Automatic Plant Watering System

A PROJECT BASED LEARNING REPORT

Submitted by

HARIHARAN N (22BM023)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), ERODE

(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

NOV 2024

1
 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

BONAFIDECERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Automatic Plant Watering System” is the
bonafide work of “HARIHARAN N” , who carried out the Project Based
Learning work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Mr. SRITHAR A
Innovation Ambassador&
Assistant Professor/BME
PBLCOORDINATOR,

Department of BME

Nandha Engineering College

(Autonomous),Erode-638052.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of a work depends on the team work and co-operation various
involved either directly or indirectly.

We express our thanks to our beloved Chairman of Nandha Institutions

Thiru.V.SHANMUGAN, for providing us all the basic amenities to complete
the course successfully.

We wish to convey our earnest gratefulness to our cherished Secretary

Thiru.S.THIRUMOORTHI, for the excellent facilities provided to the project
work successfully.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our beloved
Principal Dr.U.S.RAGUPATHY, for the encouragement and support during
the course study.

We are grateful to our HOD, Dr.P.NITHIYANANTHAM and our Project

Based Learning Coordinator Mr. SRITHAR A, Department of Biomedical
Engineering for providing the facilities and also for their kind patronage.

We thank all the staff members of Department of Biomedical Engineering

Department for their valuable suggestions in the project.

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 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Autonomous)
ERODE - 638 052

INSTITUTE VISION AND MISSION

VISION
To be an Institute of excellence providing quality Engineering, Technology and Management
education to meet the ever-changing needs of the society
MISSION
 To provide quality education to produce ethical and competent professionals with
social Responsibility

 To excel in the thrust areas of Engineering, Technology and Entrepreneurship by

solving real- world problems

 To create a learner centric environment and improve continually to meet the changing
global needs

4
 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Autonomous)
ERODE - 638 052

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

VISION
To foster academic excellence imparting knowledge in Biomedical and allied disciplines to
meet the ever-growing needs of the society.
MISSION
 To impart quality education and develop an aptitude for professional career and
continuous learning with ethics and social responsibility.
 To provide a framework for research and innovation to meet the emerging challenges
through regular interaction with healthcare industry.
 To create a learner centric environment by upgrading knowledge and skills to cater
the needs and challenges of the society.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO)

The graduates of Biomedical Engineering will be,

PEO1: Core Competency: Successful professionals with core competency and
interdisciplinaryskills to satisfy the Industrial needs

PEO2: Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Capable of identifyingtechnological

requirements for the society and providing innovative ideas for real timeproblems

PEO3: Ethics, Human values and Life-long learning: Able to demonstrate ethicalpractices
and managerial skills through continuous learning

5
 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Autonomous)
ERODE - 638 052

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

EngineeringGraduateswillbeableto,

GRADUATE PO
a-l PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
ATTRIBUTES No.
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
a Engineering knowledge PO1
specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching
b Problem analysis PO2 substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet
Design/development of
c PO3 the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
solutions
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal,
and environmental considerations.
Use research-based knowledge and research methods
Conduct investigation including design of experiments, analysis and
d PO4
of complex problems interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
e Modern tool usage PO5 including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
The engineer and knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
f PO6
society cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
Environment and
g PO7 demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainability
sustainable development.

h Ethics PO8 Apply ethical principles and commit to professional

6
 ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

Individual and team
i PO9 or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary
work
settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
j Communication PO10 write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

engineering and management principles and apply
Project management
k PO11 these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
and finance
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
l Life-long learning PO12 ability to engage in independent and life-long learning
in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFI COUTCOMES (PSO)

The students of Biomedical Engineering will be able to
 Design and develop the electronic systems to offer healthcare solutions by applying
the knowledge of Mathematics, Life Sciences, Engineering and Technology
 Apply software skills, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for
solving the clinical problems

