department
Mail:[email protected]
Contact No.: 9346253642