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Module in Language of Sets MMW

The document explains the concept of sets, including their definitions, notations, and basic terminology such as finite and infinite sets, subsets, and set operations like union and intersection. It also introduces Venn diagrams as a visual representation of sets and provides examples of how to use them to solve problems. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the language and operations of sets.

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Fallulah Rhayne
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15 views5 pages

Module in Language of Sets MMW

The document explains the concept of sets, including their definitions, notations, and basic terminology such as finite and infinite sets, subsets, and set operations like union and intersection. It also introduces Venn diagrams as a visual representation of sets and provides examples of how to use them to solve problems. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the language and operations of sets.

Uploaded by

Fallulah Rhayne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

A SET is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, called elements, that share a


common property. Sets are usually represented using curly brackets or braces { }.

3 WAYS TO DESCRIBE A SET


1) Roster Notation (Tabular Method): Listing all the elements of a set explicitly
within curly brackets.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

2) Rule Method (Descriptive Method): Using a sentence or phrase to describe


the elements.
Example: "A is the set of the first five positive integers."

3) Set-Builder Notation: Defining properties that elements of the set satisfy.


Example: A = {x | x is a positive integer less than 6}.

BASIC SET CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY


1) Elements (Members) of a Set: Objects or values contained in a set.
2) Finite Set: A set with a limited number of elements.
3) Infinite Set: A set with an uncountable number of elements
Example: the set of natural numbers
4) Equal Sets: Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements.

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5) Equivalent Sets: Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of
elements.
6) Subset: A set A is a subset of B if all elements of A are also in B, denoted as A
⊆ B.
7) Proper Subset: A subset A is a proper subset of B if A ⊆ B but A ≠ B.
8) Superset: A set B is a superset of A if it contains all elements of A, denoted as
B ⊇ A.
9) Universal Set: The set that contains all elements under consideration, usually
denoted as U.
10) Empty (Null) Set: A set with no elements, denoted as { } or ∅.
11) Power Set: The set of all subsets of a given set, including the empty set and the
set itself.
12) Cardinality of a Set: The number of elements in a set, denoted as |A|.

SET OPERATIONS
1) Union (∪): The set of elements that belong to either or both sets.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

2) Intersection (∩): The set of elements common to both sets.


Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∩ B = {3}.

3) Difference (-): The set of elements in one set but not in the other.
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A - B = {1, 2}.

4) Complement (A'): The set of elements in the universal set but not in A.
Example: If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3}, then A' = {4, 5}.

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THE VENN DIAGRAM
A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation of sets using enclosed areas in the plane.
The universal set U is represented by the points in a rectangle, and the other sets are
represented by circles lying within the rectangle.

The following diagram illustrates the real number system using a Venn Diagram.

Fig. 31. The Real Number System


Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/AhaEpgB17iqQBtBr5

Let us present given sets using a Venn Diagram.

Example #1:
Show a Venn Diagram for U = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3}, and B = {5, 7, 9}

A and B are Disjoint Sets

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Example #2:
Show a Venn Diagram for U = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, C = {3, 5, 7}, and D = {7, 9, 11}

C and D are Joint Sets

Example #3:
Show A Venn Diagram for U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, E = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9}, and F = {4, 5, 7}

F is a subset of E (F ⊂ E)

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Example #4:
A survey asks 200 people on what beverage they drink in the morning. Suppose 30
report tea only, 80 report coffee only, 40 report both.
1. How many people drink tea in the morning?
2. How many people drink neither tea or coffee?
Solution:
This problem can be answered by creating a Venn diagram. Draw two overlapping
circles since based on the problem, there are people who drink both coffee and tea.
1. We can find the people who drink tea by adding those who drink only tea to those
who drink both. Hence, there are 30 + 40 = 70 people.
2. Those who drink neither are those not contained in the any of the three other
groupings, so we can count those by subtracting from the cardinality of the universal
set, 200. Hence, there are 200 – 80 – 30 – 40 = 50 people who drink neither.
The Venn Diagram for the problem is illustrated below:

PREPARED BY:

JUSTIN P DELA CRUZ


Instructor

Proverbs 16:3
Commit thy works unto the Lord, and thy thoughts shall be established.

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