7
 NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Autonomous)
ERODE - 638 052

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

22BMC08 - MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS INTERFACING

Course Objectives

 To make the students to Understand and demonstrate the principles, architectures, and
functionalities of microprocessors, microcontrollers, and their associated peripherals.
 To make the students to Develop and implement assembly and higher-level language
programs to solve real-world problems, with an emphasis on debugging including
those involving biosensors.
Course Outcomes
CO 1: Apply the knowledge of Microprocessor and Microcontrollers architectures and
their instruction sets to develop assembly programs.
CO 2: Analyze the functioning of Microprocessor and Microcontroller systems, including
interrupt handling and peripheral interfacing.
CO 3: Analyze the performance and efficiency of different Microcontroller.
CO4: Develop skills to program Microcontrollers and debug using MPLAB X IDE.
CO 5: Apply knowledge to design and develop projects using biosensors.

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Checklist Item

Status
S.No Section Checklist Item
(Y/N)
Project title, student's name, university/college
1. Title Page
name, department, supervisor's name, and date
Summary of objectives, methods, results, and
2. Abstract
conclusions (150-250 words)
3. Keywords List 3-5 relevant keywords
Problem statement, significance, background,
4. Introduction
and objectives
Literature Review Summary of related work, including key
5. (Recent year journals publications, trends, gaps in the research, and
since 2023) justification for the project
Clear and concise description of the problem
6. Problem Definition
being addressed
Detailed explanation of the methods used,
7. Methodology/Design algorithms, tools, design diagrams, and
flowcharts
Presentation of results with tables, figures,
8. Results
charts, and diagrams (if applicable)
Interpretation of results, comparison with
9. Discussion/Analysis existing research, and addressing the research
question
Summary of key findings, implications,
10. Conclusion
limitations, and future work
References
11. Proper citation of all references in IEEE format
(IEEE Format)
Appendix Additional supporting material such as codes,
12.
(if applicable) data, or extended tables
Recognition of contributions from individuals
13. Acknowledgments
or institutions
Publication Details Publications related to the project which your
14.
(paper proof) team or individual done
Ensure all figures and tables are properly
15. Figures & Tables
labeled, captioned, and referenced in the text
Ensure originality of content and proper
16. Plagiarism Check
citation of sources
17.
Submission of Soft Verify both soft copy (PDF) and hard copy
18.
Copy & Hard Copy (printed version) are ready

9
 Automatic Plant Watering System
N.Hariharan
3rd year - Biomedical Engineering, Nandha Engineering college,Perundurai, India
[email protected]

Abstract

This paper introduces an automatic plant watering system designed using the ESP32 module
(specifically the ESP-WROOM-32 chip). This system is intended for use in homes, offices,
and small spaces, providing a more convenient and efficient alternative to manual watering.
Watering is one of the most critical and labor-intensive tasks in gardening and farming.
However, with busy schedules, many people struggle to consistently care for their plants,
leading to issues like dehydration or overwatering.The automatic watering system solves this
problem by automating the watering process, ensuring that plants are watered at specified
times based on soil moisture levels. By using the ESP32 chip, the system allows for remote
control and monitoring, making it easy for users to check soil moisture, set watering
schedules, and receive notifications. This makes the system particularly useful for individuals
with tight schedules or those who are often away from home.The solution aims to simplify
plant care, ensuring that plants receive the proper amount of water without the need for
constant attention, and making it ideal for home use. The use of the ESP32 module provides
flexibility, efficiency, and ease of operation, replacing the need for manual watering tasks.
This system can be scaled for use in larger gardens or office spaces, providing a sustainable
and practical approach to plant care.

Keywords — Automatic, Watering, This is where the Automatic Plant Watering

System, ESP32, Small, Plants. System comes into play. It provides a
system where it helps the people that could
I. INTRODUCTION not give the attention needed for a plant to
Growing plants, whether indoors or grow. Automatic Plant Watering System
outdoors, offers significant emotional and able to identify the plants’ conditions and
psychological benefits. While tending to provide the plants’ needs automatically. The
plants fosters discipline and responsibility, product aims to give users the best
busy lifestyles often make consistent care assistance on giving the best care for
challenging. To bridge this gap, the people’s plants without having to be present
Automatic Plant Watering System emerges near their plants. The principle of this
as a practical solution, enabling users to invention is to create and design an
maintain healthy plants effortlessly through ergonomic device for small uses such as an
automated monitoring and watering. This office and in a room
innovation ensures that everyone can enjoy
the beauty and advantages of greenery,
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
regardless of their time constraints.

10
 Agriculture, or farming, is the Internet of Things (IoT) concept for
science of cultivating the soil, environmental monitoring and irrigation
growing crops, and raising facilities.[4]
livestock. Ever since the days of In the age of technology, automation has
the first plow from sticks over ten permeated our lives, and the demand for
thousand years ago, agriculture remote control systems continues to grow.
has always depended 3on This study introduces an IoT-powered
technology. As technology and Automatic Plant Watering System, driven
science improved, so did the scale by the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller
at which farming was possible. and a soil moisture sensor. Users can
With the popularity and growth of monitor soil moisture levels through a
the Internet of Things (IoT) in mobile application, remotely activating the
recent years, there are even more watering process. This system addresses the
avenues for technology to make challenges of manual plant care and the
agriculture more efficient and help need for efficient solutions, especially in
farmers in every nation [1]. light of the COVID-19 pandemic.[5]
Growing a plant has always been a favorite
activity for people around the globe but This project is being developed to upgrade
taking care of it is a different story to the existing watering plant system
unfold. The lack of essential things for technology due to previous research only
plants such as water, fertilizer, and sunlight focus on the plant and the water quality.
can fail the process of growth of a plant.[2] Traditionally, manual watering schedule
was implemented by the farmers without the
Chili is one of the vegetables cultivated by systematic real-time monitoring system
Indonesian farmers because of its high which does not sustain the environment and
market value and many health benefits. sources. As a result, plants are occasionally
Manual watering of plants still has overwatered or underwatered. This project
weaknesses because water use is unlimited, present Internet of Things (IoT) plant
especially for chili plants. Therefore, IoT is monitoring system by utilizing soil
needed to water plants automatically and in moisture, humidity and ultrasonic controlled
real-time based on soil moisture and can by Arduino UNO. [6]
monitor chilli plants' air temperature and
pH. [3]
Over the past decades, agricultural III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
production has been severely impacted by
climate change, water shortages, global One of the most vital aspects to ensure
warming and population growth. The healthy growth by a plant is maintaining
implementation of innovative technologies optimum levels of moisture in its soil. Most
has emerged as a promising approach to busy folks spend considerable time away
address these challenges and improve the and lack proper knowledge and free time for
farming industry. The current study watering plants; in return, they mostly get
proposes an intelligent solution to the waterlogged or completely parched. Such
existing agricultural problems by utilizing acts usually create some form of rot or kill

11
the roots on most occasions. Mostly, the right amount of water at the correct times to
most inefficient way of watering most plants prevent overwatering or underwatering,
by traditional manual procedures involves promoting water efficiency by adjusting
considerable wastage of water while trying based on soil moisture, weather, and plant
to upkeep those plants. needs. This helps conserve water, especially
in areas with limited supply. By automating
To achieve the above, an automated plant the process, it saves time for busy gardeners,
watering system is needed. Such a system homeowners, or farmers, making it ideal for
should monitor soil moisture levels and those with hectic schedules or frequent
automatically water the plants when its travel.The system also ensures plants are
levels drop below a predefined threshold. watered properly, preventing damage from
incorrect watering and helping save money
on water bills and plant replacement. With
A. PROPOSED SYSTEM
features like remote monitoring, users can
adjust watering schedules even when they’re
It has to continuously monitor the soil
away, ensuring their plants are always cared
moisture through the use of moisture
for. In agriculture, it helps improve crop
sensors. The readings from this sensor are
yields and quality by providing precise
relayed to the microcontroller, which cross-
irrigation during critical growth phases.
compares the moisture content readings
Additionally, it reduces labor costs in large
against the set threshold levels. When the
operations and has environmental benefits
moisture level falls below the set threshold
by minimizing water waste, runoff, and soil
of the soil, it will activate the water pump
erosion.
via the microcontroller. The pump then
allows the water to distribute within the C. METHODOLOGY
irrigation system, which could be drip or
sprinkler setup, giving the plants the needed The automatic plant watering system is
amount of water. Thesystem also comes designed to maintain an optimal level of
with a featurethat monitors the weather to moisture in the soil while saving water. This
check the possibility of rain and thus can project uses an Arduino microcontroller and
avoid unnecessary watering, especially a soil moisture sensor with a water pump or
when rain is expected. The users can even servo motor to complete the tasks. The soil
control the system remotely: they can see moisture sensor is connected to the Arduino
the status, set parameters, and follow the microcontroller; the power and ground pins
level of soil moisture through a mobile app have to be connected to those on the
or web interface. Arduino board. The output pin of the sensor
is being read from an analog input on
B. OBJECTIVE Arduino to obtain the moisture levels. The
pump connects either to a digital output via
The goal of an automated plant watering a relay or is driven directly by the
system is to provide plants with consistent Arduino.The Arduino code starts by
and accurate watering, ensuring healthy initializing the pins it needs to read the
growth while saving water and reducing soil moisture and then compares that with a
labor. Key objectives include delivering the predefined threshold level. The pump is set

12
to irrigate the plants when the soil moisture plant, as for the soil moisture sensor, is
levels drop below the threshold, and a delay adjusted at different points to determine
is implemented between checks on the moisture threshold changes based on
moisture levels of the soil.Testing begins readings.Wokwi is an online simulation
first in a controlled environment where the platform that allows you to build virtual
system ensures proper working. The potted projects.

D.FLOW CHART ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power

system-on-chip microcontrollers with
integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth.
The ESP32 series employs either a Tensilica
Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-
core and single-core variations, an Xtensa
LX7 dual-core microprocessor, or a single-
core RISC-V microprocessor and includes
built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power
amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier,
filters, and power-management modules.
Commonly found either on device specific
PCBs or on a range of development boards
with GPIO pins and various connectors
depending on the model and
manufacturer of the board.

2.SERVO MOTOR

E.COMPONENTS
1.ESP32 (Micro –chip) :

Figure 2: Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary or linear actuator

that allows for precise control of angular or
Figure 1: ESP32 Module linear position, velocity, and acceleration in
a mechanical system. It constitutes part of a

13
servomechanism, and consists of a suitable applications like various circuits & devices
motor coupled to a sensor for position like mobile phones, calculators, computers,
feedback and a controller Servomotors are TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly
not a specific class of motor, although the
preferred for multi-segment light-emitting
term servomotor is often used to refer to a
motor suitable for use in a closed-loop diodes and seven segments. The main
control system. benefits of using this module are
inexpensive; simply programmable,
3.DHT22 SENSOR animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and
even animations, etc.

F. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3: DHT22 Sensor

It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a

thermistor to measure the surrounding air,
and spits out a digital signal on the data pin
(no analog input pins needed).Simply
connect the first pin on the left to 3-5V
power, the second pin to your data input pin Figure 5: Circuit diagram of the
and the right most pin to ground. Although Proposed system
it uses a single-wire to send data it is not
Dallas One Wire compatible! If you want EXPLANATION
multiple sensors, each one must have its
own data pin.
1. MICROCONTROLLER
4.LCD-Display (ESP32, for example)

The ESP32 is one of the most powerful

microcontrollers designed by Espressif
Systems. It's often used in most projects,
especially IoT (Internet of Things) projects,
mainly because it has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
built into the chip as well as possessing
advanced processing power.
Figure 4: Servo Motor
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal 2.SERVO MOTOR
display. It is one kind of electronic display
module used in an extensive range of

14
A servo motor is an electric motor suitable I. Simulation Result
for more than average precision positioning,
which covers speed and acceleration
control. Servo motors are used in
applications requiring controlled motion in
robotics, automation systems, and other
devices that are remotely controlled.

3.CIRCUIT OPERATION

WORKFLOW

Power On and Initialization:When ESP32

is powered on, the board initializes all the Figure 6: Result of the Stimulation
connected parts like DHT sensor, LCD
This circuit diagram illustrates an automated
display, LEDs, and servo motor.ESP32
plant monitoring and watering system using
configures the DHT sensor for reading an ESP32 microcontroller, a humidity and
humidity and temperature, initializes the temperature sensor, LEDs, an LCD display,
LCD for displaying data, and configures and a servo motor. The ESP32 serves as the
control logic for the LEDs and servo motor. main controller, receiving data from the
sensor to monitor the environment around
Sensor Data Collection:ESP32 periodically the plants. The humidity and temperature
reads the data from the DHT sensor. The sensor measures the surrounding conditions,
sensor provides temperature and humidity and if the humidity drops below a set
values, which the ESP32 processes. It threshold, the ESP32 activates the red LED
and turns on the servo motor, allowing
displays the humidity and temperature
water to flow to the plants. The green LED
values on the LCD to provide real-time indicates that conditions are ideal and no
updates about the environment's current watering is needed. The LCD screen
humidity and temperature. displays real-time humidity and temperature
values, providing a clear overview of the
LED Indication:Based on predefined plant’s environment. This system offers a
conditions, such as high or low temperature convenient, automated way to water plants
or humidity, ESP32 controls the LEDs. based on real-time data, making it ideal for
Green LED could be indicating normal small gardens or indoor plants.
conditions. Red LED may signal an
abnormal condition like high temperature or V. CONCLUSION
high humidity.

Servo Motor Control: ESP32 controls the In conclusion, this innovation provides a
servo motor according to the temperature or good solution for home use which requires
humidity reading. It moves its position. For lower cost and is easy to operate. This
example, if the temperature is beyond a system has been proven to accomplish all
threshold, the motor can be activated to the main goal to help the working people
open or close a vent. which has a tight daily schedule. This
system will sense the humidity of the soil
IV. RESULT and notify the user to water the plant.

15
Therefore, this invention will help the user 3. Aisyah, S., Nasution, M. I., & Nasution,
by watering the plant by itself. It is such a N. (2024). Design and Construction of an
convenient and efficient way to help this Automatic Chili Plants Watering System
type of person. It is so beneficial to those Based on the Internet of Things (IoT)
who have a tight schedule, are busy with Using the Blynk App.[3]
their work, and don’t have much time at 4. Numbi, N. H., Mbuyu, S., &
home but still wanting to have the landscape Hlahlele, T. S. (2024). Development
in the house or outside of the house. This is of an ESP32 Smart and Safe Outdoor
because the moisture sensor can sense if the Plant Watering System.[4]
humidity of the soil and the timer 5. Mohamad Razam, N. H. D., & Rais, S.
S. (2022). IoT-Enabled Automatic Plant
automatically water the plant as the timer is
Watering System.[5]
set up. The recommendation that can
6. Hapez, M., & Majdi, A. (2024). Plant
suggest it can also be built bigger if the
care with effortless and intelligent
plant that the owner have bigger plants.
IoT watering.
VI . FUTURE SCOPE 7. M. Greeshma, A. Yadav, A. S. M.
The future of automatic watering systems is Aryaan, P. S. Deshpande and E.
promising, as smart technology makes plant Konguvel, "Revolutionizing Farming
care easier for homes and farms. With IoT with IoT: Smart Irrigation System for
sensors, you can check temperature, and Sustainable Agriculture", 2023 4th
humidity right from your phone, and control International Conference on
watering remotely.. On larger farms, Electronics and Sustainable
automated irrigation could boost crop yields Communication Systems.
and reduce water use. Powered by
8. M. R. Barusu, P. N. Pavithra and P.
renewable energy, these systems can work
S. R. Chandrika, "Optimal Utilization
in remote areas without needing a power
of Water for Smart Farming Using
grid. For home gardeners, DIY kits make
Internet of Things (IoT)", 2023 2nd
smart watering accessible for urban gardens.
International Conference for
In the future, these systems could link up
Innovation in Technology.
with other farm tech, like drones, to create
9. A. Chakraborty, M. Islam, A. Dhar
fully automated and sustainable plant care.
and M. S. Hossain, "IoT Based
Greenhouse Environment Monitoring
and Smart Irrigation System for
REFERENCES PrecisionFarming Technology", 2022
International Conference on
1. Pereira, G. P., Chaari, M. Z., & Innovations in Science Engineering
Daroge, F. (2023). IoT-Enabled and Technology.
Smart Drip Irrigation System Using 10. M. B. Tephila, R. A. Sri, R. Abinaya,
ESP32.[1] J. A. Lakshmi and V. Divya,
2. Shahidan, M. I., Jamsari, M. H. I., "Automated Smart Irrigation System
Aminnudin, M. A. A. M., Kassim, using IoT with Sensor
N., Noor, H. M., & Janon, M. N. Parameter", 2022 International
(2023). Automatic Plant Watering Conference on Electronics and
System using ESP32 Module.[2] Renewable Systems.

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11. A. Q. S. Bahri, Y. W. M. Yusof and 16. Saban, M.; Bekkour, M.; Amdaouch,
M. Kassim, "Solar Powered Smart I.; El Gueri, J.; Ait Ahmed, B.;
Water Monitoring System Based on Chaari, M.Z.; Ruiz-Alzola, J.;
IoT and Blynk Platform", 2023 IEEE Rosado-Muñoz, A.; Aghzout, O.A.
International Conference on Smart Agricultural System Based on
Automatic Control and Intelligent PLC and a Cloud Computing Web
Systems . Application Using LoRa and
12. A. B. Yandrapati, M. Soniyaz, M. LoRaWan. Sensors 2023.
Yamini, M. M. Kumari and M. Akhil, 17. Mohy-eddine, M.; Guezzaz, A.;
"Development of Smart Water Benkirane, S.; Azrour, M. IoT-
System for House-Hold and Enabled Smart Agriculture: Security
Industrial Applications", 2022 8th Issues and Applications. In Artificial
International Conference on Intelligence and Smart Environment.
Advanced Computing and ICAISE 2022. Lecture Notes in
Communication Systems. Networks and Systems; Farhaoui, Y.,
13. A. Q. S. Bahri, Y. W. M. Yusof and Rocha, A., Brahmia, Z., Bhushab, B.,
M. Kassim, "Solar Powered Smart Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland,
Water Monitoring System Based on 2023.
IoT and Blynk Platform", 2023 IEEE 18. Gamal, Y.; Soltan, A.; Said, L.A.;
International Conference on Madian, A.H.; Radwan, A.G. Smart
Automatic Control and Intelligent Irrigation Systems: Overview. IEEE
Systems. Access 2023.
14. H. Youness, G. Ahmed and B. E. 19. R. Sittalatchoumy, B. Jenifer and R.
Haddadi, "Machine Learning-based Rithanyaa, "Smart Plant Monitoring
Smart Irrigation Monitoring System System With Automatic
for Agriculture Applications Using Irrigation", 2023 2nd International
Free and Low-Cost IoT Conference on Automation
Platform", 2022 International Computing and Renewable Systems.
Conference on Microelectronics. 20. D. R. Sharma, V. Mishra and S.
15. A. Rjoub and M. Alkhateeb, "ICT Srivastava, "Enhancing Crop Yields
Smart Water Management System for through IoT-Enabled Precision
Real-Time Applications", 2022 11th Agriculture", 2023 International
International Conference on Modern Conference on Disruptive
Circuits and Systems Technologies. Technologies.

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 Measurement
Category Parameter Description
Method

Knowledge of Depth of understanding demonstrated Rubrics for project

Conceptual
Engineering in projects and assignments where and assignment
Understanding
Principles engineering principles are applied. evaluations

Knowledge of Ability to apply management principles Evaluation rubrics

Application in
Management to real-world scenarios presented in for case study
Case Studies
Principles case studies. analyses
Quality and thoroughness of reports
Rubrics assessing
Application in Individual detailing the application of engineering
report quality and
Personal Work Project Reports and management principles in
relevance
individual projects.

Feedback from team members

Teamwork regarding an individual’s contribution, Peer evaluation
Peer Evaluations
Contribution collaboration, and support within the forms
team.
Overall performance and success of Team project grades
Team Project team projects, indicating effective and instructor
Performance application of teamwork and evaluations
management principles.
Leadership Skills Leadership Role Frequency and effectiveness of taking Instructor
Assignments on leadership roles in projects and team observations and

18
 activities. leadership logs
Feedback from team members and
Leadership
instructors on leadership qualities such 360-degree
Effectiveness
as decision-making, motivation, and feedback forms
Feedback
conflict resolution.
Quality of project plans, including Assessment of
Project Planning
Project Management timelines, resource allocation, and risk project planning
Documents
management strategies. submissions
Tracking project
Adherence to Ability to meet project deadlines and
milestones and
Project Timelines milestones as planned.
deadlines
Resource Effective use and management of Evaluation of
Management resources (time, budget, materials) resource usage
Efficiency allocated to projects. reports
Participation in projects that involve Project
Interdisciplinary
Multidisciplinary multiple disciplines, demonstrating the participation
Project
Collaboration ability to integrate diverse knowledge records and
Participation
areas. evaluations
Integration of Effectiveness in combining knowledge Rubrics assessing
Diverse from different disciplines to achieve the integration in
Knowledge project objectives. final deliverables
Written reflections on experiences
Grading of
Reflection Essays applying engineering and management
Reflective Practices reflection essays
or Journals principles, challenges faced, and lessons
or journals
learned.
Self-evaluations regarding personal
Evaluation of self-
Self-Assessment growth in applying engineering and
assessment
Reports management principles in various
submissions
contexts.
Overall quality, innovation, and
Grading rubrics
Quality of Final effectiveness of final projects
Final Deliverables for final project
Projects demonstrating the application of both
submissions
engineering and management principles.
Presentation Ability to effectively present project Assessment of
Skills outcomes, highlighting the application of project

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 engineering and management principles. presentations
Instructor Incorporation of feedback from Review of project
Feedback and
Feedback instructors into subsequent projects and iterations and
Improvement
Implementation assignments. improvements
Evidence of ongoing efforts to improve
Continuous Tracking progress
understanding and application of
Improvement over multiple
engineering and management principles
Demonstrations assessments
based on feedback and self-assessment.

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GLIMPSE OF PROJECT MAKING (PHOTOS)

Figure 7: Project making result

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GLIMPSE OF PROJECT RESULTS (PHOTOS)

Figure 8:Result of project

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Project demonstration video link and QR

https://linkfileshare.com/0bbSFkz

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 Annexture A
Project program

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL60Kt8qFNm"
#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "Automatic Plant Watering System"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "U9_CSMoClK34xevtnP0pb7MuhExBQ8FF"

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <DHT_U.h>
#include <ESP32Servo.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp32.h>

#define LEDred 23
#define LEDgreen 22
#define DHTPIN 12
#define SERVOPIN 14
#define SWITCH_LEFT 18
#define SWITCH_RIGHT 19

// DHT parameters
#define DHTTYPE DHT22
DHT_Unified dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
uint32_t delayMS;

Servo servo;

LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 0, 4, 16, 17, 5);

float temp, hum;

bool switchState = false; // Initial state, assuming the switch is at 18 (Left)
bool blynkSwitchState = false; // Blynk switch state initially reflects the physical switch

char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;

char ssid[] = "Wokwi-GUEST";
char pass[] = "";

BlynkTimer timer;

void updateBlynkSwitchState(bool state) {

Blynk.virtualWrite(V4, state ? 1 : 0);
}

void setup() {
pinMode(LEDred, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LEDgreen, OUTPUT);
pinMode(SWITCH_LEFT, INPUT_PULLUP); // Left switch

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pinMode(SWITCH_RIGHT, INPUT_PULLUP); // Right switch

Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);

dht.begin();
// Get temperature sensor details.
sensor_t sensor;
dht.temperature().getSensor(&sensor);
dht.humidity().getSensor(&sensor);

// Setup servo
servo.attach(SERVOPIN, 500, 2400);
servo.write(0);

lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

String message1 = " Automatic";

String message2 = "Watering System";

for (int i = 0; i < message1.length(); i++) {

lcd.print(message1.charAt(i));
delay(100);
}

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

for (int i = 0; i < message2.length(); i++) {

lcd.print(message2.charAt(i));
delay(100);
}

delay(2500);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Humidity=");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Temp=");

// Setup Blynk virtual pins

Blynk.virtualWrite(V0, 0); // Initialize gauge for temperature
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, 0); // Initialize gauge for humidity
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, 0); // Initialize gauge for Water Level
Blynk.virtualWrite(V3, 0); // Initialize LED widget
Blynk.virtualWrite(V4, switchState); // Initialize Switch
Blynk.syncVirtual(V4); // Sync switch state with the Blynk app

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 // Read initial switch state
switchState = digitalRead(SWITCH_LEFT) == LOW; // Assuming LOW state when
pressed
updateBlynkSwitchState(switchState);
}

void loop() {
Blynk.run();
timer.run();

bool leftSwitchState = digitalRead(SWITCH_LEFT) == LOW;

bool rightSwitchState = digitalRead(SWITCH_RIGHT) == LOW;

if (leftSwitchState != switchState) {
switchState = leftSwitchState;
digitalWrite(SWITCH_LEFT, switchState ? LOW : HIGH);
digitalWrite(SWITCH_RIGHT, !switchState ? LOW : HIGH);
updateBlynkSwitchState(switchState);
} else if (rightSwitchState != !switchState) {
switchState = !rightSwitchState;
digitalWrite(SWITCH_LEFT, switchState ? LOW : HIGH);
digitalWrite(SWITCH_RIGHT, !switchState ? LOW : HIGH);
updateBlynkSwitchState(switchState);
}

if (switchState == true) {
Blynk.virtualWrite(V3, HIGH);

// Read temperature and humidity

sensors_event_t event;
dht.temperature().getEvent(&event);
if (isnan(event.temperature)) {
Serial.println(F("Error reading temperature!"));
}
else {
temp = event.temperature;
temp = constrain(temp, -40, 80);
lcd.setCursor(6, 1);
lcd.print(temp);
lcd.print("C");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V0, temp);
}

dht.humidity().getEvent(&event);
if (isnan(event.relative_humidity)) {
Serial.println(F("Error reading humidity!"));
}
else {
hum = event.relative_humidity;

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 hum = constrain(hum, 0, 100);
lcd.setCursor(10, 0);
lcd.print(hum);
lcd.print("%");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, hum);
}

if (hum < 30.0) {

if (temp > 30.0) {
servo.write(90);
digitalWrite(LEDgreen, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDred, LOW);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, 100);
} else {
servo.write(60);
digitalWrite(LEDgreen, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDred, LOW);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, 50);
}
} else {
servo.write(0);
digitalWrite(LEDgreen, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDred, HIGH);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, 0);
}
} else {
servo.write(0);
digitalWrite(LEDgreen, LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDred, HIGH);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, 0);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V3, LOW);
}

delay(1000);
}

BLYNK_WRITE(V4) {
int blynkSwitchValue = param.asInt();
if (blynkSwitchValue == 1 && switchState == false) {
switchState = true;
digitalWrite(SWITCH_LEFT, LOW);
digitalWrite(SWITCH_RIGHT, HIGH);
} else if (blynkSwitchValue == 0 && switchState == true) {
switchState = false;
digitalWrite(SWITCH_LEFT, HIGH);
digitalWrite(SWITCH_RIGHT, LOW);
}
}

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